Climate Adaptation as Relational Capacity

an Intersectional Study of Pastoralist Women in Kajiado, Kenya

Forfattere

  • Waithira A. C. Dormal Universidad de Oviedo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v38i2.153042

Nøgleord:

Climate Adaptation, Collective Action, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Intersectionality, Livelihood Diversification, Pastoralism

Resumé

Pastoralist women in Kenya’s Kajiado County confront intensifying drought, yet adaptive capacity varies markedly. Using six focus group discussions across three ecologically distinct sites, this study applies an intersectional lens to explain that variation. Findings show that elders’ ecological expertise stabilises herds only when labour and institutional recognition are available; livelihood diversification delivers secure gains for women with land, credit, or schooling, but channels the asset poor into precarious, time intensive work; and collective savings groups buffer shocks when fees and rules are inclusive but reproduce class and marital hierarchies when they are not. I reframe adaptation as a relational capacity involving the conversion of cultural, social, economic, and symbolic resources through everyday rules that allocate recognition and authority. My findings identify policy levers in labour support, collateral design, and group governance that can shift coping towards adaptation.

Referencer

Adger, W. N. (2003). Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Economic Geography, 79(4), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00220.x

Adger, W. N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006

Agarwal, B. (2009). Gender and forest conservation: The impact of women’s participation in community forest governance. Ecological Economics, 68(11), 2785–2799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.025

Akall, G. (2021). Effects of development interventions on pastoral livelihoods in Turkana County, Kenya. Pastoralism, 11, Article 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-021-00197-2

Alare, R. S., Lawson, E. T., Mensah, A., Yevide, A., & Adiku, P. (2022). Assessing nuanced social networks and its implication for climate change adaptation in northwestern Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 25, 100390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100390

Anbacha, A. E., & Kjosavik, D. J. (2019). The dynamics of gender relations under recurrent drought conditions: A study of Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. Human Ecology, 47(3), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-00082-y

Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Greenwood Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/202060

Caine, A. (2021). Who would watch the animals?: Gendered knowledge and expert performance among Andean pastoralists. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 43(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/cuag.12261

Camfield, L., Leavy, J., Endale, S., & Tefera, T. (2020). People who once had 40 cattle are left only with fences: Coping with persistent drought in Awash, Ethiopia. The European Journal of Development Research, 32(4), 889–905. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00245-z

Carr, E. R. (2020). Resilient livelihoods in an era of global transformation. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102155

Carr, E. R., & Thompson, M. C. (2014). Gender and climate change adaptation in agrarian settings: Current thinking, new directions, and research frontiers. Geography Compass, 8(3), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12121

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

Djoudi, H., Locatelli, B., Vaast, C., Asher, K., Brockhaus, M., & Basnett Sijapati, B. (2016). Beyond dichotomies: Gender and intersecting inequalities in climate change studies. Ambio, 45, 248–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0825-2

Fernández-Giménez, M. E., Ravera, F., & Oteros-Rozas, E. (2022). The invisible thread: Women as tradition keepers and change agents in Spanish pastoral social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 27(2), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12794-270204

Furusa, Z., & Furusa, M. (2014). Women’s coping and adaptation capacities in pastoralist communities in Africa: Dealing with climate variability and change. Agenda, 28(3), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1013095 0.2014.951218

Galwab, A. M., Koech, O. K., Wasonga, O. V., & Kironchi, G. (2024). Gender-differentiated roles and perceptions on climate variability among pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities in Marsabit, Kenya. Nomadic Peoples, 28(1), 41–71. https://doi.org/10.3828/WHPNP.63837646691043

Google maps ref. Google. (2025). Map of Kajiado County, Kenya. Retrieved October 30, 2025, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kajiado+County,+Kenya/

Grillos, T. (2018). Women’s participation in environmental decision-making: Quasi-experimental evidence from northern Kenya. World Development, 108, 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.017

Imana, C. A., & Zenda, M. (2023). Impact of climate change on sustainable pastoral livelihoods in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, 51(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2023/v51n1a11367

