Negotiating languages of suffering in northern Uganda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/qs.v6i1.124456Keywords:
Trauma, Pragmatism, Suffering, Psychologization, Enchantment, PsychiatryAbstract
Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in northern Uganda, I argue that psychiatric notions of suffering brought into the region by humanitarian intervention programs interact with local concepts of suffering (based in spirit-idioms) in two ways: In some cases, the diagnostic notion of PTSD and its vernacular counterpart “trauma” psychologize the local cosmology, transforming local spirit concepts from social or moral categories, to psychological ones. In other cases, psychiatric discourses hinged around “trauma” become spiritualized or enchanted, where the concept of trauma becomes usurped by and part of local cosmology. In an attempt to understand these processes, I suggest understanding concepts of suffering through their use in social practice and based on pragmatist epistemology. If viewed as a pragmatist concepts, I argue, it becomes possible to understand the social life of concepts of suffering (such as “trauma”) when they become globalized and negotiated in new contexts and social practices.
References
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Abramowitz, S. A. (2010). Trauma and humanitarian translation in Liberia: The tale of open mole. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(2), 353-379.
Allen, T. (2008). Ritual (Ab) use? Problems with Traditional Justice in Northern Uganda. In N. Waddell & P. Clark (Eds.). Courting conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa, 47-54. London, UK: The Royal African Society.
Allen, Tim, and Koen Vlassenroot. (2010). The Lord's Resistance Army: myth and reality. London, UK: Zed Books.
Allen, T., & Schomerus, M. (2006). A hard homecoming: Lessons learned from the reception center process in Northern Uganda. Washington, DC: Management Systems International, 62(7).
Bracken, P. J. (Eds.). (1998). Rethinking the trauma of war. London, UK: Free Assn Books.
Bracken, P. (2002). Trauma: Culture, meaning and philosophy. London, UK: Whurr Publishers.
Breslau, J. (2004). Introduction: Cultures of trauma: Anthropological views of posttraumatic stress disorder in international health. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28(2), 113-126.
Brinkmann, S. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in everyday life: Working with everyday life materials. Sage.
Brinkmann, S. (2014a). Psychiatric diagnoses as semiotic mediators: The case of ADHD. Nordic Psychology, 66(2), 121-134.
Brinkmann, S. (2014b). Languages of suffering. Theory & Psychology, 24(5), 630-648.
Brinkmann, S. (2016a). Toward a cultural psychology of mental disorder: The case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Culture & Psychology, 22(1), 80-93.
Brinkmann, S. (2016b). Diagnostic cultures: A cultural approach to the pathologization of modern life. London: Routledge.
Brinkmann, S., & Tanggaard, L. (2010). Toward an epistemology of the hand. Studies in philosophy and education, 29(3), 243-257.
Kofod, E. H., & Brinkmann, S. (2017). Grief as a normative phenomenon: The diffuse and ambivalent normativity of infant loss and parental grieving in contemporary Western culture. Culture & Psychology, 23(4), 519-533.
Bubandt, N. O., Hirsch, E., Kapferer, B., Martin, E., & Tsing, A. (2007). Anthropologists Are Talking About Anthropology After Globalisation. Ethnos, 72(1), 102-126.
Bubandt, N. (2008). Ghosts with trauma: global imaginaries and the politics of post-conflict memory. In Hedman, E. Conflict, violence, and displacement in Indonesia, 275-301. Ithaca, USA: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications
Bubandt, N. (2012). A psychology of ghosts: The regime of the self and the reinvention of spirits in Indonesia and beyond. In Anthropological Forum, 22(1), 1-23.
Bubandt, N. O. (2015). Psychologising the afterlife: Ghosts and regimes of the self in Indonesia and in global media. In Steffen, V., Jöncke, S. & Raahauge, K. (Eds.). Between magic and rationality: On the limits of reason in the modern world, 197-231. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum.
Behrouzan, O. (2018). Ruptures and Their Afterlife: A Cultural Critique of Trauma. Middle East-Topics & Arguments, 11, 131-144.
Broch-Due, V., & Bertelsen, B. E. (Eds.). (2016). Violent reverberations: global modalities of trauma. Springer.
De Vos, J. (2012). Psychologisation in times of globalisation. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge.
De Vos, J. (2013). Psychologization and the subject of late modernity. NYC, USA: Springer.
Dewey, J. (1925) Experience and Nature. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Dolan, C. (2008). Social torture. The case of norther Uganda, 1986-2006. New York, USA: Berghahn Books.
Enomoto, T. (2011). Revival of tradition in the era of global therapeutic governance: the case of ICC intervention in the situation in northern Uganda. African Study Monographs, 32(3): 111-134
Eriksen, T. H. (2010). Small Places. Large Issues. An Introduction to Cultural and Social Anthropology. London, UK: Pluto Press.
Eriksen, T. H. (2014). Globalization: The key concepts. London, UK: A&C Black.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937). Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande (Vol. 12). London, UK: Oxford.
