Extended Working Lives in Denmark and Finland: Influences of Computerization

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.143480

Keywords:

Learning & Competencies, Employment, Wages, Unemployment & Rehabilitation, Innovation & Productivity

Abstract

Extended working lives become important in aging populations. Yet, for a long time, increasing computer use pushed older individuals out of the workforce. Recently, older workers’ computer skills have improved. This article investigates how computer use, experience, and training affect workforce participation in old age in countries with widespread computer use. It conducts regression analyses of Danish and Finnish survey data. Findings show that individuals who used computers had a higher chance of remaining in the workforce. Computer experience made older Finns marginally more likely to retire. However, computer training had no influence. Findings suggest that the relevance of computer use for extended working lives depends on a country’s computerization level: the higher the level, the less of an obstacle to extended working lives computerization presents. Policymakers should facilitate older workers’ computer use especially when computers are first introduced, and explore alternative means for extending working lives afterwards.

Author Biography

Kathrin Komp-Leukkunen, LUT University

Professor, Department of Social Sciences

References

Alcover, C.-M., Guglielmi, D., Depolo, M., & Mazzetti, G. (2021). ‘Aging-and-tech-job-vulnerability’: a proposed framework on the dual impact of aging and AI, robotics, and automation among older workers, Organizational Psychology Review, 11(2): 175–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386621992105

Allison, P.D. (2001). Missing Data, Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Allison, P.D. (2012). Logistic Regression Using SAS: Theory and Applications, Cary: SAS Institute.

Baltes, B.B., Rudolph, C.W., & Bal, A.C. (2012). A review of aging theories and modern work perspectives. In: Hedge, J.W. & Borman, W.C. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Work and Ageing (pp. 117–136), Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385052.001.0001

Banks, J., Brugiavini, A., & Pasini, G. (2020). The powerful combination of cross-country comparisons and life-history data, The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 16: 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2019.100206

Bartel, A.P., & Sicherman, N. (1993). Technological change and retirement decisions of older workers, Journal of Labor Economics, 11(1): 162–183.

Behaghel, L., Caroli, E., & Roger, M. (2014). Age-biased technical and organizational change, training and employment prospects of older workers, Economica, 81(322): 368–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12078

Bergmann, M., Kneip, T., De Luca, G., & Scherpenzeel, A. (2019). Survey participation in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), wave 1–7. SHARE working paper series 2019–41, Munich: SHARE-ERIC.

Börsch-Supan, A., Brandt, M., Hunkler, C., Kneip, T., Korbmacher, J., Malter, F., Schaan, B., Stuck, S., & Zuber, S. (2013). Data resource profile: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(4): 992–1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt088

Cumming, E., & Henry, W.E. (1961). Growing old: The Process of Disengagement, New York: Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385052.001.0001

Damman, M. (2016). Blended work and employment participation of older workers: a further discussion, Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(4): 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw022

De Grip, A., Fourage, D. & Montizaan, R. (2013). How sensitive are individual retirement expectations to raising the retirement age? De Economist, 161: 225–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-013-9205-5

Dropkin, J., Moline, J., Kim, H., & Gold, J.E. (2016). Blended work as a bridge between traditional workplace employment and retirement: A conceptual review, Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(4): 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw017

Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Eurostat (2022a). Employment and Activity by Sex and Age - Annual Data [Excel file]. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSI_EMP_A__custom_3830250/default/table?lang=en.

Eurostat (2022b). Enterprises with Broadband Access. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tin00090/default/table?lang=en .

Eurostat (2022c). Enterprises Giving Portable Devices for a Mobile Connection to the Internet to their Employees. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tin00125/default/table?lang=en.

Fischer, B., Österlund, B., Dalmer, N.K., Rosales, A., Peine, A., Loos, E., Neven, L., & Marshall, B. (2021). Co-design as learning: The difference in learning when involving older people in digitalization in four countries. Societies, 11(2): 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11020066

Friedberg, L. (2003). The impact of technological change on older workers: evidence from data on computer use, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56(3): 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793903056003

Gilleard, C., & Higgs, P. (2008). Internet use and the digital divide in the English longitudinal study of ageing, European Journal of Aging, 5: 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0083-7

Greenan, N., & Messe, P.-J. (2018). Transmission of vocational skills in the second part of careers: the effect of ICT and management changes, Journal for Labour Market Research, 52:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-018-0240-1

Harrell, F.E. (2001). Regression Modeling Strategies, New York: Springer.

Hinrichs, K. (2021). Recent pension reform in Europe: more challenges, new directions. An overview, Social Policy & Administration, 55(3): 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12712

Hosmer, D.W., Hosmer, T., Le Cessie, S., & Lemeshow, S. (1997). A comparison of goodness-of-fit tests for the logistic regression model, Statistics in Medicine, 16(9): 965–980. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970515)16:9<965::AID-SIM509>3.0.CO;2-O

Hudomiet, P., & Willis, R.J. (2022). Computerization, obsolence and the length of working life, Labour Economics, 77: 102005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102005

Jaiswal, A., Arun, C.J., & Varma, A. (2022). Rebooting employees: upskilling for artificial intelligence in multinational corporations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(6): 1179–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1891114

Komp, K. (2018). Shifts in the realized retirement age: Europe in times of pension reform and economics crisis, Journal of European Social Policy, 28(2): 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928717709174

Komp-Leukkunen, K. (2021). Breadwinner models revisited: How a couple’s combined work histories influence the retirement transition, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 28(2): 335–358.

