Two Sides of a Tale: A Narrative Exploration of Post-Injury Fear in a Gymnast-Coach Dyad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.130134Keywords:
Coping, Narrative analysis, Experience, Negative consequences, Case study, IdentityAbstract
Gymnastics is a sport with a high risk of injury creating many opportunities for a gymnast to experience injury-related fear. Little is known about how gymnasts experience fear and how coaches perceive gymnasts' fear. The present study was aimed at exploring the experiences of post-injury fear in a gymnast-coach dyad. Two male participants (a gymnast and his coach) were involved in narrative-type interviews about their experiences of the same incident of the gymnast’s fear. The holistic form-structural analysis revealed three narratives: a hero’s journey narrative (coach) and a chaos narrative followed by a redemption narrative (gymnast). The stories had different foci. The coach took a career perspective focusing on the fear incident as a part of the athlete’s personal development. The gymnast focused more on injuries, fear experiences, and how he coped. The findings illuminate how two collaborating people can experience the same incident of fear differently and how those different views complement each other.
References
Adolphs, R. (2013). The biology of fear. Current Biology, 23(2), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.055
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan.
Baranoff, J., Hanrahan, S. J., & Connor, J. P. (2015). The roles of acceptance and catastrophizing in rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 250-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.002
Barker-Ruchti, N., Kerr, R., Schubring, A., Cervin, G., & Nunomura, M. (2016). “Gymnasts are like wine, they get better with age”: Becoming and developing adult women’s artistic gymnasts. Quest, 69(3), 348-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.1230504
Blodgett, A. T., Ge, Y., Schinke, R. J., & McGannon, K. R. (2017). Intersecting identities of elite female boxers: Stories of cultural difference and marginalization in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.006
Book Jr, R. T., Henriksen, K., & Stambulova, N. (2020). Sink or swim: Career narratives of two African American athletes from underserved communities in the United States. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(6), 904-919. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2020.1787490
Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, J. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity measurement scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t15488-000
Brewer, B. W., Linder, D. E., & Phelps, C. M. (1995a). Situational correlates of emotional adjustment to athletic injury. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 5(4), 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199510000-00006
Brewer, B. W., Petitpas, A. J., Van Raalte, J. L., Sklar, J. H., & Ditmar, T. D. (1995b). Prevalence of psychological distress among patients at a physical therapy clinic specializing in sports medicine. Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 6(2), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438629509512045
Brewer, B. W., Cornelius, A. E., Stephan, Y., & Van Raalte, J. (2010). Self-protective changes in athletic identity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.09.005
Brewer, B. W., & Petitpas, A. J. (2017). Athletic identity foreclosure. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.004
Brown, C., Glastetter-Fender, C., & Shelton, M. (2000). Psychosocial identity and career control in college student-athletes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1691
Campbell, J. (2008). The hero with a thousand faces (Vol. 17). New World Library.
Cartoni, A. C., Minganti, C., & Zelli, A. (2005). Gender, age, and professional-level differences in the psychological correlates of fear of injury in Italian gymnasts. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(1), 3-17.
Cavallerio, F., Wadey, R., & Wagstaff, C. R. (2016). Understanding overuse injuries in rhythmic gymnastics: A 12-month ethnographic study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 25, 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.05.002
Chase, M. A., Magyar, T. M., & Drake, B. M. (2005). Fear of injury in gymnastics: Self-efficacy and psychological strategies to keep on tumbling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(5), 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021427
Cogan, K. (2006). Sport psychology in gymnastics. In J. Dosil, (Ed.), The Sport Psychologist Handbook: a guide for sport-specific performance enhancement (pp. 641-661). John Wiley & Sons.
Collins, P. H. (2015). Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Duarte, L. H., Carbinatto, M. V., & Nunomura, M. (2015). Artistic gymnastics and fear: Reflections on its causes. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 7(3).
Fasting, K., & Brackenridge, C. (2009). Coaches, sexual harassment and education. Sport, Education and Society, 14, 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320802614950
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2009). Analyzing Narrative Reality. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
Gullone, E., & King, N. J. (1997). Three-year follow-up of normal fear in children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1997.tb00727.x
Heil, J. (1993). Psychology of sport injury. Human Kinetics Publishers.
Heil, J. (2000). The injured athlete. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 245-266). Human Kinetics.
