GRÆNSELØS KOMMUNIKATION SOM HÅB OG TRUSSEL: VISIONER OG SPÆNDINGER OMKRING TRANSNATIONAL KOMMUNIKATIONSINFRASTRUKTUR FRA TELEGRAFEN TIL INTERNET
Nøgleord:
temanummer, infrastruktur, grænser, kommunikation, teknologiResumé
Andreas Marklund: Grænseløs kommunikation som håb og trussel: Visioner og spændinger omkring transnational kommunikationsinfrastruktur fra 1800-tallets telegrafkabler til den fiberoptiske revolution
Artiklen handler om visioner og spændinger omkring de infrastrukturelle forbindelsespunkter mellem nationalstaten og dens omverden, med fokus på tre specifikke teknologier – den elektriske telegrafi, radioen og satellitten. Undersøgelsen viser, at den transnationale kommunikationsinfrastruktur siden 1850’erne har været genstand for en storladen idealistisk fortælling, der fremhæver hurtig, interkulturel kommunikation som en smutvej til oplysning, fred og velfærd. Samtidig har frygten for spionage og propaganda gjort, at de grænseoverskridende kommunikationsstrømme også har været formål for hemmelig statslig overvågning og censur, især i perioden fra 1. verdenskrig og frem. Et tredje vigtigt tema, som artiklen blotlægger, er nationalstatens træben efter infrastrukturel uafhængighed i sine forbindelser med omverden – en tendens, der primært tog fart efter 1914.
Referencer
Berlingske Tidende 30.9.1939: ”Radioamatørerne skal nu ophøre med Udsendelser”.
Bjerre Fossat, Sissel: ’Nord for Vesttyskland, vest for Storebælt’, Temp – tidsskrift for historie 18, 2019, 129-147.
Bruton, Elizabeth: ’The Cable Wars. Military and State Surveillance of the British Telegraph Cable Network During World War One’. I Andreas Marklund og Mogens Rüdiger (red.): Historicizing Infrastructure, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press, 2017, 159-182.
90 Winseck: ’Geopolitical’, 229.
91 Winseck: ’Geopolitical’, 262.
Canales, Jimena: ’The Media of Relativity: Einstein and Telecommunications Technologies’, Technology and Culture 56 (3), 2015, 610-645.
Clarke, Arthur C: ’Extra Terrestrial Relays. Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?’, Wireless World 10, 1945, 305-308.
Copeland, Jack: Turing. Pioneer of the Information Age, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Edwards, Paul N., Steven J. Jackson, Geoffrey C. Bowker og Corry P. Knobel: ’Understanding Infrastructure: History, Heuristics, and Cyberinfrastructure Policy’, First Monday: Peer Reviewed Journal on the Internet 12 (6), 2006.
Edwards, Paul N.: ’Infrastructure and Modernity: Force, Time, and Social Organization in the History of Technical Systems’. I Thomas J Misa, Phillip Brey og Andrew Feenberg (red.): Modernity and Technology, Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 2003, 185-225.
Fickers, Andreas og Suzanne Lommers: ’Eventing Europe: Broadcasting and the Mediated Performances of Europe’. I Alexander Badenoch og Andreas Fickers (red.): Materializing Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Project of Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 225-251.
Fickers, Andreas: ’Radio’. I Akira Iriye og Pierre-Tves Saunier (red.): Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History – From the Mid-19th Century to the Present Day, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 870-873.
Hampf, M. Michaela og Simone Müller-Pohl: ’Global Communication Electric: Business, News and Politics in the World of Telegraphy’. I M. Michaela Hampf og Simone Müller-Pohl (red.): Global Communication Electric: Business, News and Politics in the World of Telegraphy, Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus Verlag, 2013, 7-32.
Headrick, Daniel R.: The Invisible Weapon. Telecommunications and International Politics 1851–1945, New York og Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Headrick, Daniel R.: The Tools of Empire. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Heimbürger, Hans: Svenska Telegrafverket. Femte bandet: Telefon, Telegraf och radio 1921-1945.
Första delen, Karlskrona: Axel Abrahamsons Boktr., 1974.
Henrich-Franke, Christian: ’Comparing Cultures of Expert Regulation: Governing Cross-Border Infrastructures’, Contemporary European History 27 (2), 2018, 280-300.
