Culture and brand communication: The analysis of Facebook advertisements of Volkswagen in Germany and Italy according to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Authors

  • Alisa Kasianova University of Pannonia
  • László Kovács Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Communication and Marketing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-811X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.vi65.156533

Keywords:

intercultural communication, advertising, semiotics, culture, Volkswagen

Abstract

The current study explores the connection between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and advertising elements by analyzing Volkswagen’s Facebook posts targeting German and Italian consumers.

For the analysis, 96 German and 57 Italian advertisements were collected from Volkswagen’s Facebook page. Texts and pictures of advertisements were analyzed using the semiotic approach, to identify how the cultural dimensions of Hofstede are present in the posts and how they reflect characteristics of the given culture.

The analysis proved that German and Italian posts share certain common features; however, Volkswagen adapts the advertisements – both language and visual elements – to align with cultural expectations, balancing both universally appealing and locally relevant themes.

References

Acar, A. (2014). Culture and Social Media: An Elementary Textbook. Cambridge scholars publishing.

Agarwal, N. D., & Kumar, V. R. (2021). Three decades of green advertising – a review of literature and bibliometric analysis. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 28(6), 1934-1958. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-07-2020-0380

Alexander, J., Alexander, J.C., Thompson, K., Desfor Edles, L., & Capous-Desyllas, M. (2023). A contemporary introduction to sociology: Culture and society in transition. Taylor & Francis.

Anholt, S. (2000). Another One Bites the Grass: Making Sense of International Advertising. Wiley.

Baldwin, J. R., Faulkner, S. L., & Hecht, M.L. (2006). A moving target: the illusive definition of culture. In J. R Baldwin, S. L. Faulkner, M. L. Hecht & S. L. Lindsley (Eds.), Redefining Culture: Perspectives across the Disci-plines (3-26). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Barbieri, F., Kruszewski, G., Ronzano, F., & Saggion, H. (2016). How cosmopolitan are emojis? Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on Multimedia Conference - MM ’16, 531-535. https://doi.org/10.1145/2964284.2967278

Bazi, S., Filieri, R., & Gorton, M. (2023). Social media content aesthetic quality and customer engagement: The mediating role of entertainment and impacts on brand love and loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113778.

Bekimbetova, G.M., Erkinov, S.B., & Rakhimov, U.F. (2021). Culture and its influence on consumer behavior in the context of marketing (in case of “Coca-Cola” company). German International Journal of Modern Science, 7, 4-6.

Berman, M., & Blakeman, R. (2009). The Brains Behind Great Ad Campaigns: Creative Collaboration between Copywriters and Art Directors. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Bonilla, J. F. G. (2018). Multimodal metaphors and advertising: a cross-cultural comparison of the use of behavioural multimodal metaphors. Darnioji Daugiakalbystė, 13, 94-117. https://doi.org/10.2478/sm-2018-0013

Boski, P. (2024). Hofstede’s consequences: criticizing his oeuvre and honoring the pioneer in the history of social sciences. In S. J. Magala, C. Erten, R. M. Bell, M.-T. Claes, S. Yazici & A. Karabag (Eds.) Hofstede matters (161-189). New York, London: Routledge.

Buzeta, C., De Keyzer, F., Dens, N., & De Pelsmacker, P. (2024). Branded content and motivations for social media use as drivers of brand outcomes on social media: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Advertising, 43(4), 637-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2023.2215079

Cahill, K.M. (2021). Towards a philosophical anthropology of culture: Naturalism, relativism, and skepticism. Routledge.

Caleffi, P. M. (2015). The ‘hashtag’: A new word or a new rule? SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 12(2), 46-69.

Campbell, C., Plangger, K., Sands, S., & Kietzmann, J. (2021). Preparing for an era of deepfakes and AI-generated ads: A framework for understanding responses to manipulated advertising. Journal of Advertising, 51(1), 22-38.

Chandler, D. (2017). Semiotics: The basics. Routledge.

