Den planetære vending
En fremtid for sammenlignende litteraturforskning?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/kok.v47i127.114743Nøgleord:
Det planetære;globale;verdenslitteratur;økokritik;geokritik;komparation;Heart of Darkness;Virunga;The Great Rift Valley;skala;Resumé
Leading scholars of Comparative Literature Susan Friedman and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak have proposed planetarity as a paradigm for research that captures the linguistic, economic and ecological complexity of the planet better than concepts such as, for example, the global and world literature. The article is a critical dialogue with Amy Elias and Christian Moraru’s The Planetary Turn. Relationality and Geohethetics in the Twenty-First Century (2015), an ambitious attempt to gather a highly heterogeneous field of theories of the functioning of literature and art in emergent forms of global relationality and new volatile political communities. The planetary reading perspective involves special attention to scale and employs combinations of macroscopic and microscopic analytical strategies, which the article seeks to show through a comparative mapping of patterns in clusters of texts around Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the Virunga National Park in DR Congo.
Referencer
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Conrad, Joseph & Kimbrough, Robert: Heart of Darkness: the authoritative text, backgrounds and sources criticism. New York: Norton, 1971.
Cooper, Brenda. ”Apes, Gender and the Jungle” Writing Women Across Borders and Categories. Red. M. Ghosh-Schellhorn. Münster: LitVerlag, 2000.
Dimock, Wai Chee. Through Other Continents: American Literature across Deep Time. New York: Princeton UP, 2006.
Dixon, Robert. ”National Literatures, Scale and the Problem of the World”. Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature (2016). https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/JASAL/article/view/10577
Draper, Robert: ”Rift in Paradise: Africa’s Albertine Rift Valley”. National Geographic (2011): 60-85.
Elias, Amy J. og Christian Moraru (red.). The Planetary Turn. Relationality and Geoaesthetics in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Northwestern UP, 2015.
Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. London: Phoenix, 1981.
Friedman, Susan S. Planetary Modernisms. Provocations on Modernity across Time. New York: Columbia UP, 2015.
Gani, M. Royhan. ”Tectonic Hypotheses of Human Evolution”. Geotimes (2008): 34-47.
Geetleman, Jeffrey. ”Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo’s Bloody Past”. New York Times 15.11.2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html
Gehrmann, Susanne. Congo-Greuel. Zur literarischen Konfiguration eines kolonialkritischen Diskurses (1890-1910). Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2003.
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Grant, Kevin. ”Christian critics of empire: Missionaries, lantern lectures, and the Congo reform campaign in Britain”. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 29 (2008): 27-58.
Haraway, Donna. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge, 1989.
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Marijnen, Esther og Judith Verweijen. ”Selling green militarization: The discursive (re)production of militarized conversation in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo”. Geoforum 75 (2016): 274-285.
Massey, Doreen. ”A Global Sense of Place”. Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Miyoshi, Masao. ”Turn to the Planet: Literature, Diversity, and Totality”. Comparative Literature 53 (2001): 283-297.
Morel, Edmund D. Red Rubber. The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Flourishing on the Congo in the Year of Grace 1906. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1906.
Mussgnug, Florian. ”Planetary Figurations: Intensive Genre in World Literature”. Modern Language Open (2018): 6-12.
O’Hehir, Andrew. ”Ebola, the ”heart of darkness” and the epidemic of fear”. Salon (2014). December 2018. https://www.salon.com/2014/10/04/
Okolosie, Lola. ”Ebola has infected public discourse with a new xenophobia”, The Guardian 4. august 2014. December 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/04
Peffer, John. ”Snap of the Whip/Crossroads of Shame. Flogging, Photography, and the Representation of Atrocity in the Congo Reform Campaign”. Visual Anthropology Review 24 (2008): 55-77.
Ringer, Greg. ”Gorilla tourism”. Alternatives Journal 28 4 (2002): 17-21.
Ross, Aaron. ”Congo defends right to explore oil in national parks”. Reuters 15 February 2018.
Salak, Kira. ”Places of Darkness”. National Geographic Adventure (2004): 35-47.
Salopek, Paul F. ”The Mountain Gorillas of Africa. A Fragile Home Threatened by War”. National Geographic 188 4 (1995): 42-59.