Hills, Jill: ’What’s New? War, Censorship and Global Transmission – From the Telegraph to the Internet’, The International Communication Gazette 68 (3), 2006, 195-216.
Hills, Jill: The Struggle for Control of Global Communication. The Formative Century, Urbana and Chicago: The Univeristy of Illionis Press, 2002.
Hobsbawm, Eric: Kapitalets tidsålder, 1848-1875, Stockholm: Tidens Förlag, 1994.
Holquist, Peter: ’Information is the Alpha and Omega of our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in its Pan-European Context’, Journal of Modern History 69 (3), 1997, 415-450.
Hommels, Anique, Per Högselius, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten: ’Europe’s Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Comparisions and Connections’. I Per Högselius, Anique Hommels, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten (red.): The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure. Common Connections and Shared Vulnerabilities, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 263-277.
Högselius, Per, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten: Europe’s Infrastructure Transition. Economy, War, Nature, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Johansen, Hans Christian: P&Ts Historie fra 1960: Fra monopol til konkurrence, København: Generaldirektoratet for Post- og Telegrafvæsenet, 1992.
’Kungl. Maj:ts proposition nr. 182 år 196b Proposition 1964:182’. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/proposition/kungl-majts-proposition-nr-182-ar-196b_ep31182. (20.8.2018).
Laborie, Léonard: ’Globalizing the Telegraph: The ITU and the Governance of the First Globalization of Telecommunications’. I M.M. Hampf og S. Müller-Pohl (red.): Global Communication Electric. Business, News and Politics in the World of Telegraphy, Frankfurt og New York: Campus Verlag, 2013, 63-91.
Laborie, Léonard: ’Fragile links, frozen identities: the governance of telecommunication networks and Europe (1944–53)’, History and Technology 27, 2011, 311-330.
Laborie, Léonard: L’Europe mise en réseaux. La France et la coopération internationale dans les postes les télécommunications (années 1850–anées 1950), Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2010.
Larkin; Brian: ’The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure’, Annual Review of Anthropology 42, 2013, 327-343.
Lundin, Per: ’De små stegen. Nordiskt telesamarbete i ett historiskt perspektiv’, Polhem: Tidskrift för teknikhistoria 17, 1999, 168-200.
Lyth, Peter og Helmuth Trischler: ’Globalisation, History and Technology: An Introduction’. In Peter Lyth og Helmuth Trischler (red.): Wiring Prometheus. Globalisation, History and Technology, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2004, 7-20.
Marklund, Andreas: ’Global Peace and Bolshevik Propaganda. Hopes and Fears Around Transnational Communications in Interwar Scandinavia’. Forskningspaper præsenteret ved XVIII World Economic History Congress i Boston, den 2. August 2018.
Marklund, Andreas og Mogens Rüdiger: ’Historicizing Infrastructure. After the Material Turn’. I Andreas Marklund og Mogens Rüdiger (red.): Historicizing Infrastructure, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press, 2017, 5-21.
Marklund, Andreas: ’Suspekte beskeder. Overvågning af nationale og transnationale informationsstrømme i telegrafens tidsalder’, Temp – Tidsskrift for historie 14, 2017, 57-75.
Marklund, Andreas: ’Listening for the State: Censoring Communications in Scandinavia during World War One’, History and Technology 32 (3), 2016, 293-314.
Marklund, Andreas og Olle Larsson: Svensk historia, Lund: Historiska Media, 2015.
Marklund, Andreas: ’The Manly Sacriice: Martial Manliness and Patriotic Martyrdom in Nordic Propaganda during the Great Northern War’, Gender & History 25, 2013, 150-169.
Misa, Thomas og Johan Schot: ’Inventing Europe: Technology and the Hidden Integration of Europe’, History and Technology 21, 2005, 1-19.
Müller, Sime M: Wiring the World. The Social and Cultural Creation of Global Telegraph Networks, New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.
Nickles, David Paull: Under the Wire. How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
OZ. Officielt organ for Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører 15.8.1939, nr. 8: ”Teknik og menneskelighed”.
OZ. Officielt organ for Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører 15.10.1939, nr. 10: ”Sendetilladelsernes Suspension”.
Rinde, Harald: Norsk telekommunikasjonshistorie bind 1: Et telesystem tar form, 1855-1920, Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 2005.
Risso, Linda: ’Radio Wars. Broadcasting in the Cold War’, Cold War History 13, 2013, 145-152.
