"A woman who’s tough, she’s a bitch.”
How labels anchored in unconscious bias shape the institution of gender
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v31i3.128517Nøgleord:
Unconscious bias, label, gender, institution, leadershipResumé
This study shows how labels anchored in unconscious bias can contribute to the gender institution. It draws on interviews with women leaders in Canadian for-profi t organizations to illustrate how labels relate to unconscious bias toward women leaders, how labels delegitimize or legitimize women leaders, and how women leaders react to labels. Guided by these results, the study theorizes how the micro-level practice of labeling anchored in unconscious bias can uphold or disrupt gender categories and associated gendered social roles, thus shaping the gender institution.
Referencer
Acker, J. 2006. Inequality Regimes: Gender, Class, and Race in Organizations. Gender & Society. 20 (4), 441-464. doi:10.1177/0891243206289499.
Alvesson, M. and Kärreman, D. 2007. Constructing Mystery: Empirical Matters in Theory Development. Academy of Management Review. 32 (4), 1265-1281. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26586822.
Alvesson, M. and Willmott, H. 2002. Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual. Journal of Management Studies. 39 (5), 619-644.
Ashforth, B. E. and Humphrey, R. H. 1995. Labeling Processes in the Organization: Constructing the Individual. Research in Organizational Behavior. 17, 413-461.
Ashforth, B. E. and Humphrey, R. H. 1997. The Ubiquity and Potency of Labeling in Organizations. Organization Science, 8 (1), 43-58. doi:10.1287/orsc.8.1.43.
Becker, H. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. London: Free Press Glencoe.
Bothello, J. and Mangen, C. 2021. The Changing Conceptualization of Gender in Canada: A Study of Supreme Court Cases. Concordia University.
Bruner, J. S. 1957. On Perceptual Readiness. Psychological Review. 64 (2), 123-152. doi:10.1037/h0043805.
Bryant, M. and Higgins, V. 2010. Self-confessed Troublemakers: An Interactionist View of Deviance During Organizational Change. Human Relations. 63 (2), 249-277. doi:10.1177/0018726709338637.
Canadian Securities Administrators. 2019. CSA Multilateral Staff Notice 58-311: Report on Fifth Staff Review of Disclosure Regarding Women on Boards and in Executive Offi cer Positions.
Como, D. H. et al. 2020. Examining Unconscious Bias Embedded in Provider Language Regarding Children with Autism. Nursing & Health Sciences. 22 (2), 197-204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12617.
Connell, R. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Connell, R. 2005. Advancing Gender Reform in Large-scale Organisations: A New Approach for Practitioners and Researchers. Policy and Society. 24 (4), 5-24. doi:10.1016/S1449-4035(05)70066-7.
Covaleski, M. A. et al. 1998. The Calculated and the Avowed: Techniques of Discipline and Struggles Over Identity in Big Six Public Accounting Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly. 43 (2), 293-327. doi:10.2307/2393854.
Czarniawska, B. 1997. A Four Times Told Tale: Combining Narrative and Scientifi c Knowledge in Organization Studies. Organization. 4 (1), 7-30. doi:10.1177/135050849741002.
Czarniawska, B. 2000. The uses of Narrative in Organization Research. [Online]. [Located September 6, 2021]. Available at: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/2997
Dale, S. 2015. Heuristics and Biases: The Science of Decision-making. Business Information Review. 32 (2), 93-99. doi:10.1177/0266382115592536.
Davis, N. J. 1972. Labeling Theory in Deviance Research: A Critique and Reconsideration. The Sociological Quarterly. 13 (4), 447-474.
Deutsch, F. M. 2007. Undoing Gender. Gender & Society. 21 (1), 106-127. doi:10.1177/0891243206293577.
Deville, A., Mangen, C. and Pérès, V. 2017. Comprendre les Motivations des Etudiants en Filière CCA : Une étude Exploratoire. Finance Contrôle Stratégie. [Preprint]. (20-3). doi:10.4000/fcs.1965.
Domenico, M. D. 2008. “I’m Not Just a Housewife”: Gendered Roles and Identities in the Home-Based Hospitality Enterprise. Gender, Work & Organization. 15 (4), 313-332. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00388.x.
Drake, C. E., Primeaux, S. and Thomas, J. 2018. Comparing Implicit Gender Stereotypes Between Women and Men with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. Gender Issues. 35 (1), 3-20. doi:10.1007/s12147-017-9189-6.
Eagly, A. H. and Karau, S. J. 2002. Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders. Psychological Review. 109 (3), 573-598. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573.
Eagly, A. H. and Steffen, V. J. 1984. Gender Stereotypes Stem from the Distribution of Women and Men into Social Roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 46 (4), 735-754. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735.
Eagly, A. H. and Wood, W. 2016. Social Role Theory of Sex Differences. In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. American Cancer Society, 1-3. doi:10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss183.
