The problem with problem statements

A linguistic critique of the question form in academic writing

Authors

  • Niels Møller Nielsen Roskilde University
  • Hans Ulrik Rosengaard Roskilde University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/dut.v21i40.157249

Abstract

The formulation of the problem plays a central role in problem-oriented project work, but students are often encouraged to formulate it as a question – a practice that, according to this article, is inadequate to formulate an actual problem. Based on John Dewey's pragmatist understanding of problems as tensions between observation and expectation, we argue that questions and statements of intent are not suitable as linguistic forms for the formulation of the problem. We show how recommendations in Danish handbook literature confuse problem formulation with research questions, and how this practice can be seen directly reflected in student projects. Against this background, we make specific recommendations for how to formulate problems linguistically so that they can function as the knowledge-driving pivot in academic studies. The goal is to strengthen students' ability to formulate meaningful and scientifically relevant problems and thereby contribute to a more reflective and practical application of problem-oriented pedagogy.

References

Andersen, A. S., Kjeldsen, T. H., Andersen, A. S., & Heilesen, S. B. (2015). Theoretical foundations of PPL at Roskilde University. In A. S. Andersen, T. H. Kjeldsen, A. S. Andersen, & S. B. Heilesen (Eds.), The Roskilde model: Problem-oriented learning and project work (pp. 3-16). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09716-9_1

Centre for Educational Development, Aarhus Universitet. (2024). Problemformulering. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://studypedia.au.dk/formalia/problemformulering/

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience. Capricorn Books.

Dewey, J. (1938). Logic: The theory of inquiry. Henry Holt and Company.

Feldt, J. E., & Petersen, E. B. (2021). Inquiry-based learning in the humanities: Moving from topics to problems using "the humanities imagination". Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 20(2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022220910368

Feldt, J. E. (2023). Exemplarity as deliberative curriculum: Finding out what to study, why, and how. Studies in Higher Education, 48(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2138850

Hammershøj, L. G. (2008). At forholde sig akademisk: Om opgaveskrivning på lange videregående uddannelser. Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitets Forlag.

Hansen, E., & Heltoft, L. (2011). Grammatik over det Danske Sprog. Bind 1. Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab.

Illeris, K. (1974). Problemorientering og deltagerstyring: Oplæg til en alternativ didaktik. Munksgaard.

Illeris, K. (1997). RUC: Ideal-universitet eller problem-universitet - Fragmenter til RUC's historie og aktuelle situation set fra et pædagogisk perspektiv. In RUC i 25 år. Roskilde Universitetsforlag.

Johansen, A. (2018). Skriv! Håndverk i sakprosa (Rev. utg.). Spartacus.

Jørgensen, P. S., & Rienecker, L. (2018). Studiehåndbogen: For studiestartere på videregående uddannelser (3. udg.). Samfundslitteratur.

Knudsen, S. (2009). Har du et problem? En undersøgelse af universitetsstuderendes forståelse, anvendelse og kommunikation af problemorienterede vidensproblemer. Dansk Universitetspædagogisk Tidsskrift, 4(7), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.7146/dut.v4i7.5597

Knudsen, S. (2014). Students are doing it for themselves: "The problem-oriented problem" in academic writing in the humanities. Studies in Higher Education, 39(10), 1838-1859. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.806455

Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813313

Mills, C. W. (2020). Den sociologiske fantasi (2. udg.). Hans Reitzel.

Mortensen, S. S. (2012). Realitetsramme og realitetsværdi i danske ledsætninger. Ny Forskning i Grammatik 19, 153-180.

https://doi.org/10.7146/nfg.v20i19.23658

Nielsen, N. M. (2020). Expanding Searle's analysis of interrogative speech acts: A systematic classification based on preparatory conditions. Scandinavian Studies in Language, 11(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.7146/sss.v11i1.121359

Olsen, P. B., & Pedersen, K. (2018). Problemorienteret projektarbejde: En værktøjsbog (5. udg.). Samfundslitteratur.

Ong, W. J. (1992). Writing is a technology that restructures thought. In P. A. Downing et al. (Eds.), Linguistics of literacy . John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kbdk/detail.action?docID=784318

https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.21.22ong

Petersen, E. B., & Sørensen, K. A. (2019). Projektgruppen - hvordan gør vi?: En håndbog til universitetsstuderende (1. udg.). Samfundslitteratur.

Richardson, L. (1994). Writing: A method of inquiry. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 516-529). SAGE Publications.

Rienecker, L., & Jørgensen, P. S. (2020). Den gode opgave (5. udg.). Samfundslitteratur.

Roskilde Universitet. (n.d.). Grundlagsdokument - Pædagogisk profil på Roskilde Universitet. Retrieved from https://intra.ruc.dk/?eID=push&docID=47746

St. Pierre, E. A. (2018). Writing post qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(9), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800417734567

Syddansk Universitet. (n.d.). Problemformulering - kort fortalt. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.sdu.dk/~/media/Files/Om_SDU/Institutter/Ifki/Akademisk_Skriftlighed/Materialer/Handout/Problemformulering.ashx

Ulriksen, L. (1997). Projektpædagogik - hvorfor det? Roskilde Universitetscenter, UNIPÆD-projektet.

Downloads

Published

2026-05-22

How to Cite

Nielsen, N. M., & Rosengaard, H. U. (2026). The problem with problem statements: A linguistic critique of the question form in academic writing. The Danish Journal of Higher Education, 21(40). https://doi.org/10.7146/dut.v21i40.157249