Komp-Leukkunen, K. (2021). Finnish life-courses: A phenomenon of central interest in times of population ageing. In: Komp-Leukkunen, K. (Ed.), Life-Histories in Finland: First Results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (pp. 6–8), Helsinki: Väestöliitto.

Komp-Leukkunen, K., Poli, A., Hellevik, T., Herlofson, K., Heuer, A., Norum, R., Solem, P.E., Khan, J., Rantanen, V., Motel-Klingebiel, A. (2022). Older workers in digitalizing workplaces: A systematic literature review. The Journal of Aging and Social Change, 12(2): 37–59. https://doi.org/10.18848/2576-5310/CGP/v12i02/37-59

Kosonen, H., Keskinen, K., Nikander, P., & Lumme-Sandt, K. (2021). Employment exists near retirement age: An agency-analysis, Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 11(1): 63–83. https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.122227 ,

Kuitto, K., Kuivalainen, S., & Möhring, K. (2021). Inequalities in pensions and retirement from a life course perspective: an introduction. Social Policy & Administration, 55(3): 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12663

Lawhon, T., Ennis, D., & Lawhin, D.C. (1996). Senior adults and computers in the 1990s, Educational Gerontology: An International Quarterly, 22(2): 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/0360127960220205

Lee, C.C., Czaja, S.J., & Sharit, J. (2008). Training older workers for technology-based employment, Educational Gerontology, 35(1): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802300091

Malul, M. (2009). Older workers’ employment in dynamic technological changes, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(5): 809–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.05.005

Mutual Information System on Social Protection (2022). Comparative Tables. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://www.missoc.org/missoc-database/comparative-tables/.

Nagarajan, N.R., & Sixsmith, A. (2023). Policy initiatives to address the challenges of an older population in the workforce, Ageing International, 48: 41–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-021-09442-w

Nattino, G., Pennell, M.L., & Lemeshow, S. (2020). Assessing the goodness of fit of logistic regression models in large samples: a modification of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, Biometrics: Journal of the International Biometric Society, 76(2): 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13249

Neves, B.B., Amaro, F., & Fonseca, J.R.S. (2013). Coming of (old) age: ICT usage and non-usage among older adults, Sociological Research Online, 18(2): 22–35. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2998

Ni Leime, A., Ogg, J., Rasticova, M., Steet, D., Krekula, C., Bediova, M., & Madero-Cabib, I. (Eds.), Extended Working Life Policies. International Gender and Health Perspectives, Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40985-2

Nilsson, K. (2012). Why work beyond 65? Discourse on the decision to continue working or retire early, Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 2(3): 7–28. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v2i3.2361

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019). OECD Skills Outlook 2019: Thriving in a Digital World, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/df80bc12-en.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022a). ICT access and usage by households and individuals. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ICT_HH2.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022b). Pensions at a glance: PaG2021 – Effective labour market exit age. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=111940.

Perek-Bialas, J., & Turek, K. (2012). Organisation-level policy towards older workers in Poland. International Journal of Social Welfare, 21(S1): S101–S116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2012.00878.x

Phillipson, C. (2019). ‘Fuller’ or ‘extended’ working lives? Critical perspectives on changing transitions from work to retirement. Ageing & Society, 39(3): 629–650. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X18000016

Prensky, M. (2001a). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1, On the Horizon, 9(5): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816

Prensky, M. (2001b). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 2: Do they really think differently? On the Horizon, 9(6): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424843

Scheel-Hincke, L.L., Möller, S., Lindahl-Jacobsen, R., Jeune, B., & Ahrenfeldt, L.J. (2020). Cross-national comparison of sex differences in ADL and iADL in Europe: Findings from SHARE. European Journal of Ageing, 17: 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00524-y

Schleife, K. (2006). Computer use and employment status of older workers – An analysis based on individual data, Labour, 20(2): 325–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00341.x

Schoenherr, T., & Speier-Pero, C. (2015). Data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: Current state and future potential, Journal of Business Logistics, 36(1): 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12082

Staufer, M. (1992). Technological change and the older employee: Implications for introduction and training, Behaviour & Information Technology, 11(1): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299208924318

Szinovacz, M.E., DeViney, S., & Davey, A. (2001). Influences of family obligations and relationships on retirement: Variations by gender, race, and marital status. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 56(1): S20–S27. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.1.S20

United Nations (2022). Population Percentage by Select Age Groups – Both Sexes. Retrieved November 9, 2022, from https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/.

Downloads

Published

2024-02-15

How to Cite

Komp-Leukkunen, K. (2024). Extended Working Lives in Denmark and Finland: Influences of Computerization. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 14(S12). https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.143480