Brazil Is Not (Perceived as) a Serious Country: Exposing Gaps between the External Images and the International Ambitions of the Nation

Main Article Content

Daniel Buarque

Abstract




This paper analyses international perceptions about Brazil and shows that there is a gap between the images of the nation to the rest of the world and the country’s historic aspirations to be a relevant player in global affairs. By discussing these perceptions, this article brings the study of nation branding closer to the debate of international relations constructivist theories, arguing that images do matter. It analyses secondary data about Brazil from ten different brand surveys, then discusses what it means to be a “serious country” and how that is related to foreign perceptions about the nation. The idea of Brazil as one the "coolest" nations in the world could be considered positive in terms of nation branding, but it may be in contrast with the historic foreign policy agenda of an ambitious nation that tries to project itself as an emerging power in international politics. Being “cool” is often associated with being a nation of parties and fun, which reinforces the frequent description that Brazil “is not a serious country”.




Article Details

How to Cite
Buarque, D. (2019). Brazil Is Not (Perceived as) a Serious Country: Exposing Gaps between the External Images and the International Ambitions of the Nation. Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies, 8(1-2), 285–314. https://doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v8i1-2.112957
Section
General Articles

References

Anholt, S. (2007). Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions. Springer.

Anholt, S. (2009). The media and national image. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5(3), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2009.11

Anholt, S. (2011). Beyond the Nation Brand: The Role of Image and Identity in International Relations. Exchange: The Journal of Public Diplomacy, 2(1). Retrieved from https://surface.syr.edu/exchange/vol2/iss1/1/

Aronczyk, M. (2013). Branding the nation: the global business of national identity. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

Aronczyk, M. (2018). Foreword. In Branding Latin America: Strategies, Aims, Resistance. London: Lexington Books.

Barbosa, L. (2006). O jeitinho brasileiro: a arte de ser mais igual que os outros. Elsevier.

Barbosa, L. N. de H. (1995). The Brazilian jeitinho: An exercise in national identity. The Brazilian Puzzle: Culture on the Borderlands of the Western World, 35–48.

Berens, G., Fombrun, C. J., Ponzi, L. J., Trad, N. G., & Nielsen, K. (2011). Country RepTrakTM: A Standardized Measure of Country Reputation. In International Place Branding Yearbook 2011 (pp. 77–91). Springer.

Best Countries - Brazil. (n.d.). [Notícias]. Retrieved 1 June 2018, from https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/brazil

Bignami, R. (2002). A imagem do Brasil no turismo: construção, desafios e vantagem competitiva. Aleph.

Blay, M. (2017). O Brasil visto de fora. In O Brasil no Contexto: 1987-2017. Contexto.

Boulding, K. E. (1956). The Image. University of Michigan Press.

Buarque, D. (2009, October 6). Copa e Olimpíada são chances de Brasil deixar de ser ‘país da festa’, diz consultor. G1. Retrieved from http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MRP1331627-5602,00.html

Buarque, D. (2010, December 2). Violência no Rio põe em risco a imagem do Brasil, diz pesquisa. G1. Retrieved from http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2010/12/violencia-no-rio-poe-em-risco-imagem-do-brasil-diz-pesquisa.html

Buarque, D. (2013a). Brazil um país do presente: A imagem internacional do" país do futuro". Alameda Casa Editorial.

Buarque, D. (2013b, January 7). Vigésimo país mais conhecido do mundo, Brasil é visto como ‘decorativo, mas não útil’, segundo pesquisa global. Terra. Retrieved from http://noticias.terra.com.br/mundo/brazil-no-radar/blog/2013/01/07/vigesimo-pais-mais-conhecido-do-mundo-brasil-e-‘decorativo-mas-nao-util’-segundo-pesquisa-global/

Buarque, D. (2015). One country, two cups—The international image of Brazil in 1950 and in 2014: A Study of the Reputation and the Identity of Brazil as projected by the international media during the two FIFA World Cups in the country. International Journal of Communication, 9, 19.

