Evaluation of the Online Sport-Specific Mindfulemotions Program in a Population of Scandinavian Elite Athletes Measuring Psychological Parameters

Authors

  • Melinda Herfet University of Regensburg
  • Stefano De Dominicis University of Copenhagen
  • Florian Seidl University of Regensburg
  • Petra Jansen University of Regensburg

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v5i.133568

Keywords:

Mindfulness, Intervention, Online, Elite athletes, Mental health

Abstract

Professional athletes are often affected by public pressure, choking under pressure, depression, anxiety, stress, or burnout. Mindfulness training seems to be a valuable tool for reducing those symptoms. Due to the general interest in online applications and the constraints of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the future of mindfulness training might be digital, and the expansion of such interventions is inevitable. Therefore, we translated and digitalised the German sports-specific mindfulness program called mindfulemotions (https://mindful-motions.de/) and evaluated it with a psychological randomised controlled trial pilot study in a population of Scandinavian elite athletes making it the first English online mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) for professional athletes. 28 athletes started the involvement, and 12 athletes finished the participation. The athletes completed several self-report questionnaires, a diary at the end of the intervention and follow-up questions after one year assessing psychological parameters before and after the mindfulness practices and website feedback. The results suggest that the web-based online program seems at the first glance feasible, comprehensible, and applicable. The nonparametric post-test analyses eventuated in an increase in mindfulness and self-compassion scores for the intervention group, but not for the control group. Overall, due to the small sample size, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the feasibility of the web-based online program, but the website’s establishment and the program’s implementation were successful. This research supports the need to execute a more extensive and comprehensive investigation of the online mindfulemotion program and its potential for elite athletes.

References

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504

Behan, C. (2020). The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 256–258. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.38

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Brown, B. J., Jensen, J. F., Hodgson, J. L., Brown, R. E., Rappleyea, D. L., & Schoemann, A. M. (2020). Mind, body, spirit, and sport: A systematic review examining the effectiveness of interventions targeting the biopsychosocial-spiritual health of NCAA student-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 14(3), 235–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2020.1774262

Bühlmayer, L., Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., Faude, O., & Donath, L. (2017). Effects of Mindfulness Practice on Performance-Relevant Parameters and Performance Outcomes in Sports: A Meta-Analytical Review. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2309–2321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0752-9

Cavanagh, K., Churchard, A., O'Hanlon, P., Mundy, T., Votolato, P., Jones, F., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2018). A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Brief Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Non-clinical Population: Replication and Extension. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0856-1

Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2013). (Inter)personal Computing: The Role of the Therapeutic Relationship in E-mental Health. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 43(4), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-013-9242-z

Davey, G. C., & Wells, A. (2006). Worry and its Psychological Disorders. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713143

Eke, A., Adam, M., Kowalski, K., & Ferguson, L. (2020). Narratives of adolescent women athletes’ body self-compassion, performance and emotional well-being. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 12(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628805

Flick, U., Kardorff, E. von, & Steinke, I. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to qualitative research (repr). SAGE.

Fraser-Thomas, J., & Côté, J. (2009). Understanding Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Developmental Experiences in Sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.1.3

Gill, D. L., & Deeter, T. E. (1988). Development of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1988.10605504

Gu, J., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C. (2018). Investigating the Specific Effects of an Online Mindfulness-Based Self-Help Intervention on Stress and Underlying Mechanisms. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1245–1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0867-y

Haberl, P. (2016). Mindfulness and the Olympic athlete: A personal journey. In A. Baltzell (Ed.), Current perspectives in social and behavioral sciences. Mindfulness and performance (pp. 211–234). Cambridge University Press.

Hatchard, T., Mioduszewski, O., Zambrana, A., O'Farrell, E., Caluyong, M., Poulin, P. A., & Smith, A. M. (2017). Neural changes associated with mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR): Current knowledge, limitations, and future directions. Psychology & Neuroscience, 10(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000073

Jansen, P. (2021). Self-compassion and repetitive thinking in relation to depressive mood and fear of the future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51(2), 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00712-y

Jansen, P., Seidl, F., & Richter, S. (2019). Achtsamkeit im Sport. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57854-4

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are. Hyperion Books.

Kabat-Zinn, J., Beall, B., & Rippe, J. (1985). A systematic mental training program based on mindfulness meditation to optimise performance in collegiate and Olympic rowers. Poster Presented at the 6th World Congress in Sport Psychology, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Krusche, A., Cyhlarova, E., & Williams, J. M. G. (2013). Mindfulness online: An evaluation of the feasibility of a web-based mindfulness course for stress, anxiety and depression. BMJ Open, 3(11), e003498. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003498

Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6

Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Cherolini, C. M., Cloughesy, J. N., Cynman, D. J., Gougis, L. J., Landry, A. P., Reese, J. V., & Schooler, J. W. (2019). The future of mindfulness training is digital, and the future is now. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.012

Neff, K. D. (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027

Neff, K. D. (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is a Valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of Self-Compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3

Noetel, M., Ciarrochi, J., Conigrave, J., & Lonsdale, C. (2020). Can a Brief Mindfulness Intervention Improve Sports Performance? A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8bk7m

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x

Rao, N., & Kemper, K. J. (2017). Online Training in Specific Meditation Practices Improves Gratitude, Well-Being, Self-Compassion, and Confidence in Providing Compassionate Care Among Health Professionals. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(2), 237–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216642102

Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Currie, A., Derevensky, J. L., Glick, I. D., Gorczynski, P., Gouttebarge, V., Grandner, M. A., Han, D. H., McDuff, D., Mountjoy, M., Polat, A. … Engebretsen, L. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 667-699. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715

Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmermann, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S. (2012). The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1139–1171. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028168

Sommers-Spijkerman, M., Austin, J., Bohlmeijer, E., & Pots, W. (2021). New Evidence in the Booming Field of Online Mindfulness: An Updated Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Mental Health, 8(7), e28168. https://doi.org/10.2196/28168

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2023-07-12

How to Cite

Herfet, M., De Dominicis, S., Seidl, F., & Jansen, P. (2023). Evaluation of the Online Sport-Specific Mindfulemotions Program in a Population of Scandinavian Elite Athletes Measuring Psychological Parameters. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v5i.133568

Issue

Section

Research section