Chen, Y., Wang, H., Rao Hill, S., & Li, B. (2024). Consumer attitudes toward AI-generated ads: Appeal types, self-efficacy and AI’s social role. Journal of Business Research, 185, 114867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114867

Danesi, M. (2016). The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the Internet. Bloomsbury Aca-demic.

Das, G., Wiener, H. J., & Kareklas, I. (2019). To emoji or not to emoji? Examining the influence of emoji on consumer reactions to advertising. Journal of Business Research, 96, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.007

De Mooij, M. (2021). Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes (6th ed.). SAGE Publica-tions.

De Mooij, M., & Hofstede, G. (2010). The Hofstede model. International Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 85-110. https://doi.org/10.2501/s026504870920104x

Di Battista, S., Pivetti, M., & Berti, C. (2018). Moral foundations, political orientation and religiosity in Italy. The Open Psychology Journal, 11(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010046

Ellis, D.G. (2021). Language and speech. Communication. In M. Burgoon & N. E. Doran (Eds.), Communication Yearbook 6 (34-63). Routledge.

Ergashev, I., & Farxodjonova, N. (2020). Integration of national culture in the process of globalization. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(2), 477-479. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.02.90

Farzin, M., Shababi, H., Shirchi Sasi, G., Sadeghi, M., & Makvandi, R. (2023). The determinants of eco-fashion purchase intention and willingness to pay. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, 27(3), 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-07-2022-0158

Faulkner, S. L., Baldwin, J.R., Lindsley, S.L., & Hecht, M.L. (2006). Layers of meaning: an analysis of definitions of culture. In J. R. Baldwin, S. L Faulkner, M. L. Hecht & S. L. Lindsley (Eds.), Redefining culture: Perspectives across the disciplines (27-52). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Fennis, B. M., & Stroebe, W. (2020). The Psychology of Advertising. Routledge.

Gensler, S., Völckner, F., Liu-Thompkins, Y., & Wiertz, C. (2013). Managing brands in the social media environment. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(4), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.004

Hamzah, Z. L., Abdul Wahab, H., & Waqas, M. (2021). Unveiling drivers and brand relationship implications of consumer engagement with social media brand posts. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(2), 336-358. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-05-2020-0113

Han, S.P., & Shavitt, S. (1994). Persuasion and culture: Advertising appeals in individualistic and collectivistic societies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 326-350. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1994.1016

Hills, R. C., & Atkins, P. W. (2013). Cultural identity and convergence on western attitudes and beliefs in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 13(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595813485380

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15-41.

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Sage publications.

Hofstede, G., Hofstede, & G. J., Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Holt, D. B. (2004). How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding. Harvard business press.

Holt, D. (2016). Branding in the age of social media. Harvard Business Review, 94(3), 40-50.

House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. SAGE Publications.

Iacoviello, V., Valsecchi, G., Berentm J., Borinca, I., & Falomir-Pichastor, J.M. (2021). Is traditional masculinity still valued? Men’s perceptions of the masculinity norm as a function of the reference group. The Journal of Men's Studies, 30(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/10608265211018803

Ibrahim B., & Aljarah A. (2021). The era of Instagram expansion: Matching social media marketing activities and brand loyalty through customer relationship quality. Journal of Marketing Communications, 29(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2021.1984279

Ilhamsyah, I., & Herlina, H. (2019). Tagline in advertisement digital era case study of #adaaqua advertising campaign. 6th Bandung Creative Movement International Conference in Creative Industries 2019, 483-487.

Joshi, Y., Lim, W. M., Jagani, K., & Kumar, S. (2023). Social media influencer marketing: foundations, trends, and ways forward. Electronic Commerce Research, 25, 1199-1253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-023-09719-z

Jurczyk, K., Jentsch, B., Sailer, J., & Schier, M. (2019). Female-breadwinner families in Germany: New gender roles? Journal of Family Issues, 40(13), 1731-1754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19843149

Kakadia, K. (2025). Meta statistics by the numbers: 2025 analysis & trends [online]. https://sociallyin.com/meta-statistics/ (accessed 14 July 2025).

