TROPOLOGISK FORTÆTNING: HAYDEN WHITES HISTORIETEORI
Nøgleord:
Hayden White, Historieteori, Metahistory, tropologisk fortætningResumé
Tropologisk fortætning: Hayden Whites historieteori
Denne artikel, der er foranlediget af Hayden Whites bortgang tidligere i år, introducerer hans tilgang, metode og begrebsapparat. Den er et exposé, der særlig er henvendt til den nye historikergeneration, som ikke var født, da Metahistory udkom for første gang, og som stadig var børn, da den nye bølge af inspiration, foranlediget af Whites arbejder, i slutningen af 1980’erne nåede de danske kyster. For derfor at demonstrere brugen af Whites teoriapparat ved et par velkendte eksempler, er to ledende skikkelser i den nylige danske koldkrigshistoriografi, nemlig Bent Jensen og Poul Villaume, blevet valgt ud for at vise, hvorledes konkurrerende fortællinger bliver formet af forskelle i emplotment, argument, ideologi og i sidste ende af et grundlæggende, figurativt sprog. Det sidstnævnte udgør i form af klassiske troper de fortættede, irreducible former for den begrænsede mængde grundfortællinger, som findes, på den ene side i opposition til hinanden, men på den anden side komplementære, da de sammen indikerer, hvordan ethvert politisk omstridt fænomen kan opfattes. Troperne er konstruerede og kan spille en af to roller i Whites teorisystem. De tjener som gengivelser i kortform af resultaterne af de analytiske fremgangsmåder, som er blevet lagt ned over teksterne, og som normalt betragtes som resultat af empirisk baserede undersøgelser. Men alternativt er de kerneelementer i en metafysisk ræsonneringskæde, som skildrer moderne historiografi som rodfæstet i retoriske funktioner, som er indlejret i naturligt sprog og følgelig er universel. Selv hvis denne fortolkning ikke kan bevises at være sand, er den effektiv på en pragmatisk måde, idet den antyder, hvilke forforståelsesmodaliteter, der styrer den historiske diskurs, og hvordan læsere kan afkode og vurdere den.
Referencer
Bange, Oliver og Poul Villaume: ’Introduction’. I Oliver Bange og Poul Villaume (red.): The Long Détente: Changing Concepts of Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1950s-1980s, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2017.
Bauer, Yehuda: Rethinking the Holocaust, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Best, Stephen og Sharon Marcus: ’Surface Reading: An Introduction’, Representations 108 (1), 2009, 1-21.
Burø, Thomas og Jakob Egholm Feldt: ’Den jødiske tøsedreng – Eksegese over Daniel Boyarin: Unheroic Conduct. The Rise of Heterosexuality and the Invention of the Jewish Man (1997)’, Kvinder, Køn & Forskning 1-2, 2008, 71-80.
Christiansen, Palle Ove: ’Forståelsen af det anderledes. Om Carlo Ginzburg og mikrohistorie’, Historisk Tidsskrift 101 (1), 2001, 111-145.
Chorell, Torbjörn Gustafsson: ’Humanism, relativism och tolerans. Hayden Whites samtal med Roger Chartier’, Historisk Tidskrift 124 (3), 2003, 373-390.
Chorell, Torbjörn Gustafsson: ’The Practical Past and Related Issues. An Interview with Hayden White’, Scandia 82 (1), 2016, 107-116.
Domańska, Ewa: Encounters: Philosophy of History After Postmodernism, Charlottesville, VI: University of Virginia Press, 1998.
Fletcher, Angus (red.): The Literature of Fact, New York: Colombia University Press, 1976.
Floto, Inga: ’Venskab. Korrespondancen mellem Erik Arup og Lauritz Weibull’, Historisk Tidsskrift 95 (2), 1995, 241-296.
Friedländer, Saul: ’An Integrated History of the Holocaust: Some Methodological Challenges’. I Dan Stone (red.): The Holocaust and Historical Methodology, New York 2012, 203-229.
Hauge, Hans: ’Historiens vendinger: Sproglige, litterære, pragmatiske’, Den jyske Historiker 50, 1990, 9-27.
Holmgaard, Jørgen: ’Kulturanalyse. En introduktion til de teoretiske traditioner’, K&K – Kultur og Klasse 19 (71), 1992, 13-72.