Irwin, G., Hanton, S., & Kerwin, D. G. (2005). The conceptual process of skill progression development in artistic gymnastics. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(10), 1089-1099. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500130763
Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., Andersen, M. B., Tranaeus, U., Stenling, A., & Lindwall, M. (2016). Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: Meta-analyses for prediction and prevention. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0578-x
Ivarsson, A., Stambulova, N., & Johnson, U. (2018). Injury as a career transition: Experiences of a Swedish elite handball player. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(4), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1242149
Kerr, G., & Dacyshyn, A. (2000). The retirement experiences of elite, female gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200008404218
Lavallee, D., & Robinson, H. K. (2007). In pursuit of an identity: A qualitative exploration of retirement from women's artistic gymnastics. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(1), 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.05.003
Magyar, T. M., & Chase, M. A. (1996). Psychological strategies used by competitive gymnasts to overcome the fear of injury. Technique, 16(10), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021427
Manuel, J. C., Shilt, J. S., Curl, W. W., Smith, J. A., Durant, R. H., Lester, L., & Sinal, S. H. (2002). Coping with sports injuries: An examination of the adolescent athlete. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(5), 391-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00400-7
McAdams, D. P., Diamond, A., De St. Aubin, E., & Mansfield, E. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 678-694. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.678
Moll, T., Jordet, G., & Pepping, G. (2010). Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: Celebration of individual success is associated with ultimate team success. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.484068
Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., & Kowalski, K. C. (2013). Managing injury and other setbacks in sport: Experiences of (and resources for) high-performance women athletes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6(2), 182-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2013.766810
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Ruminative coping with depression. Motivation and Self-Regulation across the Life Span, 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511527869.011
Omorczyk, J., Zajac, A., & Puszczalowska-Lizis, E. (2019). Relationships between postural stability in standing and handstand and psychological factors in athletes practicing artistic gymnastics. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 96-106. https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.11.4.11
Papathomas, A. (2016). Narrative inquiry: from cardinal to marginal…and back? In B. Smith & A. C. Sparkes (Ed.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 37-48). Routledge.
Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2012.687053
Pearson, R. E., & Petitpas, A. J. (1990). Transitions of athletes: Developmental and preventive perspectives. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01445.x
Pittig, A., Wong, A. H., Glück, V. M., & Boschet, J. M. (2020). Avoidance and its Bi-directional relationship with conditioned fear: Mechanisms, moderators, and clinical implications. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 126, 103550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103550
Samsom, D., & Rachman, S. (1989). The effect of induced mood on fear reduction. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01372.x
Salkovskis, P., & Mills, I. (1994). Induced mood, phobic responding and the return of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(4), 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90007-8
Smith, B. (2013). Sporting spinal cord injuries, social relations, and rehabilitation narratives: An ethnographic creative non-fiction of becoming disabled through sport. Sociology of Sport Journal, 30(2), 132-152. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.30.2.132
Smith, B. (2016). Narrative analysis in sport and exercise: How can it be done? In B. Smith & A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 260–273). New York, NY: Routledge.
Smith, B., & Sparkes, A. C. (2005). Men, sport, spinal cord injury, and narratives of hope. Social Science & Medicine, 61(5), 1095-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.011
Smith, B., & Sparkes, A. C. (2016). Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. Routledge.
Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2017). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2017.1317357
Smits, F., Jacobs, F., & Knoppers, A. (2016). Everything revolves around gymnastics: Athletes and parents make sense of elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20(1), 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1124564
Stambulova, N. (2003). Symptoms of a crisis-transition: A grounded theory study. In N.Hassmén (Ed.) SIPF Yearbook 2003 (pp. 97-109). Örebro: Örebro University Press.
Stambulova, N. & Wylleman, P. (2014). Athletes’ career development and transitions. In Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 605–621). Routledge.
Stambulova, N. (2016). Theoretical developments in career transition research: Contributions of European sport psychology. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A-M. Elbe, and A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.). Sport and exercise psychology research: From theory to practice (pp. 251-268). London, UK: Elsevier.
Stambulova, N., & Samuel, R. D. (2020). Career Transitions. In D. Hackfort & R. J. Schinke (Eds.), Routledge encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (Vol. 2) (pp. 119-134). London: Routledge.