Saussy, Haun (red.). Comparative Literature in an Age of Globalization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2006.
Schaffer, Marguerite (red.). Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
Schaffer, Marguerite. ”Digit’s Legacy: Reconsidering the Human-Nature Encounter in a Global World”. Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
Sliwinski, Sharon. ”The Childhood of Human Rights: The Kodak on the Congo”. Journal of Visual Culture (2006): 333-363.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Death of a Dicipline. New York: Columpia UP, 2003.
Suchak, Aakash. ”Review of Amy J. Elias and Christian Moraru, eds. The Planetary Turn”. The Comparatist 40 (2016): 361-365.
Tally, Robert T. ”Planetary Criticism”. English Language and Literature 62 (2016): 309-314.
Tanoukhi, Nirvana. ”The Scale of World Literature”. New Literary History 39 (2008): 599-617.
Torgovnick, Marianna: Primitive Passions: Men, Women, and the Quest for Ecstacy. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1997.
Twomey, Christina. ”Framing Atrocity: Photography and Humanitarianism”. History of Photography 36 (2012): 255-264.
Whitlock, Gillian. ”Remediating Gorilla Girl: Rape Warfare and the Limits of Humanitarian Storytelling”. Biography 33 3 (2010): 471-496.
Andersen, Frits. ”Virunga National Park, the heart of darkness as UNESCO World Heritage”. Continents manuscrits 11 (december 2018). December 2018. http://journals.openedition.org/coma/2694; DOI: 10.4000/ coma.2694
Batou, Jean: ”Ebola: A Virus in the Heart of darkness”. New Politics (2014). December 2018. http://newpol.org/content/ebola-virus-heart-darkness
Battani, Marshall. ”Atrocity Aesthetics: Beyond Bodies and Compassion”. Afterimage (2011). December 2018. www.researchgate.net/publication/277664294_Atrocity_Aesthetics
Behrensmyer, A.K. ”Climate Change and Human Evolution”. Science (2006). December 2018. science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5760/476
Bernheimer, Charles (red.). Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.
Blixen, Karen. Den afrikanske Farm. København: Gyldendal, 2007.
Brantlinger, Patrick. The Rule of Darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830-1914. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1990.
Chow, Rey. The Age of the World Target. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2006.
Christensen, Beth og Mark Maslin. ”Rocking the Cradle of Humanity. New thoughts on climate, tectonics and human evolution”. Geotimes (2008): 28-39.
Conniff, Richard. ”Discovering Gorilla”. Evolutionary Antropology (2009).
Conrad, Joseph & Kimbrough, Robert: Heart of Darkness: the authoritative text, backgrounds and sources criticism. New York: Norton, 1971.
Cooper, Brenda. ”Apes, Gender and the Jungle” Writing Women Across Borders and Categories. Red. M. Ghosh-Schellhorn. Münster: LitVerlag, 2000.
Dimock, Wai Chee. Through Other Continents: American Literature across Deep Time. New York: Princeton UP, 2006.
Dixon, Robert. ”National Literatures, Scale and the Problem of the World”. Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature (2016). https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/JASAL/article/view/10577
Draper, Robert: ”Rift in Paradise: Africa’s Albertine Rift Valley”. National Geographic (2011): 60-85.
Elias, Amy J. og Christian Moraru (red.). The Planetary Turn. Relationality and Geoaesthetics in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Northwestern UP, 2015.
Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. London: Phoenix, 1981.
Friedman, Susan S. Planetary Modernisms. Provocations on Modernity across Time. New York: Columbia UP, 2015.
Gani, M. Royhan. ”Tectonic Hypotheses of Human Evolution”. Geotimes (2008): 34-47.
Geetleman, Jeffrey. ”Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo’s Bloody Past”. New York Times 15.11.2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html
Gehrmann, Susanne. Congo-Greuel. Zur literarischen Konfiguration eines kolonialkritischen Diskurses (1890-1910). Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2003.
Ghosh-Schellhorn, Martina (red.). Writing Women Across Borders and Categories. London: LIT P, 2000.
Giles, Paul. ”Compressions of Scale: World Literature in Miniature”. American Literary History, 28 (2016): 654-661.
