Udvikling gennem livstransitioner? En empirisk undersøgelse af mænds udvikling i emotionsregulering gennem sygdom, faderskab og pensionering

Forfattere

  • Mimi Yung Mehlsen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/pl.v43i2.137307

Nøgleord:

Livstransitioner, emotionsregulering, fædre, pensionister, testikelkræftpatienter, trivsel

Resumé

Det er et udbredt empirisk fund, at ældre personer ikke rapporterer
lavere livstilfredshed end yngre. Faktisk vil man kunne møde
mange 80-årige, som oplever færre negative følelser end mange
20-årige. Da et langt liv uundgåeligt medfører tab, en aldrende
krop svækkes, og sygdom bliver mere udbredt med alderen, forekommer
dette paradoksalt: Hvorfor er alderdommen ikke forbundet
med dårlig livskvalitet og negative følelser? En mulig forklaring
på dette kan være, at man gennem voksenlivet tilegner sig en
stadig mere velfungerende evne til at håndtere sine følelsesmæssige
reaktioner på de belastninger, man møder. At der sker en udvikling
i evnen til adaptiv emotionsregulering. En sådan udvikling
kan måske accelereres, når en ny livssituation opstår, og der stilles
ekstra store krav til emotionsregulering.
I denne longitudinelle spørgeskemaundersøgelse blev fire
grupper af mænd fulgt i fem måneder. Deltagerne var fædre
(n=97) omkring fødslen af deres første barn, mænd med testikelkræft
(n=33) lige efter diagnosen, mænd, der blev pensioneret
(n=79), og en kontrolgruppe af mænd (n=92), der ikke oplevede
større livsændringer.
Resultaterne viser, at gruppernes psykologiske trivsel udviklede
sig forskelligt. Kræftpatienterne fik det bedre, fædrene fik
det dårligere, mens pensionisters og kontrolpersoners trivsel
var uændret. I alle grupper sås ændringer i emotionsreguleringsstrategier,
og grupperne adskilte sig signifikant i udviklingen
af accept, positiv revurdering og perspektivering. Der var
dog ikke et gennemgående mønster i ændringerne, og der var
ikke aldersforskelle i udviklingen af strategier. Så samlet set
giver studiet ikke et klart svar på, om livstransitioner er forbundet
med udvikling af emotionsregulering.

Referencer

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. (2010, marts). Emotion-regulation strategies

across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review,

(2), 217-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.

Atchley, R.C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29(2),

-190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.2.183.

Baltes, P.B., Staudinger, U.M. & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory

and application to intellectual functioning. Annu Rev Psychol, 50, 471-507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15012462/.

Bauer, J.J. & McAdams, D.P. (2004). Personal growth in adults’ stories of life transitions.

Journal of Personality, 72(3), 573-602.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00273.x.

Blanchard-Fields, F. (2007). Everyday problem solving and emotion: An adult developmental

perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science: A Journal of the

American Psychological Society, 16(1), 26-31.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00469.x.

Bonanno, G.A. & Burton, C.L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences

perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science,

(6), 591-612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116.

Cancer.dk (2022). Kræftens Bekæmpelse. https://www.cancer.dk/testikelkraeft-testescancer/

statistik-testikelkraeft/.

Carstensen, L.L., Turan, B., Scheibe, S., Ram, N., Ersner-Hershfield, H., Samanez-

Larkin, … Nesselroade, J.R. (2011, marts. Emotional experience improves with age:

Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychol and Aging, 26(1),

-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021285.

Charles, S.T. & Carstensen, L.L. (2014). Emotion regulation and aging. I: J.J. Gross

(red.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (s. 203-220). The Guilford Press.

Charles, S.T. & Luong, G. (2013, 2013/12/01). Emotional experience across adulthood:

The theoretical model of strength and vulnerability integration. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 22(6), 443-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413497013.

Charles, S.T., Reynolds, C.A. & Gatz, M. (2001, Jan). Age-related differences and

change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 80(1), 136-151.

Chin, R., Hall, P. & Daiches, A. (2011). Fathers’ experiences of their transition to fatherhood:

A metasynthesis. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(1), 4-18.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2010.513044.

Clarke, D.D. (1995). Life scripts: Implicit representations of life-course patterns. Journal

of Social Behavior and Personality, 10(4), 871.

Condon, J.T., Boyce, P. & Corkindale, C.J. (2004). The first-time fathers study: A prospective

study of the mental health and wellbeing of men during the transition to

parenthood. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(1), 56-64.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01298.x.

Denton, F.T. & Spencer, B.G. (2009). What is retirement? A review and assessment

of alternative concepts and measures. Canadian Journal on Aging, 28(1), 63-76.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980809090047.

Diener, E. & Suh, M.E. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis.

Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17: Focus on emotion and adult development

(s. 304-324). Springer Publishing Company.

Frijters, P. & Beatton, T. (2012). The mystery of the u-shaped relationship between happiness

and age. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 82(2-3), 525-542.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.03.008.

Garnefski, N. & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire – development

of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences,

(6), 1045-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010.

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion

regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30,

-1327.