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003

Karkhanis, S. (2019). The influence of culture on consumer behavior. Advance and Innovative Research, 31(1), 31-33.

Kaynak, E., & Herbig, P. (2014). Handbook of Cross-Cultural Marketing. Routledge.

Keith, K. D. (Ed.). (2019). Cross-cultural psychology: Contemporary themes and perspectives (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Khan, I., Dongping, H., & Wahab, A. (2016). Does culture matter in effectiveness of social media marketing strategy? An investigation of brand fan pages. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 68(6), 694-715. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-03-2016-0035

Khan, I. (2022). Do brands’ social media marketing activities matter? A moderation analysis. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64, 102794.

Kim, D. Y., & Kim, H. Y. (2023). Social media influencers as human brands: an interactive marketing perspective. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(1), 94-109.

Kohli, C., Suri, R., & Kapoor, A. (2015). Will social media kill branding? Business Horizons, 58(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.08.004

Kovács (2024). Nyelvi kommunikáció a marketingben. Marketingnyelvészet. Budapest: Akadémiai.

Landgrebe, J. (2024). The rise of digital influencer marketing. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 64, 75-102. https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.vi64.143879

Laor, T. (2022). My social network: Group differences in frequency of use, active use, and interactive use on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Technology in Society, 68, 101922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101922

Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., Richard, M. O., & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2012). The effects of social media based brand communities on brand community markers, value creation practices, brand trust and brand loyalty. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1755-1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.04.016

Latura, A., & Weeks, A. C. (2023). Corporate board quotas and gender equality policies in the workplace. American Journal of Political Science, 67(3), 606-622.

Leonardi, V. (2022). Communication challenges and transformations in the Digital Era: emoji language and emoji translation. Language and Semiotic Studies, 8(3), 22-44. https://doi.org/10.1515/lass-2022-2003

Leong, C. M., Loi, A. M. W., & Woon, S. (2021). The influence of social media eWOM information on purchase intention. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 10(2), 145. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-021-00132-9

Li, J. (2024). The pictorial turn and visual rhetoric: Analyzing image agency and persuasion in contemporary media. Advances in Humanities Research, 9, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7080/9/2024105

Li, L. (2024). The translation of Chinese and Western business advertising slogans under Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory. Region - Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.32629/rerr.v6i7.2301

Li, F., Larimo, J., & Leonidou, L. C. (2023). Social media in marketing research: Theoretical bases, methodological aspects, and thematic focus. Psychology & Marketing, 40(1), 124-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21746

Li, Y., & Xie, Y. (2020). Is a picture worth a thousand words? An empirical study of image content and social media engagement. Journal of Marketing Research, 57(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719881113

Liadeli, G., Sotgiu, F., & Verlegh, P. W. (2023). A meta-analysis of the effects of brands’ owned social media on social media engagement and sales. Journal of Marketing, 87(3), 406-427.

Mahfouz, I. (2020). The linguistic characteristics and functions of hashtags:# Is it a new language? Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on CALL, 6, 84-101. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/call6.6

McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: a triumph of faith - a failure of analysis. Human Relations, 55(1), 89-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702551004

McSweeney, B. (2024). Hofstede’s imagined cultures. In S. J. Magala, C. Erten, R. M. Bell, M.-T. Claes, S. Yazici & A. Karabag (Eds.), Hofstede Matters (135-160). Routledge.

Meer, D., & Pick, I. (2019). Einführung in die Angewandte Linguistik. Metzler.

Miller, D. (2020). Car Cultures. Routledge.

Minkov, M. (2012). Cross-Cultural Analysis: The Science and Art of Comparing the World's Modern Societies and Their Cultures. SAGE publications.

Minkov, M. (2024). Evolution of the Minkov–Hofstede model: Parallels between objective and subjective culture. In S. J. Magala, C. Erten, R. M. Bell, M.-T. Claes, S. Yazici & A. Karabag (Eds.), Hofstede Matters (119-134). Routledge.