Buarque, D. (2016a, March 6). Crises, corrupção e zika criam tormenta, mas não destroem imagem do Brasil [blog]. Retrieved 30 May 2018, from https://brasilianismo.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2016/03/06/crises-corrupcao-e-zika-criam-tormenta-mas-nao-destroem-imagem-do-brasil/

Buarque, D. (2016b, May 31). Brasil tem imagem internacional melhor do que merece, diz Simon Anholt. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://brasilianismo.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2016/05/31/brasil-tem-imagem-internacional-melhor-do-que-merece-diz-simon-anholt/

Buarque, D. (2017a). The Tainted Spotlight - How crisis overshadowed Brazil’s public diplomacy bet in hosting sports events and led to a downgrade of the country’s reputation. Revista Trama, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.5935/2177-5672/trama.v8n3p71-92

Buarque, D. (2017b, February 5). Imaginário sobre o Brasil no exterior permanece marcado por estereótipos. Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved from http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2017/02/1855524-imaginario-sobre-o-brasil-no-exterior-permance-marcado-por-estereotipos.shtml

Buarque, D. (2017c, October 29). Vontade de ser potência marca história das relações do Brasil com o mundo [Notícias]. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://brasilianismo.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/10/29/vontade-de-ser-potencia-marca-historia-das-relacoes-do-brasil-com-o-mundo/

Buarque, D. (2017d, November 7). Crises afetam percepção externa e não deixam se tornar uma potência global [Notícias]. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://brasilianismo.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/11/07/crises-afetam-percepcao-externa-e-nao-deixam-se-tornar-uma-potencia-global/

Buarque, D. (2017e, November 16). Levantamento indica que imagem internacional do Brasil nunca foi tão ruim [Notícias]. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://brasilianismo.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/11/16/levantamento-indica-que-imagem-internacional-do-brasil-nunca-foi-tao-ruim/

Buarque, D. (2017f, December 11). Brasil cai 37 posições e é 80o em ranking de países que fazem bem ao mundo [Notícias]. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://brasilianismo.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/12/11/brasil-cai-37-posicoes-e-e-80o-em-ranking-de-paises-que-fazem-bem-ao-mundo/

Buarque, D. (2016). Jogos consolidam imagem do Brasil como país decorativo. Folha de São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/olimpiada-no-rio/2016/08/1805961-jogos-consolidam-imagem-do-brasil-como-pais-decorativo.shtml

Buchanan, W., & Cantril, H. (1953). How nations see each other: A study in public opinion. University of Illinois Press.

Campos adverte mercado comum para se afastar da política irrealista. (1964, September 16). Jornal Do Brasil, p. 11.

Chatin, M. (2013). Brazil: a new powerhouse without military strength? BRICS Policy Center - Working Paper, 1–25.

Diniz, L., & Coura, K. (2012, January 4). O Brasil aos olhos do mundo. Veja, (2250), 66–77.

Duque, M. (2016). The Rascals’ Paradise. In Making Identity Count: Building a National Identity Database (pp. 47–62). New York: Oxford University Press.

Edgar, L. (2016, May 30). Impressos na Memória. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKEnPv5guMo

Feinberg, B. M., & Zhao, X. (2011). The Anholt—GfK Roper Nation Brands Index SM: Navigating the Changing World. In International Place Branding Yearbook 2011 (pp. 63–76). Springer.

Futurebrand. (2014). Country Brand Index 2014-2015 (Survey).

Futurebrand. (2017). 2017-2018 Country Brand Report Latin America (Survey).

Gardini, G. L., & Almeida, M. H. T. (Eds.). (2016). Foreign Policy Responses to the Rise of Brazil - Balancing Power in Emerging States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gerzema, J., & Reibstein, D. (2016). Best countries: Defining success and leadership in the twenty-first century. US News, World Report, BAV Consulting and Wharton Business School. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/static/documents/best-countries/Best-Countries.pdf

Go, F. M., & Govers, R. (Eds.). (2011). International Place Branding Yearbook 2011. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230343320

Gravina, P. O. B. (2017). Que Brazil é esse? O que eles disseram sobre o Brasil. Livros Ilimitados.

Guimarães, T. (2016, March 22). Olimpíada ameaça imagem do Brasil mais do que crise, afirma criador de ranking. BBC Brasil, p. 10.

Irving, I. (2017, December 5). This Map Shows Where You Should Live in the World Based on Your Personality [Notícias]. Retrieved from https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/this-map-shows-where-you-should-live-in-the-world-based-on-your-personality/

Jiménez-Martínez, C. (2017). Which image? Of which country? Under which spotlight? Power, visibility, and the image of Brazil. Revista Trama, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.5935/2177-5672/trama.v8n3p52-70

JWT. (2012). Personality Atlas: The World Map Redrawn (Survey). New York.