Giles-Vernick, Tamara og Stephanie Rupp. ”Visions of Apes, Reflections on Change: Telling Tales of Great Apes in Equatorial Africa”. African Studies Review 49 (2006): 51-73.
Grant, Kevin. A Civilised Savagery. Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884-1926. London: Routledge, 2005.
Grant, Kevin. ”Christian critics of empire: Missionaries, lantern lectures, and the Congo reform campaign in Britain”. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 29 (2008): 27-58.
Haraway, Donna. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge, 1989.
Hayes, Harold. The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey. New York: Simon & Schuster 1990.
Heise, Ursula (red.). Futures of Comparative Literature. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Hodgson, Amanda. ”Defining the Species: apes, savages and humans on scientific and literary writing of the 1860s”. Journal of Victorian Culture (2001): 228-251.
Hooper, Edward. The River: A Journey back to the source of HIV and AIDS. London: Allen Lane, 1999.
Jenkins, Mark. ”Who murdered the Virunga Gorillas?” National Geographic (2008). December 2018. https://savevirunga.com/2007/07/22/2007-who-murdered-the-virunga-gorillas/
Jürgensen, Jürgen. Feber: Congofortællinger. København: Gyldendal 1911.
Marijnen, Esther og Judith Verweijen. ”Selling green militarization: The discursive (re)production of militarized conversation in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo”. Geoforum 75 (2016): 274-285.
Massey, Doreen. ”A Global Sense of Place”. Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Miyoshi, Masao. ”Turn to the Planet: Literature, Diversity, and Totality”. Comparative Literature 53 (2001): 283-297.
Morel, Edmund D. Red Rubber. The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Flourishing on the Congo in the Year of Grace 1906. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1906.
Mussgnug, Florian. ”Planetary Figurations: Intensive Genre in World Literature”. Modern Language Open (2018): 6-12.
O’Hehir, Andrew. ”Ebola, the ”heart of darkness” and the epidemic of fear”. Salon (2014). December 2018. https://www.salon.com/2014/10/04/
Okolosie, Lola. ”Ebola has infected public discourse with a new xenophobia”, The Guardian 4. august 2014. December 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/04
Peffer, John. ”Snap of the Whip/Crossroads of Shame. Flogging, Photography, and the Representation of Atrocity in the Congo Reform Campaign”. Visual Anthropology Review 24 (2008): 55-77.
Ringer, Greg. ”Gorilla tourism”. Alternatives Journal 28 4 (2002): 17-21.
Ross, Aaron. ”Congo defends right to explore oil in national parks”. Reuters 15 February 2018.
Salak, Kira. ”Places of Darkness”. National Geographic Adventure (2004): 35-47.
Salopek, Paul F. ”The Mountain Gorillas of Africa. A Fragile Home Threatened by War”. National Geographic 188 4 (1995): 42-59.
Saussy, Haun (red.). Comparative Literature in an Age of Globalization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2006.
Schaffer, Marguerite (red.). Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
Schaffer, Marguerite. ”Digit’s Legacy: Reconsidering the Human-Nature Encounter in a Global World”. Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
Sliwinski, Sharon. ”The Childhood of Human Rights: The Kodak on the Congo”. Journal of Visual Culture (2006): 333-363.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Death of a Dicipline. New York: Columpia UP, 2003.
Suchak, Aakash. ”Review of Amy J. Elias and Christian Moraru, eds. The Planetary Turn”. The Comparatist 40 (2016): 361-365.
Tally, Robert T. ”Planetary Criticism”. English Language and Literature 62 (2016): 309-314.
Tanoukhi, Nirvana. ”The Scale of World Literature”. New Literary History 39 (2008): 599-617.
Torgovnick, Marianna: Primitive Passions: Men, Women, and the Quest for Ecstacy. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1997.
Twomey, Christina. ”Framing Atrocity: Photography and Humanitarianism”. History of Photography 36 (2012): 255-264.
Whitlock, Gillian. ”Remediating Gorilla Girl: Rape Warfare and the Limits of Humanitarian Storytelling”. Biography 33 3 (2010): 471-496.
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2019-06-11
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Andersen, F. (2019). Den planetære vending: En fremtid for sammenlignende litteraturforskning?. K&K - Kultur Og Klasse, 47(127), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.7146/kok.v47i127.114743
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