Partnerskaber mellem elever og AI: Nye arbejdsmetoder med generativ AI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/lom.v17i31.150410Keywords:
generative AI, hybrid minds, epistemic practice, AI tools, cognitive partnerAbstract
The article presents a study on upper secondary school students' use of generative AI tools as cognitive partners for schoolwork. The study consists of a survey among students (n=546) and student interviews (n=18), and it is based on a school project where 22 teachers from three schools completed courses incorporating AI tools. The study shows that students find the greatest potential in using AI tools to receive explanations on subject areas as well as guidance on how to solve a task. Students rate AI tools as far less suitable for producing responses that can be directly used in assignments. Based on the study, the article develops a conceptual framework that provides new insights into different working methods for students' use of AI tools in schoolwork; students use AI tools for production, preparation, inspiration, revision, feedback, and explanation. The study shows that students use AI tools as cognitive partners but also seem to extend this concept by describing chatbots as artificial humans who take on roles as teachers or peers.
Downloads
References
Boie, M. A. K., Dalsgaard, C., & Caviglia, F. (2024). Digital instinct: A keyword for making sense of students' digital practice and digital literacy. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(2), 668-686. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13398
Brinkmann, S. (2014). Unstructured and semi-structured interviewing. In P. Leavy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of qualitative research (pp. 277–299). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199811755.013.030
Dalsgaard, C., Christensen, M. V., Caviglia, F., Skovgaard Andersen, M., Kjærgaard, H. W., & Boie, M. A. K. (2023). Sprogteknologier i fremmedsprogsundervisningen: indkredsning af en sprogfaglig teknologiforståelse: på tværs af grundskole og ungdomsuddannelse. Læring og medier (LOM), 16(28). https://doi.org/10.7146/lom.v16i28.136251
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education. New York: The Free Press.
Engeström, Y. (2015). Learning by expanding. Cambridge University Press.
Famaye, T., Adisa, I.O., Irgens, G.A. (2023). To Ban or Embrace: Students’ Perceptions Towards Adopting Advanced AI Chatbots in Schools. In: Arastoopour Irgens, G., Knight, S. (eds) Advances in Quantitative Ethnography. ICQE 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1895. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47014-1_10
Guo, K., Zhong, Y., Li, D., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Investigating students’ engagement in chatbot-supported classroom debates, Interactive Learning Environments, DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2023.2207181
Guitton, M. J. (2023). Toward homo artificialis. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 1(1), 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100001
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis, 5nd ed.. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., & Kirsh, D. (2000). Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 7(2), 174-196.
Jensen, L.X., Buhl, A., Sharma, A. et al. Generative AI and higher education: a review of claims from the first months of ChatGPT. High Educ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01265-3
Jeon, J. (2024). Exploring AI chatbot affordances in the EFL classroom: young learners’ experiences and perspectives. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(1-2), 1-26.
Jonassen, D. H. (1995). Computers as cognitive tools: Learning with technology, not from technology. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 6(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02941038
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Kuechemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Guennemann, S., Huellermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutyniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., Stadler, M., & Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
Kim, K., Kwon, K., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. et al. Exploring middle school students’ common naive conceptions of Artificial Intelligence concepts, and the evolution of these ideas. Educ Inf Technol 28, 9827–9854 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11600-3
Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. Sage.
Lee, J. E., & Maeng, U. (2023). Perceptions of High School Students on AI Chatbots Use in English Learning: Benefits, Concerns, and Ethical Consideration. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 53-72.
Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., & Chocksathaporn, P. (2023). The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(1), 1-10.
Masley, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Parli, V., Reuel, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Etchemendy, J., Ligett, K., Lyons, T., Manyika, J., Niebles, J. C., Shoham, Y., Wald, R., & Clark, J. (2024). The AI Index 2024 Annual Report. Stanford University. https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HAI_AI-Index-Report-2024.pdf
Säljö, R. (2003). Læring i praksis: et sociokulturelt perspektiv. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag.
Säljö, R. (2012). Literacy, digital literacy and epistemic practices: The co-evolution of hybrid minds and external memory systems. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 7(1), 5-19.
Säljö, R. (2010). Digital tools and challenges to institutional traditions of learning: technologies, social memory and the performative nature of learning. Journal of computer assisted learning, 26(1), 53-64.
Salomon, G., Perkins, D. N., & Globerson, T. (1991). Partners in Cognition: Extending Human Intelligence with Intelligent Technologies. Educational Researcher, 20(3), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X020003002
Shaffer, D. W., & Clinton, K. A. (2006). Toolforthoughts: Reexamining Thinking in the Digital Age. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 13(4), 283. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327884mca1304_2
Sheikh, H., Prins, C., & Schrijvers (2023). Mission AI. The new system technology. Springer.
Silverman, D. (2015). Interpreting qualitative data. Sage.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. London: Harvard University Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (1994). The Primacy of Mediated Action in Sociocultural Studies. Mind, Culture, and Activity, Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 202-208.
Wu, R. & Yu, Z. (2023). Do AI chatbots improve students learning outcomes? Evidence from a meta-analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 10-33.
Zhai, C., Wibowo, S. & Li, L.D. The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities: a systematic review. Smart Learn. Environ. 11, 28 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Christian Dalsgaard, Christopher Neil Prilop

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Articles published in the Journal of Learning and Media are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported Licens.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication; simultaneously articles are licensend under the Creative Commons Attribution license: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerviatives (by-nc-nd). Read about this license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
---
At LOM.dk, you will also find articles from the discontinued Journal for the Continuing and Further Education of the Danish Universities (UNEV). Note that special rules apply to UNEV articles:
It is the authors and any other copyright holder who have the copyright of articles published under the auspices of UNEV, and access to the articles is contingent on users acknowledging and complying with the associated legal guidelines:
- Users may download and print one copy of any UNEV publication for private studies or research.
- The redistribution of articles or the use of these for revenue-funded activities or commercial purposes are not allowed.
- It is not allowed to distribute the URLs of UNEV articles.