Sennerteg, Niclas: Tyskland talar. Hitlers svenska radiostation. Lund: Historiska Media, 2006.
Singh, Simon: Kodebogen. Videnskaben om hemmelige budskaber fra oldtidens Ægypten til kvantekryptering, København: Gyldendal, 2001.
Slotten, Hugh: ’Satellite Communications, Globalization, and the Cold War’, Technology & Culture 43 (2), 2002, 315-350.
Thestrup, Poul: P&Ts Historie 1850-1927: Vogn og tog – prik og streg, København: Generaldirektoratet for Post- og Telegrafvæsenet, 1992.
Tooze, Adam: The Deluge. The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916–1931, New York: Penguin Books, 2014.
Tworek, Heidi: ’How not to build a world wireless network: German-British rivalry and visions of global communications in the early twentieth century’, History and Technology 32 (2), 2016, 178-200.
Valiant, Derek W: ’La Police de l’Air: Amateur Radio and the Politics of Aural Surveillance in France, 1921-1940’, French Politics, Culture & Society 28, 2010, 1-24.
Vleuten, Erik van der, Per Högselius, Anique Hommels og Arne Kaijser: ’Europe’s Critical Infrastructure and its Vulnerabilities – Promises, Problems, Paradoxes’. I Per Högselius, Anique Hommels, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten (red.): The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure. Common Connections and Shared Vulnerabilities, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 3-20.
Vleuten, Erik van der og Arne Kaijser: ’Prologue and Introduction. Transnational Networks and the Shaping of Contemporary Europe’. I Erik van der Vleuten og Arne Kajser (red.): Networking Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850 –2000, Sagamore Beach: Watson Publishing, 2006, 1-22.
Ward, Jacob: ’Oceanscapes and Spacescapes in North Atlantic Communications’. I Jon Agar og Jacob Ward (red.): Histories of Technology, the Environment and Modern Britain, London: UCL Press, 2018, 186-205.
Wenzlhuemmer, Roland: Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World. The Telegraph and Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Winseck, Dwayne: ’The Geopolitical Economy of the Global Internet Infrastructure’, Journal of Information Policy 7, 2017, 228-267.
Winseck, Dwayne og Robert Pike: Communication and Empire. Media, Markets, and Globalization, 1860-1930, Durham og London: Duke University Press, 2007.
Wistoft, Eva Andersen, Søren Frilander og Jan Hybertz Gøricke: Den store søslange. Billeder fra telegrafiens barndom, København: Post & Tele Museum 8, 2004.
Wormbs, Nina: Genom tråd och eter. Framväxten av distributionsnätet för radio och TV, Stockholm: Stiftelsen Etermedierna i Sverige, 1997.
Bjerre Fossat, Sissel: ’Nord for Vesttyskland, vest for Storebælt’, Temp – tidsskrift for historie 18, 2019, 129-147.
Bruton, Elizabeth: ’The Cable Wars. Military and State Surveillance of the British Telegraph Cable Network During World War One’. I Andreas Marklund og Mogens Rüdiger (red.): Historicizing Infrastructure, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press, 2017, 159-182.
90 Winseck: ’Geopolitical’, 229.
91 Winseck: ’Geopolitical’, 262.
Canales, Jimena: ’The Media of Relativity: Einstein and Telecommunications Technologies’, Technology and Culture 56 (3), 2015, 610-645.
Clarke, Arthur C: ’Extra Terrestrial Relays. Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?’, Wireless World 10, 1945, 305-308.
Copeland, Jack: Turing. Pioneer of the Information Age, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Edwards, Paul N., Steven J. Jackson, Geoffrey C. Bowker og Corry P. Knobel: ’Understanding Infrastructure: History, Heuristics, and Cyberinfrastructure Policy’, First Monday: Peer Reviewed Journal on the Internet 12 (6), 2006.
Edwards, Paul N.: ’Infrastructure and Modernity: Force, Time, and Social Organization in the History of Technical Systems’. I Thomas J Misa, Phillip Brey og Andrew Feenberg (red.): Modernity and Technology, Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 2003, 185-225.
Fickers, Andreas og Suzanne Lommers: ’Eventing Europe: Broadcasting and the Mediated Performances of Europe’. I Alexander Badenoch og Andreas Fickers (red.): Materializing Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Project of Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 225-251.