Hurst, Steven: Cold War US Foreign Policy: Key Perspectives, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.
Jensen, Bent: Ulve, får og vogtere. Den Kolde Krig i Danmark 1945-1991, København: Gyldendal, 2014.
Jensen, Bernard Eric: Historie – livsverden og fag, København: Gyldendal, 2003.
Kansteiner, Wulf: ’Hayden White’s Critique of the Writing of History’, History and Theory 32 (3), 1993, 273-295.
Kansteiner, Wulf: ’Modernist Holocaust Historiography: A Dialogue Between Saul Friedländer and Hayden White’. I Dan Stone (red.): The Holocaust and Historical Methodology, New York: Berghahn Books, 2012, 203-229.
Kleinberg, Ethan, Joan Wallach Scott og Gary Wilder: Theses on History and Theory (May 2018), http://theoryrevolt.com/ (4.10.2018).
Kølvraa, Christoffer: ’Past and Future in the Construction of Communal Identity: Collective Memory and Mythical Narratives’, Skandinaviske Sprogstudier 6 (3), 2015, 62-80.
Mandelbaum, Maurice: ’A Bedrock of Order: Hayden White’s Linguistic Humanism’, History and Theory 19 (4), 1980, 1-29.
Moses, A. Dirk: ’Hayden White, Traumatic Nationalism, and the Public Role of History’, History and Theory 44 (3), 2005, 311-332.
Munslow, Alun: The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies, London: Routledge, 2000 (2. udg. 2006).
Møller, Lis: ’Historisk sandhed og narrativ sandhed’, K&K – Kultur og Klasse 16 (62), 1988, 75-87.
Nelson, John S.: ’Anmeldelse af Metahistory’, History and Theory 14 (1), 1975, 74-91.
New York Times 9.3.2018, Neil Genzlinger: ”Hayden White, Who Explored How History Is Made, Dies at 89”, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/obituaries/hayden-white-who-explored-how-history-is-made-dies-at-89.html (4.10.2018).
Newman, Robert E. (red.): Centuries’ Ends, Narrative Means, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
Nielsen, Carsten Tage: ’Tidsdimensioner og kronologi – Nationalmuseets sommerudstillinger i Brede 1966-1988’, Temp – Tidsskrift for Historie 2, 2011, 112-135.
Paludan, Helge: ’Cairos røde rose. Noget om historikernes kildebegreb’, Den jyske historiker, 50, 1990, 29-39.
Pedersen, Jacob Lund: ’At give erindringen form – om repræsentationen af Auschwitz’, Passage – Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik 22 (58), 2007, 39-52.
Pedersen, Jan: ’Historiens form. En sammenligning af tre versioner af Danmarks økonomiske og sociale historie ca. 1750-1810’, Fortid og Nutid (3), 1998, 181-218.
Petersen, Nikolaj: ’Kampen om Den Kolde Krig i dansk politik og forskning’, Historisk Tidsskrift 109 (1), 2009, 154-204.
Piketty, Thomas: Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Pomper, Philip: ’Typologies and Cycles in Intellectual History’, History and Theory 19 (4), 1980, 30-38.
Poovey, Mary: A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Roth, Paul A.: ’Undisciplined and Punished’, anmeldelse af Robert Doran (red.): Philosophy of History after Hayden White, History and Theory 57 (1), 2018, 121-136.
Ræson 1.6.2017, Poul Villaume: ”Vesten tager fejl af Rusland”. Simonsen, Dorthe Gert: ’Tegn og iagttagelse. At læse Erslev efter ”den sproglige vending”’, Historisk Tidsskrift 101 (1), 2001, 146-180.
Sobchak, Vivian (red.): The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event, New York: Routledge, 1996.
Struever, Nancy S.: ’Topics in History’, History and Theory 19 (4), 1980, 66-79.
Tagliacozzo, Giorgio og Donald Philip Verene (red.): Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
Thorup, Mikkel: ’Taget ud af sammenhæng – Om kontekst i idéhistorie’, Slagmark – Tidsskrift for Idéhistorie 67, 2013, 77-108.
Vann, Richard T.: ’The Reception of Hayden White’, History and Theory 37, 1998, 143-161.
