”I dag må man gerne se ud som om, at man gør noget ud af sig selv som fyr”

Kosmetisk modificeret maskulinitet mellem muligheder og pres

Forfattere

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v35i1.133896

Nøgleord:

Cosmetic Treatments, Botox , Masculinity, Qualitative Interviews, Affect, Respectability

Resumé

The market for non-invasive cosmetic treatments for men has experienced a significant growth in the recent years. This article contributes to the discussion on masculinity and appearance with new empirical data from Denmark, where the male body is increasingly emerging as cosmetically modified in the media. Through qualitative interviews with Danish men aged 27-63, we explore how men who regularly use cosmetic treatments negotiate their experiences in relation to the imperatives, logics, and contradictions of consumer culture. Within this context, we identify prevalent narratives about masculinity, appearance, self-esteem, and aging. We apply affect theory to frame our analysis of the men’s narrative accounts. We argue that while men who use cosmetic treatments experience an increasing acceptance of men’s cosmetic bodywork and feel happy about their cosmetically modified appearances their experiences are, however, also marked by ambiguity, as they also experience pressure to pursue masculine body ideals and hide the signs of ageing. We highlight ‘the natural’ as a dominating ideal for correct and respectable self-presentation in the Danish context.

Referencer

Adams, J. 2010. Motivational Narratives and Assessments of the Body After Cosmetic Surgery. Qualitative health research, 20, 755-767.

Ahmed, S. 2004. The cultural politics of emotion, New York, Routledge.

Ahmed, S. 2020. Et ulydigt arkiv udvalgte tekster, S l, Forlaget Nemo.

Anderson, E. 2008. Inclusive Masculinity in a Fraternal Setting. Men and masculinities, 10, 604-620.

Anderson, E. & Mccormack, M. 2018. Inclusive Masculinity Theory: overview, reflection and refinement. Journal of Gender Studies, 27, 547-561.

Atkinson, M. 2008. Exploring Male Femininity in the `Crisis': Men and Cosmetic Surgery. Body & Society, 14, 67-87.

Berkowitz, D. 2017. Botox nation: changing the face of America, New York, New York University Press.

Berlant, L. G. 2011. Cruel optimism, Durham, Duke University Press.

Bernard, H. R. 2011. Research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative approaches, fifth edition, AltaMira Press.

Bordo, S. 1993. Unbearable weight : feminism, western culture, and the body, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Bordo, S. 1999. The male body : a new look at men in public and in private, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Bridges, T. & Pascoe, C. J. 2014. Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities. Sociology compass, 8, 246-258.

Clarke, A. E., Shim, J. K., Mamo, L., Fosket, J. R. & Fishman, J. R. 2020. Biomedicalization A Theoretical and Substantive Introduction. New York, USA: Duke University Press.

Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. 2005. Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & society, 19, 829-859.

Conrad, P. 2007. The medicalization of society: on the transformation of human conditions into treatable disorders, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cook, P. S. & Dwyer, A. 2017. No longer raising eyebrows: The contexts and domestication of Botox as a mundane medical and cultural artefact. Journal of consumer culture, 17, 887-909.

Davis, K. 1995. Reshaping the female body: The dilemma of cosmetic surgery, Routledge.

Davis, K. 2002. A Dubious Equality': Men, Women and Cosmetic Surgery. Body & Society, 8, 49-65.

Dull, D. & West, C. 1991. Accounting for Cosmetic Surgery: The Accomplishment of Gender. Social problems (Berkeley, Calif.), 38, 54-70.

Elfving-Hwang, J. K. 2021. Man Made Beautiful: The Social Role of Grooming and Body Work in Performing Middle-aged Corporate Masculinity in South Korea. Men and masculinities, 24, 207-227.

Featherstone, M. 1982. The body in consumer culture. Theory, culture & society, 1, 18-33.

Fox, N. J. 2011. The ill-health assemblage: Beyond the body-with-organs. Health Sociology Review, 20, 359-371.

Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age, Cambridge, Polity.

Gill, R., Henwood, K. & Mclean, C. 2005. Body Projects and the Regulation of Normative Masculinity. Body & Society, 11, 37-62.

Gimlin, D. 2002. Body work. Body Work. University of California Press.

Gimlin, D. 2012. Cosmetic surgery narratives: A cross-cultural analysis of women's accounts, Springer.

Gutmann, M. C. 2007. Fixing men : sex, birth control, and AIDS in Mexico, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Haiken, E. 2000. Virtual Virility, or, Does Medicine Make the Man? Men and masculinities, 2, 388-409.

Hakim, J. 2020. Work that body : male bodies in digital culture, London, England ;, Rowman & Littlefield International.

Hall, M., Gough, B. & Seymour‐Smith, S. 2013. Stake Management in Men's Online Cosmetics Testimonials. Psychology & Marketing, 30, 227-235.