Fickers, Andreas: ’Radio’. I Akira Iriye og Pierre-Tves Saunier (red.): Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History – From the Mid-19th Century to the Present Day, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 870-873.
Hampf, M. Michaela og Simone Müller-Pohl: ’Global Communication Electric: Business, News and Politics in the World of Telegraphy’. I M. Michaela Hampf og Simone Müller-Pohl (red.): Global Communication Electric: Business, News and Politics in the World of Telegraphy, Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus Verlag, 2013, 7-32.
Headrick, Daniel R.: The Invisible Weapon. Telecommunications and International Politics 1851–1945, New York og Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Headrick, Daniel R.: The Tools of Empire. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Heimbürger, Hans: Svenska Telegrafverket. Femte bandet: Telefon, Telegraf och radio 1921-1945.
Första delen, Karlskrona: Axel Abrahamsons Boktr., 1974.
Henrich-Franke, Christian: ’Comparing Cultures of Expert Regulation: Governing Cross-Border Infrastructures’, Contemporary European History 27 (2), 2018, 280-300.
Hills, Jill: ’What’s New? War, Censorship and Global Transmission – From the Telegraph to the Internet’, The International Communication Gazette 68 (3), 2006, 195-216.
Hills, Jill: The Struggle for Control of Global Communication. The Formative Century, Urbana and Chicago: The Univeristy of Illionis Press, 2002.
Hobsbawm, Eric: Kapitalets tidsålder, 1848-1875, Stockholm: Tidens Förlag, 1994.
Holquist, Peter: ’Information is the Alpha and Omega of our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in its Pan-European Context’, Journal of Modern History 69 (3), 1997, 415-450.
Hommels, Anique, Per Högselius, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten: ’Europe’s Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Comparisions and Connections’. I Per Högselius, Anique Hommels, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten (red.): The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure. Common Connections and Shared Vulnerabilities, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 263-277.
Högselius, Per, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten: Europe’s Infrastructure Transition. Economy, War, Nature, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Johansen, Hans Christian: P&Ts Historie fra 1960: Fra monopol til konkurrence, København: Generaldirektoratet for Post- og Telegrafvæsenet, 1992.
’Kungl. Maj:ts proposition nr. 182 år 196b Proposition 1964:182’. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/proposition/kungl-majts-proposition-nr-182-ar-196b_ep31182. (20.8.2018).
Laborie, Léonard: ’Globalizing the Telegraph: The ITU and the Governance of the First Globalization of Telecommunications’. I M.M. Hampf og S. Müller-Pohl (red.): Global Communication Electric. Business, News and Politics in the World of Telegraphy, Frankfurt og New York: Campus Verlag, 2013, 63-91.
Laborie, Léonard: ’Fragile links, frozen identities: the governance of telecommunication networks and Europe (1944–53)’, History and Technology 27, 2011, 311-330.
Laborie, Léonard: L’Europe mise en réseaux. La France et la coopération internationale dans les postes les télécommunications (années 1850–anées 1950), Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2010.
Larkin; Brian: ’The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure’, Annual Review of Anthropology 42, 2013, 327-343.
Lundin, Per: ’De små stegen. Nordiskt telesamarbete i ett historiskt perspektiv’, Polhem: Tidskrift för teknikhistoria 17, 1999, 168-200.
Lyth, Peter og Helmuth Trischler: ’Globalisation, History and Technology: An Introduction’. In Peter Lyth og Helmuth Trischler (red.): Wiring Prometheus. Globalisation, History and Technology, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2004, 7-20.
Marklund, Andreas: ’Global Peace and Bolshevik Propaganda. Hopes and Fears Around Transnational Communications in Interwar Scandinavia’. Forskningspaper præsenteret ved XVIII World Economic History Congress i Boston, den 2. August 2018.
Marklund, Andreas og Mogens Rüdiger: ’Historicizing Infrastructure. After the Material Turn’. I Andreas Marklund og Mogens Rüdiger (red.): Historicizing Infrastructure, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press, 2017, 5-21.
Marklund, Andreas: ’Suspekte beskeder. Overvågning af nationale og transnationale informationsstrømme i telegrafens tidsalder’, Temp – Tidsskrift for historie 14, 2017, 57-75.
Marklund, Andreas: ’Listening for the State: Censoring Communications in Scandinavia during World War One’, History and Technology 32 (3), 2016, 293-314.