Mitchell, W.J.T. (1994). Picture Theory. The University of Chicago Press.

Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N., & Wells, W. (2015). Advertising and IMC: principles and practice (3rd ed.). Pearson Australia.

Moriuchi, E. (2021). Cross-Cultural Social Media Marketing: Bridging Across Cultural Differences. Emerald.

Nakata, C., & Izberk-Bilgin, E. (2009). Culture theories in global marketing: A literature-based assessment. In Naka-ta, C. (Ed.), Beyond Hofstede (61-77). Palgrave Macmillan.

Neuliep, J.W. (2020). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (8th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Notermans, T., & Piattoni, S. (Eds). (2022). Italy and Germany, Incompatible Varieties of Europe? (1st ed.). Routledge.

Oberlo (2024). Facebook age demographics [online]. https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/facebook-age-demographics (accessed 14 July 2025).

O’Connor, C., & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: debates and practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919899220

Osei-Frimpong, K., McLean, G., Islam, N., & Otoo, B. A. (2022). What drives me there? The interplay of socio-psychological gratification and consumer values in social media brand engagement. Journal of Business Research, 146, 288-307.

Ostuni, A., Sacco, G., Sacco, P., & Zizza, A. (2022). Italian society and gender role stereotypes. How stereotypical beliefs concerning males and females are still present in Italian people at the beginning of the third millennium. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(16), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n16p1

Parment, A. (2014). Auto Brand. Kogan Page.

Peña-García, N., Gil-Saura, I., Rodríguez-Orejuela, A., & Siqueira-Junior, J. R. (2020). Purchase intention and purchase behavior online: A cross-cultural approach. Heliyon, 6(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04284

Phan, V. L., & Wiesinger, S. (2022). The usage of emoji in tourism-related Instagram posts: Suggestions from a marketing perspective. In J.L. Steinmetz, B. Ferrer-Rosell & D. Massimo (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2022 (134-145). Springer.

Pitko, O. (2021). Research of integrated marketing communications in the automotive market. In A. Manakov & A. Edigarian (Eds.). International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum Vol 2. (698-706). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91437-4_72

Pokrop, J. (2023). Facebook & Instagram users in Germany [online]. https://napoleoncat.com/blog/facebook-instagram-users-in-germany/ (accessed 10 March 2025).

Potnis, D., & Tahamtan, I. (2021). Hashtags for gatekeeping of information on social media. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 72(10), 1234-1246. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24467

Puchner, M. (2023). Culture: The surprising connections and influences between civilisations. ‘Genius' - William Dalrymple. Bonnier Books UK.

Rehman, S. U., Gulzar, R., & Aslam, W. (2022). Developing the integrated marketing communication (IMC) through social media (SM): the modern marketing communication approach. Sage Open, 12(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221099936

Ritzer, G. (2010). Globalization: A Basic Text. Wiley-Blackwell.

Rodrigues, D., Prada, M., Gaspar, R., Garrido, M. V., & Lopes, D. (2017). Lisbon emoji and emoticon database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 392-405. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0878-6

Saleem, S. & Larimo, J. (2016). Hofstede cultural framework and advertising research: An assessment of the literature. In G. Christodoulides, A. Stathopoulou, M. Eisend (Eds.), Advances in Advertising Research Bridging the Gap between Advertising Academia and Practice Vol. 7 (247–263). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.

Scarcelli, C. O. S. I. M. O., & Farci, M. (2024). Negotiating gender in the digital age: Young people and the representation of femininity and masculinity on social media. Italian Sociological Review, 14(1), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.13136/isr.v14i1.645

Schiffinger, M. (2024). Putting critique into context: An appraisal of four methodological objections to Hofstede. In S. J. Magala, C. Erten, R. M. Bell, M.-T. Claes, S. Yazici & A. Karabag (Eds.), Hofstede Matters (190-206). Routledge.