Hermans, A.-M. 2021. Discourses of Perfection: Representing Cosmetic Procedures and Beauty Products in UK Lifestyle Magazines, Milton, Taylor & Francis Group.

Holliday, R. & Cairnie, A. 2007. Man Made Plastic: Investigating men’s consumption of aesthetic surgery. Journal of consumer culture, 7, 57-78.

Holliday, R., Jones, M. & Bell, D. 2019. Beautyscapes: mapping cosmetic surgery tourism, Manchester, Manchester University Press.

Hurd Clarke, L. & Griffin, M. 2007. The body natural and the body unnatural: Beauty work and aging. Journal of aging studies, 21, 187-201.

Hurst, J. & Alpha, R. 2011. Happiness and Its Discontents in the Cosmetic Surgery Photograph. TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies, 25, 195-203.

Højgaard, L. 2010. Kan man interviewe sig til viden – om køn? Dansk sociologi, 21, 9-25.

Inhorn, M. C. & Wentzell, E. A. 2011. Embodying emergent masculinities: Men engaging with reproductive and sexual health technologies in the Middle East and Mexico. American ethnologist, 38, 801-815.

Katz, S. & Marshall, B. 2003. New sex for old: lifestyle, consumerism, and the ethics of aging well. Journal of aging studies, 17, 3-16.

Kinnunen, T. 2010. ‘A second youth’: pursuing happiness and respectability through cosmetic surgery in Finland. Sociology of health & illness, 32, 258-271.

Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I. & Anschütz, D. 2018. Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls. Media psychology, 21, 93-110.

Kristensen, D. B., Lim, M. & Askegaard, S. 2016. Healthism in Denmark: State, market, and the search for a “Moral Compass”. Health (London, England : 1997), 20, 485-504.

Kroløkke, C. & Hvidtfeldt, K. 2010. Også respektabel? Retoriske konstruktioner af fleksible (u)frugtbare kroppe. Rhetorica Scandinavica, 56.

Leaver, T., Highfield, T. & Abidin, C. 2020. Instagram : visual social media cultures, Cambridge, UK ;, Polity.

Mamo, L. & Fishman, J. R. 2001. Potency in All the Right Places: Viagra as a Technology of the Gendered Body. Body & society, 7, 13-35.

Ojala, H., Calasanti, T., King, N. & Pietila, I. 2016. Natural(ly) men: masculinity and gendered anti-ageing practices in Finland and the USA. Ageing and Society, 36, 356-375.

Rasmussen, S. R. 2021. Men don´t do Botox, they do Brotox - emerging configurations of masculinity in the markeitng of cosmetic treatments online Somatechnics, 23, 1-12.

Ricciardelli, R. & Clow, K. 2009. Men, Appearance, and Cosmetic Surgery: The Role of Self-esteem and Comfort with the Body. Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, 34, 105-134.

Ricciardelli, R. & White, P. 2011. Modifying the body: Canadian men's perspectives on appearance and cosmetic surgery. The Qualitative Report, 16, 949.

Rose, N. 2001. The Politics of Life Itself. Theory, culture & society, 18, 1-30.

Rosenfeld, D. & Faircloth, C. A. 2006. Medicalized masculinities, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

Rosenmann, A., Kaplan, D., Gaunt, R., Pinho, M. & Guy, M. 2018. Consumer Masculinity Ideology: Conceptualization and Initial Findings on Men's Emerging Body Concerns. Psychology of men & masculinity, 19, 257-272.

Skeggs, B. 1997. Formations of Class and Gender: Becoming Respectable, London, SAGE Publications, Limited.

Skeggs, B. 2004. Class, self, culture, London, Routledge.

Sullivan, D. A. 2001. Cosmetic surgery : the cutting edge of commercial medicine in America, New Brunswick, N.J. ;, Rutgers University Press.

Szymczak, J. E. & Conrad, P. 2006. Medicalizing the aging male body: andropause and baldness. In: ROSENFELD, D. & FAIRCLOTH, C. (eds.) Medicalized Masculinities. Temple University Press.

Tiggemann, M. & Anderberg, I. 2020. Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’ images on women’s social comparison and body image. New media & society, 22, 2183-2199.

Wen, H. 2021. Gentle yet Manly: Xiao xian rou, Male Cosmetic Surgery and Neoliberal Consumer Culture in China. Asian studies review, 45, 253-271.

Downloads

Publiceret

2023-06-23

Citation/Eksport

Rom Rasmussen, S., & Hvidtfeldt, K. (2023). ”I dag må man gerne se ud som om, at man gør noget ud af sig selv som fyr”: Kosmetisk modificeret maskulinitet mellem muligheder og pres. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, 35(1), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v35i1.133896