Gross, J.J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent

consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 74(1), 224-237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224.

Gross, J.J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. I: J.J.

Gross (red.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2. udgave, s. 3-20). The Guilford Press.

Gross, J.J., Carstensen, L.L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C.G. & Hsu, A.Y. (1997,

Dec). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychol and Aging,

(4), 590-599. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.12.4.590.

Henning, G., Lindwall, M. & Johansson, B. (2016). Continuity in well-being in the transition

to retirement. GeroPsych, 29(4), 225-237.

https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000155.

Henoch, I. & Danielson, E. (2009). Existential concerns among patients with cancer and

interventions to meet them: An integrative literature review. Psycho-Oncology, 18(3),

-236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1424.

John, O.P. & Gross, J.J. (2004, Dec). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality

processes, individual differences, and life span development. J Pers, 72(6),

-1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x.

Kessler, E.M. & Staudinger, U.M. (2009, juni). Affective experience in adulthood and old

age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation. Psychol and Aging,

(2), 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015352.

Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M. & Lucas, R.E. (2012). Subjective well-Being and

adaptation to life wvents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

(3), 592-615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025948.

Mather, M. (2016). The affective neuroscience of aging. Annu Rev Psychol, 67, 213-238.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540.

Mehlsen, M. (2020). Aldersforskelle: Den ældre patient. I: M.F. Damholdt & M. Mehlsen

(red.), Psykologi i medicinsk praksis (s. 6073). FADL’s Forlag.

Mehlsen, M., Andersen, A.H. & Johannsen, M. (2020). Mennesket efter en kræftsygdom.

I: R. Zachariae & M. Mehlsen (red.), Livet efter kræft: senfølger og andre udfordringer

efter afsluttet kræftbehandling (s. 133-155). FADL’s Forlag.

Mehlsen, M., Jensen, A.B., Christensen, S., Pedersen, C.G., Lassesen, B. & Zachariae,

R. (2009, juni). A prospective study of age differences in consequences of emotional control in women referred to clinical mammography. Psychol and Aging, 24(2), 363-

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015188.

Mehlsen, M., Lyby, M.S., Mikkelsen, M.B. & O’Toole, M.S. (2019). Performance-based

assessment of distraction in response to emotional stimuli: Toward a standardized

procedure for assessing emotion regulation performance. Personality and Individual

Differences, 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.026.

Mikkelsen, M.B. & O’Toole, M.S. (2022). The constructionist approach to emotional

aging: Theoretical insights and predictions. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B,

(9), 1571-1579. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac048.

Mikkelsen, M.B., Tramm, G. & O’Toole, M.S. (2021). Age-group differences in instructed

emotion regulation effectiveness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychology and Aging, 36(8), 957-973. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000627.

Moffatt, S.& Heaven, B.E.N. (2017). ”Planning for uncertainty”: narratives on retirement

transition experiences. Ageing and Society, 37(5), 879-898.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X15001476.

Phillips, L.H., Henry, J.D., Hosie, J.A. & Milne, A.B. (2008). Effective regulation of the

experience and expression of negative affect in old age. The Journals of Gerontology:

Series B, 63(3), P138-P145. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.3.P138.

Plagnol, A.C. & Scott, J. (2011, 2011/06/01). What matters for well-being: Individual

perceptions of quality of life before and after important life events. Applied Research

in Quality of Life, 6(2), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-010-9119-1.

Taubman – Ben-Ari, O. (2019). Blossoming and growing in the transition to parenthood

(s. 271-290). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-

-2_16.

Topp, C.W., Østergaard, S.D., Søndergaard, S. & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 wellbeing

index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,

(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585.

Wang, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process:

Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological wellbeing.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-

92.2.455.

Wang, M., Henkens, K. & van Solinge, H. (2011). Retirement adjustment: A review of

theoretical and empirical advancements. The American Psychologist, 66(3), 204-213.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022414.

Webb, T.L., Miles, E. & Sheeran, P. (2012, Jul). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of

the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.

Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775-808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600.

Öhrling, K. & Nyström, K. (2004). Parenthood experiences during the child’s first

year. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-

2004.02991.x.

Downloads

Publiceret

2023-05-10

Citation/Eksport

Yung Mehlsen, M. (2023). Udvikling gennem livstransitioner? En empirisk undersøgelse af mænds udvikling i emotionsregulering gennem sygdom, faderskab og pensionering. Psyke & Logos, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.7146/pl.v43i2.137307

Nummer

Årg. 43 Nr. 2 (2022): Udviklingspsykologi

Sektion

Artikler

Licens

Ophavsret er tidsskriftets og forfatternes. Det er gældende praksis, at artikler publiceret i Psyke & Logos, som efterfølgende oversættes til andet sprog, af forfatteren frit kan publiceres i internationale tidsskrifter, dog således at det ved reference fremgår, at den oversatte artikel har et forlæg i en dansksproget version i Psyke & Logos. Artikler kan frit deles og linkes til på forsknings- og undervisningsnetværk (så som Blackboard). Link foretrækkes, fordi det giver oplysning om brug af tidsskriftets artikler.