Schroeder, J. E., & Salzer-Mörling, M. (Eds.). (2006). Brand Culture. Routledge.

Schroeder, J. E. (2009). The cultural codes of branding. Marketing Theory, 9(1), 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593108100067

Schühly, A. M. (2022). Cultural Influences on the Process of Strategic Management. International Publishing.

Shastri, A. (2025). Comprehensive marketing mix of Volkswagen - All 4Ps included [online]. https://iide.co/case-studies/marketing-mix-of-volkswagen/ (accessed 14 July 2025).

Shi, X., & Wan, W. (2022). A cross-cultural genre Analysis of firm-generated advertisements on Twitter and Sina Weibo. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 36(1), 71-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/10506519211044186

Shin, J., Chae, H., & Ko, E. (2018). The power of e-WOM using the hashtag: focusing on SNS advertising of SPA brands. International Journal of Advertising, 37(1), 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2017.1401519

Signorini, P., Wiesemes, R., & Murphy, R. (2009). Developing alternative frameworks for exploring intercultural learning: a critique of Hofstede's cultural difference model. Teaching in Higher Education, 14(3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510902898825

Singh, S., & Sonnenburg, S. (2012). Brand performances in social media. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(4), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2012.04

Sohaib, M., & Han, H. (2023). Building value co-creation with social media marketing, brand trust, and brand loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 74, 103442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103442

Søndergaard, M. (2024). Hofstede’s Consequences, 1980–2022. In S. J. Magala, C. Erten, R. M. Bell, M.-T. Claes, S. Yazici & A. Karabag (Eds.), Hofstede Matters (209-246). Routledge.

Sotgiu, I. (2016). Conceptions of happiness and unhappiness among Italian psychology undergraduates. PLOS ONE, 11(12), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167745

Spencer-Oatey, H. (2000). Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport through Talk across Cultures. Continuum.

Spillman, L. (2020). What is Cultural Sociology? John Wiley & Sons.

Statista. (2025a). Facebook users in Germany by age and gender [online]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1029645/facebook-users-germany-age-gender/ (accessed 25 March 2025).

Statista. (2025b). Share of Facebook users by age in Italy [online]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/725565/share-of-facebook-users-by-age-in-italy/?utm_source=chatgpt.com (accessed 25 March 2025).

Ta’amneh, I. M., & Al-Ghazo, A. (2021). The importance of using hashtags on raising awareness about social issues. International Journal of Learning and Development, 11(4), 10-24. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v11i4.19139

The Culture Factor (2023). Country comparison tool [online]. https://www.theculturefactor.com/country-comparison-tool (accessed 25 March 2025).

Tomalin, B. (2021). Germany - Culture Smart! Kuperard.

Unnava, V., & Aravindakshan, A. (2021). How does consumer engagement evolve when brands post across multiple social media? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49(5), 864-881.

Venkateswaran, R.T., & Ojha, A.K. (2019). Abandon Hofstede-based research? Not yet! A perspective from the philosophy of the social sciences. Asia Pacific Business Review, 25(3), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2019.1584487

Voorveld, H. A. (2019). Brand communication in social media: A research agenda. Journal of advertising, 48(1), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2019.1588808

Vrontis, D., Makrides, A., Christofi, M., & Thrassou, A. (2021). Social media influencer marketing: A systematic review, integrative framework and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 617-644. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12647

Zappavigna, M. (2018). Searchable talk: Hashtags and social media metadiscourse. Bloomsbury Academic.

Zhang-Wu, Q. (2023). Asian students in American higher education: negotiating multilingual identities in the era of superdiversity and nationalism. Language and Intercultural Communication, 23(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2023.2175846

Forside

Downloads

Published

2025-09-11

How to Cite

Kasianova, A., & Kovács, L. (2025). Culture and brand communication: The analysis of Facebook advertisements of Volkswagen in Germany and Italy according to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, (65), 15–39. https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.vi65.156533