Vierhaus, Rudolf: ’Leopold von Ranke: Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst‘, Historische Zeitschrift 244 (2), 1987, 285-298.
Villaume, Poul: Allieret med forbehold. Danmark, NATO og den kolde krig. En studie i dansk sikkerhedspolitik 1949-1961, København: Eirene, 1995.
Villaume, Poul: ’Modfortælling om Socialdemokratiets ”fodnotepolitik” – med nogle nuanceringer’, Historisk Tidsskrift 117 (2), 2017, 468-486.
Vogelius, Jørgen: ’Når kilder kildrer. Til debatten om kildernes magi og anden retorisk »hokus pokus«’, Fortid og Nutid (1), 2002, 51-60.
Weekendavisen 22.5.2015, Jesper Vind: ”Kold krig i æresretten”.
White, Hayden: ’The Burden of History’, History and Theory 5 (2), 1966, 111-134.
White, Hayden: ’Romanticism, Historicism, Realism: Toward a Period Concept for Early 19th Century Intellectual History’. I Hayden White (red.): The Uses of History: Essays in Intellectual and Social History Presented to William J. Bossenbrook, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1968, 45-58.
White, Hayden: ’Foucault Decoded: Notes from Underground’, History and Theory 12 (1), 1973, 23-54.
White, Hayden: ’Interpretation in History’, New Literary History 4 (2), 1973, 281-314.
White, Hayden: Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
White, Hayden: ’History, Historicism and the Figurative Imagination’, History and Theory, 14 (4, Beiheft 14), 1975, 48-67.
White, Hayden: ’The Absurdist Moment in Contemporary Literary Theory’, Contemporary Literature, 17 (3), 1976, 378-403.
White, Hayden: Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
White, Hayden: ’The Historical Text as Literary Artefact’. I Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, 81-100.
White, Hayden: ’Fictions of Factual Representation’. I Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, 121-134.
White, Hayden: ’The Tropics of History: The Deep Structure of the New Science’. I Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, 197-217.
White, Hayden: ’The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality’, Critical Inquiry, 7 (1), 1980, 5-27.
White, Hayden: ’The Politics of Historical Interpretation: Discipline and De-Sublimation’, Critical Inquiry 9 (1), 1982, 113-137.
White, Hayden: ’The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory’, History and Theory 23 (1), 1984, 1-33.
White, Hayden: The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
White, Hayden: ’Foucault’s Discourse: The Historiography of Anti-Humanism’. I The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 104-141.
White, Hayden: ’Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth’. I Saul Friedländer (red.): Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final Solution”, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, 37-53.
White, Hayden: Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
White, Hayden: ’The Modernist Event’. I Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, 66-86.
White, Hayden: ’The Public Relevance of Historical Studies: A Reply to Dirk Moses’, History and Theory 44 (3), 2005, 333-338.
White, Hayden (red. Robert Doran): The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature and Theory 1957-2007, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
White, Hayden: ’Storytelling: Historical and Ideological’. I The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature and Theory 1957-2007, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, 273-292.
White, Hayden: ’Postmodernism and Textual Anxieties’. I The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature and Theory 1957-2007, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, 304-317.
White, Hayden (red. Ed Dimenberg): The Practical Past, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014.
Bauer, Yehuda: Rethinking the Holocaust, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Best, Stephen og Sharon Marcus: ’Surface Reading: An Introduction’, Representations 108 (1), 2009, 1-21.
Burø, Thomas og Jakob Egholm Feldt: ’Den jødiske tøsedreng – Eksegese over Daniel Boyarin: Unheroic Conduct. The Rise of Heterosexuality and the Invention of the Jewish Man (1997)’, Kvinder, Køn & Forskning 1-2, 2008, 71-80.
Christiansen, Palle Ove: ’Forståelsen af det anderledes. Om Carlo Ginzburg og mikrohistorie’, Historisk Tidsskrift 101 (1), 2001, 111-145.
Chorell, Torbjörn Gustafsson: ’Humanism, relativism och tolerans. Hayden Whites samtal med Roger Chartier’, Historisk Tidskrift 124 (3), 2003, 373-390.
Chorell, Torbjörn Gustafsson: ’The Practical Past and Related Issues. An Interview with Hayden White’, Scandia 82 (1), 2016, 107-116.