Lessa, A. C. (2003). É o Brasil um país sério? A história da mais longeva anedota da política exterior do Brasil. In Relações internacionais: visões do Brasil e da América Latina (pp. 187–222). Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão: Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais.

Lins, T. M. (2017, August 1). Brasil segue com reputação fraca no Country RepTrak 2017. Revista da Reputação. Retrieved from https://www.revistadareputacao.com.br/single-post/Brasil-RepTrak-2017

Lippmann, W. (2015). Public Opinion. Start Publishing LLC.

Luyendijk, J. (2017, May 5). Theresa May’s Brexit Britain can no longer be considered a serious country | Joris Luyendijk. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/05/theresa-may-brexit-britain-uk-europe-liberal

Manning, R. A. (n.d.). Is Trump’s US still a serious country? Retrieved 22 February 2019, from https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Is-Trump-s-US-still-a-serious-country2

Mares, D. R., & Trinkunas, H. A. (2016). Aspirational power: Brazil on the long road to global influence. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.

Mariutti, F. G., & Giraldi, J. de M. E. (2012). Análise da Imagem do Brasil por Meio do Anholt Nation Branding Index. Turismo-Visão e Ação, 14(1), 067–081.

Mariutti, F. G., Tench, R., Giraldi, J. de M. E., & Montanari, M. G. (2017). ‘If I huff and I puff’. Foundations for building Brazil’s image: Evidence from an international systematic review (2001 to 2015). Internext, 12(2), 58–73.

Mariutti, F., & Tench, R. (2015). Are we talking the same language? Challenging complexity in country brand models. Athens Journal of Business and Economics, 1(1). Retrieved from http://www.atiner.gr/journals/business/2015-1-1-4-Mariutti.pdf

Mariutti, F., & Tench, R. (2016). How does Brazil measure up? Comparing rankings through the lenses of nation brand indexes. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 12(1), 17–31.

Martin, I. M., & Eroglu, S. (1993). Measuring a multi-dimensional construct: Country image. Journal of Business Research, 28(3), 191–210.

McClory, J. (2017). The Soft Power 30–A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2017. London: Portland/The USC.

McPhillips, D. (2019). Methodology: How the 2019 Best Countries Were Ranked. Retrieved 22 February 2019, from https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/methodology

Montero, A. P. (2013). The Brazilian Turnaround: A Serious Country at Last. Lecture presented at the Latino/Latin American Studies Lectures 4. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/llas_lectures/4

Natali, J. B. (1997, March 14). Brasil é ‘extraordinariamente sério’, afirma francês. Folha de São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc140322.htm

Neild, B. (2017, July 12). What are the world’s coolest nationalities? CNN Travel. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/coolest-nationalities/index.html

Niesing, E. (2013). Nation Branding Practices in Latin America. A Diagnosis of Brazil, Chile and Colombia. Santa Cruz: Grin Verlag.

Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: the means to success in world politics (1st ed). New York: Public Affairs.

Reibstein, D. J. (2016). Billions in the Balance: Why Managing a Nation’s Brand Matters. Knowledge@Wharton. Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/whats-in-a-name-for-nations-it-could-mean-billions-more-in-business/

Reibstein, D. J. (2017). Improving Economic Prosperity through Nation Branding. The Marketing Journal. Retrieved from http://www.marketingjournal.org/improving-economic-prosperity-through-nation-branding-david-j-reibstein/

Reputation Institute. (2013). Country RepTrak 2013 (Survey).

Reputation Institute. (2017). Country RepTrak 2017 (Survey).

Ricupero, R. (2017). A diplomacia na construção do Brasil 1750-2016. Versal.

Rohter, L. (2012). Brazil on the rise: The story of a country transformed. Palgrave Macmillan.

Roth, K. P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2009). Advancing the country image construct. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 726–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.014

Souza, A. de. (2002). A Agenda Internacional do Brasil: Um Estudo sobre a Comunidade Brasileira de Política Externa. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI.

Souza, A. de. (2008). Brazil’s International Agenda Revisited: Perceptions of the Brazilian Foreign Policy Community. CEBRI.

Souza, C. A. de. (1979). Um Embaixador em tempos de crise. Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves.

Spektor, M. (2009). Kissinger e o Brasil. Zahar.

Stuenkel, O., & Taylor, M. M. (2015). Brazil on the global stage: power, ideas, and the liberal international order. Springer.

Subramanian, S. (2017, November 7). How to sell a country: the booming business of nation branding. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/07/nation-branding-industry-how-to-sell-a-country