The role of bystanders in preventing workplace bullying: An inquiry into the theoretical and empirical basis for designing bystander interventions

Abstract

Through constructive intervention bystanders may contribute to preventing bullying at work. However, research shows that bystanders to negative acts are often passive or collude with the perpetrator. Thus, if bystanders are to play a constructive role in the prevention of bullying at work, interventions must address factors and mechanisms affecting bystanders’ behavior towards targets. The purpose of this mainly theoretical article is to begin outlining a theoretical and methodological framework for developing effective bystander interventions. Following a defi nition of the concept of bystanders and an overview of bystander roles, the article introduces Bartholomew and Mullen’s (2011) model for intervention research in which theories and evidence play a central role. Focusing on the model’s fi rst phase, the article identifi es determinants of bystander behaviour using O´Reilly and Aquino’s (2011) model of third parties’ reactions to injustices and the Attribution-Emotion Model of Stigmatization (Dijker and Koomen, 2003; Weiner et al., 1988). Secondary empirical data are then used to cautiously evaluate the models. Additional organization-level factors infl uencing bystander behaviour are also identifi ed. Focusing briefl y on the intervention model’s second and third phase, the article suggests elements and processes that could form part of a bystander intervention. The conclusion points to perspectives for research and practice.