Domańska, Ewa: Encounters: Philosophy of History After Postmodernism, Charlottesville, VI: University of Virginia Press, 1998.
Fletcher, Angus (red.): The Literature of Fact, New York: Colombia University Press, 1976.
Floto, Inga: ’Venskab. Korrespondancen mellem Erik Arup og Lauritz Weibull’, Historisk Tidsskrift 95 (2), 1995, 241-296.
Friedländer, Saul: ’An Integrated History of the Holocaust: Some Methodological Challenges’. I Dan Stone (red.): The Holocaust and Historical Methodology, New York 2012, 203-229.
Hauge, Hans: ’Historiens vendinger: Sproglige, litterære, pragmatiske’, Den jyske Historiker 50, 1990, 9-27.
Holmgaard, Jørgen: ’Kulturanalyse. En introduktion til de teoretiske traditioner’, K&K – Kultur og Klasse 19 (71), 1992, 13-72.
Hurst, Steven: Cold War US Foreign Policy: Key Perspectives, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.
Jensen, Bent: Ulve, får og vogtere. Den Kolde Krig i Danmark 1945-1991, København: Gyldendal, 2014.
Jensen, Bernard Eric: Historie – livsverden og fag, København: Gyldendal, 2003.
Kansteiner, Wulf: ’Hayden White’s Critique of the Writing of History’, History and Theory 32 (3), 1993, 273-295.
Kansteiner, Wulf: ’Modernist Holocaust Historiography: A Dialogue Between Saul Friedländer and Hayden White’. I Dan Stone (red.): The Holocaust and Historical Methodology, New York: Berghahn Books, 2012, 203-229.
Kleinberg, Ethan, Joan Wallach Scott og Gary Wilder: Theses on History and Theory (May 2018), http://theoryrevolt.com/ (4.10.2018).
Kølvraa, Christoffer: ’Past and Future in the Construction of Communal Identity: Collective Memory and Mythical Narratives’, Skandinaviske Sprogstudier 6 (3), 2015, 62-80.
Mandelbaum, Maurice: ’A Bedrock of Order: Hayden White’s Linguistic Humanism’, History and Theory 19 (4), 1980, 1-29.
Moses, A. Dirk: ’Hayden White, Traumatic Nationalism, and the Public Role of History’, History and Theory 44 (3), 2005, 311-332.
Munslow, Alun: The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies, London: Routledge, 2000 (2. udg. 2006).
Møller, Lis: ’Historisk sandhed og narrativ sandhed’, K&K – Kultur og Klasse 16 (62), 1988, 75-87.
Nelson, John S.: ’Anmeldelse af Metahistory’, History and Theory 14 (1), 1975, 74-91.
New York Times 9.3.2018, Neil Genzlinger: ”Hayden White, Who Explored How History Is Made, Dies at 89”, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/obituaries/hayden-white-who-explored-how-history-is-made-dies-at-89.html (4.10.2018).
Newman, Robert E. (red.): Centuries’ Ends, Narrative Means, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
Nielsen, Carsten Tage: ’Tidsdimensioner og kronologi – Nationalmuseets sommerudstillinger i Brede 1966-1988’, Temp – Tidsskrift for Historie 2, 2011, 112-135.
Paludan, Helge: ’Cairos røde rose. Noget om historikernes kildebegreb’, Den jyske historiker, 50, 1990, 29-39.
Pedersen, Jacob Lund: ’At give erindringen form – om repræsentationen af Auschwitz’, Passage – Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik 22 (58), 2007, 39-52.
Pedersen, Jan: ’Historiens form. En sammenligning af tre versioner af Danmarks økonomiske og sociale historie ca. 1750-1810’, Fortid og Nutid (3), 1998, 181-218.
Petersen, Nikolaj: ’Kampen om Den Kolde Krig i dansk politik og forskning’, Historisk Tidsskrift 109 (1), 2009, 154-204.
Piketty, Thomas: Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Pomper, Philip: ’Typologies and Cycles in Intellectual History’, History and Theory 19 (4), 1980, 30-38.
Poovey, Mary: A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Roth, Paul A.: ’Undisciplined and Punished’, anmeldelse af Robert Doran (red.): Philosophy of History after Hayden White, History and Theory 57 (1), 2018, 121-136.