Iyer, P. (2021). Friendship, kinship and social risk management strategies among pastoralists in Karamoja, Uganda. Pastoralism, 11(1), Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-020-00182-1

Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125

Liru, P., & Heinecken, L. (2021). Building resilience: The gendered effect of climate change on food security and sovereignty in Kakamega, Kenya. Sustainability, 13(7), 3751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073751

Ng’ang’a, T. W., & Crane, T. A. (2020). Social differentiation in climate change adaptation: One community, multiple pathways in transitioning Kenyan pastoralism. Environmental Science & Policy, 114, 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.08.010

Nightingale, A. J. (2017). Power and politics in climate change adaptation efforts: Struggles over authority and recognition in the context of political instability. Geoforum, 84, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.05.011

Omolo, N., & Mafongoya, P. L. (2019). Gender, social capital and adaptive capacity to climate variability: A case of pastoralists in arid and semi-arid regions in Kenya. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 11(5), 744–758. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2018-0009

Osano, P. M., Said, M. Y., de Leeuw, J., Moiko, S. S., Kaelo, D. O., Schomers, S., Birner, R., & Ogutu, J. O (2013). Pastoralism and ecosystem-based adaptation in Kenyan Masailand. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 5(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1108/17568691311327596

Pinto da Costa, M. (2021). Conducting cross-cultural, multilingual and multi-country focus groups: Guidance for researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 16094069211049929. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211049929

Rao, N. (2019). From abandonment to autonomy: Gendered strategies for coping with climate change, Isiolo County, Kenya. Geoforum, 102, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.03.017

Rao, N., Lawson, E. T., Raditloaneng, W. N., Solomon, D., & Angula, M. N. (2017). Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: Insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. Climate and Development, 11(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266

Rao, N., Singh, C., Solomon, D., Camfield, L., Sidiki, R., Angula, M., Poonacha, P., Sidibé, A., & Lawson, E. T. (2020). Managing risk, changing aspirations and household dynamics: Implications for wellbeing and adaptation in semi-arid Africa and India. World Development, 125, 104667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104667

Schilling, J., & Werland, L. (2023). Facing old and new risks in arid environments: The case of pastoral communities in northern Kenya. PLOS Climate, 2(7), e0000251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000251

Sithole, A. (2019). Women’s use of Indigenous Knowledge Systems to cope with climate change. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(6), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.66.6470

Speranza, I. C., Gebreyes, M., Zinyengere, N., & Theodory, F. T. (Eds.). (2017). Beyond agricultural impacts: Multiple perspectives on climate change and agriculture in Africa. Academic Press.

Tugjamba, N., Walkerden, G., & Miller, F. (2023). Adapting nomadic pastoralism to climate change. Climatic Change, 176, 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03509-0

Walker, S. E., Bruyere, B. L., Solomon, J. N., Powlen, K. A., Yasin, A., Lenaiyasa, E., & Lolemu, A. (2022a). Pastoral coping and climate change adaptation strategies: Implications for women’s well-being. Journal of Arid Environments, 197, 104656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104656

Walker, S. E., Bruyere, B. L., Zarestky, J., Yasin, A., Lenaiyasa, E., Lolemu, A., & Pickering, T. (2022b). Education and adaptive capacity: The influence of formal education on climate change adaptation of pastoral women. Climate and Development, 14(5), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1930508

Wangui, E. E., & Smucker, T. A. (2018). Gendered opportunities and constraints to scaling up: A case study of spontaneous adaptation in a pastoralist community in Mwanga District, Tanzania. Climate and Development, 10(4), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1301867

Adger, W. N. (2003). Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Economic Geography, 79(4), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00220.x

Downloads

Publiceret

2026-05-05

Citation/Eksport

Dormal, W. A. C. (2026). Climate Adaptation as Relational Capacity: an Intersectional Study of Pastoralist Women in Kajiado, Kenya. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, 38(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v38i2.153042

Nummer

Sektion

Artikler