Ely, R. and Padavic, I. 2007. A Feminist Analysis of Organizational Research on Sex Differences. Academy of Management Review. 32 (4), 1121-1143. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26585842.
Feldman, M. S. et al. 2004. Making Sense of Stories: A Rhetorical Approach to Narrative Analysis, Oxford Academic. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 14 (2), 147-170.
Feront, C. and Bertels, S. 2021. The Impact of Frame Ambiguity on Field-Level Change. Organization Studies. 42 (7), 1135-1165. doi:10.1177/0170840619878467.
Franzosi, R. 1998. Narrative Analysis—Or Why (and How) Sociologists Should Be Interested in Narrative. Annual Review of Sociology. 24 (1), 517-554. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.517.
Gove, W. R. 1970. Societal Reaction as an Explanation of Mental Illness: An Evaluation. American Sociological Review. 35 (5), 873-884. doi:10.2307/2093298.
Heckert, A. and Heckert, D. M. 2002. A New Typology of Deviance: Integrating Normative and Reactivist Defi nitions of Deviance. Deviant Behavior. 23 (5), 449-479. doi:10.1080/016396202320265319.
Hollander, J. A., Renfrow, D. G. and Howard, J. A. 2011. Gendered Situations, Gendered Selves: A Gender Lens on Social Psychology. Second Ed. Lanham, MD, US: Rowman and Littlefi eld.
Holtgraves, T. 2010. Social Psychology and Language: Words, Utterances, and Conversations. In: Handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2, 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1386-1422. doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002036.
Jefferson, T. and Hollway, W. 2000. Narrative, Discourse and the Unconscious: The Case of Tommy. In: Andrews, M. et al. (Eds) Lines of Narrative. London: Routledge, 224. doi:10.4324/9780203471005-21.
Kiesling, S. F. 2003. Prestige, Cultural Models, and Other Ways of Talking About Underlying Norms and Gender. In: The Handbook of Language and Gender. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 509-527. doi:10.1002/9780470756942.ch22.
Lemert, E. M. 1981. Issues in the Study of Deviance. The Sociological Quarterly. 22 (2), 285-305.
Lorber, J. 1994. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Mangen, C. and Brivot, M. 2015. The Challenge of Sustaining Organizational Hybridity: The Role of Power and Agency. Human Relations. 68 (4), 659-684. doi:10.1177/0018726714539524.
Martin, P. Y. 2004. Gender As Social Institution. Social Forces. 82 (4), 1249-1273. doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0081.
McCarthy, L. and Moon, J. 2018. Disrupting the Gender Institution: Consciousness-Raising in the Cocoa Value Chain. Organization Studies. 39 (9), 1153-1177. doi:10.1177/0170840618787358.
Moon, K. and Blackman, D. 2014. A Guide to Understanding Social Science Research for Natural Scientists. Conservation Biology. 28 (5), 1167-1177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12326.
Ortlieb, R. and Sieben, B. 2019. Balls, Barbecues and Boxing: Contesting Gender Regimes at Organizational Social Events. Organization Studies. 40 (1), 115-134. doi:10.1177/0170840617736941.
Pérez-Álvarez, M. 2018. Psychology as a Science of Subject and Comportment, beyond the Mind and Behavior. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 52 (1), 25-51. doi:10.1007/s12124-017-9408-4.
Riessman, C. K. 2005. Narrative Analysis. In: Narrative: Memory & Everyday Life. Huddersfi eld: University of Huddersfi eld, 1-7.
Schiebinger, L. 1991. The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shah, A. K. and Oppenheimer, D. M. 2008. Heuristics Made Easy: An Effort-reduction Framework. 134 (2), 207-222.
Shields, S. A. 2013. Gender and Emotion: What We Think We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why It Matters. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 37 (4), 423-435. doi:10.1177/0361684313502312.
Tajfel, H. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. 1974. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science. 185 (4157), 1124-1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.
Villicana, A. J., Garcia, D. M. and Biernat, M. 2017. Gender and Parenting: Effects of Parenting Failures on Evaluations of Mothers and Fathers. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 20 (6), 867-878. doi:10.1177/1368430215615683.
West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. 1987. Doing Gender. Gender & Society. 1 (2), 125-151. doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002.
Wynn, A. T. and Correll, S. J. 2018. Combating Gender Bias in Modern Workplaces. In: Risman, B. J., Froyum, C. M. and Scarborough, W. J. (Eds.). Handbook of the Sociology of Gender. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing (Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research), 509-521. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76333-0_37.
Downloads
Publiceret
Citation/Eksport
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
Copyright (c) 2021 Claudine Mangen
Dette værk er under følgende licens Creative Commons Navngivelse –Ikke-kommerciel (by-nc).
Udgivelser i Kvinder, Køn og Forskning er beskyttet under Creative Commons License: CC Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