Marklund, Andreas og Olle Larsson: Svensk historia, Lund: Historiska Media, 2015.
Marklund, Andreas: ’The Manly Sacriice: Martial Manliness and Patriotic Martyrdom in Nordic Propaganda during the Great Northern War’, Gender & History 25, 2013, 150-169.
Misa, Thomas og Johan Schot: ’Inventing Europe: Technology and the Hidden Integration of Europe’, History and Technology 21, 2005, 1-19.
Müller, Sime M: Wiring the World. The Social and Cultural Creation of Global Telegraph Networks, New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.
Nickles, David Paull: Under the Wire. How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
OZ. Officielt organ for Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører 15.8.1939, nr. 8: ”Teknik og menneskelighed”.
OZ. Officielt organ for Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører 15.10.1939, nr. 10: ”Sendetilladelsernes Suspension”.
Rinde, Harald: Norsk telekommunikasjonshistorie bind 1: Et telesystem tar form, 1855-1920, Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 2005.
Risso, Linda: ’Radio Wars. Broadcasting in the Cold War’, Cold War History 13, 2013, 145-152.
Sennerteg, Niclas: Tyskland talar. Hitlers svenska radiostation. Lund: Historiska Media, 2006.
Singh, Simon: Kodebogen. Videnskaben om hemmelige budskaber fra oldtidens Ægypten til kvantekryptering, København: Gyldendal, 2001.
Slotten, Hugh: ’Satellite Communications, Globalization, and the Cold War’, Technology & Culture 43 (2), 2002, 315-350.
Thestrup, Poul: P&Ts Historie 1850-1927: Vogn og tog – prik og streg, København: Generaldirektoratet for Post- og Telegrafvæsenet, 1992.
Tooze, Adam: The Deluge. The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916–1931, New York: Penguin Books, 2014.
Tworek, Heidi: ’How not to build a world wireless network: German-British rivalry and visions of global communications in the early twentieth century’, History and Technology 32 (2), 2016, 178-200.
Valiant, Derek W: ’La Police de l’Air: Amateur Radio and the Politics of Aural Surveillance in France, 1921-1940’, French Politics, Culture & Society 28, 2010, 1-24.
Vleuten, Erik van der, Per Högselius, Anique Hommels og Arne Kaijser: ’Europe’s Critical Infrastructure and its Vulnerabilities – Promises, Problems, Paradoxes’. I Per Högselius, Anique Hommels, Arne Kaijser og Erik van der Vleuten (red.): The Making of Europe’s Critical Infrastructure. Common Connections and Shared Vulnerabilities, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 3-20.
Vleuten, Erik van der og Arne Kaijser: ’Prologue and Introduction. Transnational Networks and the Shaping of Contemporary Europe’. I Erik van der Vleuten og Arne Kajser (red.): Networking Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850 –2000, Sagamore Beach: Watson Publishing, 2006, 1-22.
Ward, Jacob: ’Oceanscapes and Spacescapes in North Atlantic Communications’. I Jon Agar og Jacob Ward (red.): Histories of Technology, the Environment and Modern Britain, London: UCL Press, 2018, 186-205.
Wenzlhuemmer, Roland: Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World. The Telegraph and Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Winseck, Dwayne: ’The Geopolitical Economy of the Global Internet Infrastructure’, Journal of Information Policy 7, 2017, 228-267.
Winseck, Dwayne og Robert Pike: Communication and Empire. Media, Markets, and Globalization, 1860-1930, Durham og London: Duke University Press, 2007.
Wistoft, Eva Andersen, Søren Frilander og Jan Hybertz Gøricke: Den store søslange. Billeder fra telegrafiens barndom, København: Post & Tele Museum 8, 2004.
Wormbs, Nina: Genom tråd och eter. Framväxten av distributionsnätet för radio och TV, Stockholm: Stiftelsen Etermedierna i Sverige, 1997.
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2019-09-06
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Marklund, A. (2019). GRÆNSELØS KOMMUNIKATION SOM HÅB OG TRUSSEL: VISIONER OG SPÆNDINGER OMKRING TRANSNATIONAL KOMMUNIKATIONSINFRASTRUKTUR FRA TELEGRAFEN TIL INTERNET. Temp - Tidsskrift for Historie, 9(18), 35–61. Hentet fra https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/view/115829
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