Ræson 1.6.2017, Poul Villaume: ”Vesten tager fejl af Rusland”. Simonsen, Dorthe Gert: ’Tegn og iagttagelse. At læse Erslev efter ”den sproglige vending”’, Historisk Tidsskrift 101 (1), 2001, 146-180.
Sobchak, Vivian (red.): The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event, New York: Routledge, 1996.
Struever, Nancy S.: ’Topics in History’, History and Theory 19 (4), 1980, 66-79.
Tagliacozzo, Giorgio og Donald Philip Verene (red.): Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
Thorup, Mikkel: ’Taget ud af sammenhæng – Om kontekst i idéhistorie’, Slagmark – Tidsskrift for Idéhistorie 67, 2013, 77-108.
Vann, Richard T.: ’The Reception of Hayden White’, History and Theory 37, 1998, 143-161.
Vierhaus, Rudolf: ’Leopold von Ranke: Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst‘, Historische Zeitschrift 244 (2), 1987, 285-298.
Villaume, Poul: Allieret med forbehold. Danmark, NATO og den kolde krig. En studie i dansk sikkerhedspolitik 1949-1961, København: Eirene, 1995.
Villaume, Poul: ’Modfortælling om Socialdemokratiets ”fodnotepolitik” – med nogle nuanceringer’, Historisk Tidsskrift 117 (2), 2017, 468-486.
Vogelius, Jørgen: ’Når kilder kildrer. Til debatten om kildernes magi og anden retorisk »hokus pokus«’, Fortid og Nutid (1), 2002, 51-60.
Weekendavisen 22.5.2015, Jesper Vind: ”Kold krig i æresretten”.
White, Hayden: ’The Burden of History’, History and Theory 5 (2), 1966, 111-134.
White, Hayden: ’Romanticism, Historicism, Realism: Toward a Period Concept for Early 19th Century Intellectual History’. I Hayden White (red.): The Uses of History: Essays in Intellectual and Social History Presented to William J. Bossenbrook, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1968, 45-58.
White, Hayden: ’Foucault Decoded: Notes from Underground’, History and Theory 12 (1), 1973, 23-54.
White, Hayden: ’Interpretation in History’, New Literary History 4 (2), 1973, 281-314.
White, Hayden: Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
White, Hayden: ’History, Historicism and the Figurative Imagination’, History and Theory, 14 (4, Beiheft 14), 1975, 48-67.
White, Hayden: ’The Absurdist Moment in Contemporary Literary Theory’, Contemporary Literature, 17 (3), 1976, 378-403.
White, Hayden: Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
White, Hayden: ’The Historical Text as Literary Artefact’. I Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, 81-100.
White, Hayden: ’Fictions of Factual Representation’. I Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, 121-134.
White, Hayden: ’The Tropics of History: The Deep Structure of the New Science’. I Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, 197-217.
White, Hayden: ’The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality’, Critical Inquiry, 7 (1), 1980, 5-27.
White, Hayden: ’The Politics of Historical Interpretation: Discipline and De-Sublimation’, Critical Inquiry 9 (1), 1982, 113-137.
White, Hayden: ’The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory’, History and Theory 23 (1), 1984, 1-33.
White, Hayden: The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
White, Hayden: ’Foucault’s Discourse: The Historiography of Anti-Humanism’. I The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 104-141.
White, Hayden: ’Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth’. I Saul Friedländer (red.): Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final Solution”, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, 37-53.
White, Hayden: Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
White, Hayden: ’The Modernist Event’. I Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, 66-86.
White, Hayden: ’The Public Relevance of Historical Studies: A Reply to Dirk Moses’, History and Theory 44 (3), 2005, 333-338.
White, Hayden (red. Robert Doran): The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature and Theory 1957-2007, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
White, Hayden: ’Storytelling: Historical and Ideological’. I The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature and Theory 1957-2007, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, 273-292.
White, Hayden: ’Postmodernism and Textual Anxieties’. I The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature and Theory 1957-2007, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, 304-317.
White, Hayden (red. Ed Dimenberg): The Practical Past, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014.
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2019-01-17
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Pedersen, J. (2019). TROPOLOGISK FORTÆTNING: HAYDEN WHITES HISTORIETEORI. Temp - Tidsskrift for Historie, 9(17), 27–49. Hentet fra https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/view/112041
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