Fassin, D. (2008). The humanitarian politics of testimony: Subjectification through trauma in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Cultural Anthropology, 23(3), 531-558.
Fassin, D., & Rechtman, R. (2009). The empire of trauma: An inquiry into the condition of victimhood. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
Finley, E. (2015). The Chaplain Turns to God: Negotiating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the American Military. In Hinton & Hinton: Genocide and Mass Violence: Memory, Symptom, and Recovery, 263-279. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Finnström, S. (2008). Living with bad surroundings: war, history, and everyday moments in northern Uganda. Durham, USA: Duke University Press.
Geschiere, P. (1997). The Modernity of Witchcraft: politics and the occult in postcolonial Africa. Charlottesville, USA: University of Virginia Press.
Harlacher, T. (2009). Traditional ways of coping with consequences of traumatic stress in Acholiland (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Fribourg).
Hinton, D. E., & Good, B. J. (Eds.). (2016). Culture and PTSD: Trauma in global and historical perspective. Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hinton, D. E., & Hinton, A. L. (Eds.). (2014). Genocide and mass violence: Memory, symptom, and recovery. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2011). The cross‐cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM‐5. Depression and anxiety, 28(9), 783-801.
James, W. (1909). Pragmatism and four essays from the meaning of truth. World Publishing Company.
James, E. C. (2004). The political economy of ‘trauma’ in Haiti in the democratic era of insecurity. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28(2), 127-149.
James, E. C. (2010). Ruptures, rights, and repair: The political economy of trauma in Haiti. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 106-113.
James, E. (2012). Witchcraft, bureaucraft, and the social life of (US) aid in Haiti. Cultural Anthropology, 27(1), 50-75.
Kizza, D., Hjelmeland, H., Kinyanda, E., & Knizek, B. L. (2012). Alcohol and suicide in postconflict northern Uganda. Crisis. 33(2), 95-105.
Kirkegaard, T., & Brinkmann, S. (2015). Rewriting stress: Toward a cultural psychology of collective stress at work. Culture & Psychology, 21(1), 81-94.
Luhrmann, T. M. (2012). When God talks back: Understanding the American evangelical relationship with God. NYC, USA: Vintage.
Luhrmann, T. M. (2016). Building on William James: The role of learning in religious experience. In Mental Culture (pp. 155-173). Abington-on-Thames, UK: Routledge.
Luhrmann, T.M. (2014) Knowing God, attentional learning, and the local theory of mind, Religion, Brain & Behavior, 4:1, 78-90,
Madsen, O. J., & Brinkmann, S. (2011). The disappearance of psychologisation. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 8, 179-199.
Meyer, B., & Pels, P. (2003). Magic and modernity: interfaces of revelation and concealment. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press.
Meinert, L. & Whyte, S. R., (2020) Legacies of Violence: The Communicability of Spirits and Trauma in Northern Uganda. In J. Seeberg, A. Roepstorff & L. Meinert (Eds.), Beyond Biodeterminism : Anthropological Encounters with Bio-collaboratives Durham, USA: Duke University Press.
Meinert, L., & Whyte, S. R. (2017b). “These Things Continue”: Violence as Contamination in Everyday Life After War in Northern Uganda. Ethos, 45(2), 271-286.
Menand, L. (1997). Pragmatism: A reader. NYC, USA: Vintage.
Mogensen. H, & Whyte, S. (2004). Antropologi og medicin I dialog. Interview med Susan Reynolds Whyte. [Anthropology and medicine in dialogue. Interview with Susan Reynolds Whyte] Tidsskriftet Antropologi, 1 (1). 39-55.
Neuner, F., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer-Kaiser, E., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Ertl, V. (2012). Haunted by ghosts: Prevalence, predictors and outcomes of spirit possession experiences among former child soldiers and war-affected civilians in Northern Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 75(3), 548-554.
Pedersen, D. & Kienzler, H. (2012). Strange but common bedfellows: The relationship between humanitarians and the military in developing psychosocial interventions for civilian populations affected by armed conflict. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(3-4), 492-518.
p'Bitek, O. (1971). Religion of the Central Luo. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Literature Bureau.
Pupavac, V. (2004). War on the couch: the emotionology of the new international security paradigm. European journal of social theory, 7(2), 149-170.
Pupavac, V. (2006). Humanitarian politics and the rise of international disaster psychology. In Reyes, G. (ed.) Handbook of international disaster psychology, 1, 15-34. London, UK: Praeger.
Smith, R. (1997) The Norton History of the Human Sciences. New York, USA: W. W.Norton.
Summerfield, D. A. (1997). Legacy of war: beyond “trauma” to the social fabric. The Lancet, 349(9065), 1568.
Roberts, B., Ocaka, K. F., Browne, J., Oyok, T., & Sondorp, E. (2008). Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression amongst internally displaced persons in northern Uganda. BMC psychiatry, 8,1-9.
Torre, C. (2019). Psychosocial support (PSS) in war-affected countries: a literature review. Politics of Return Work-ing Paper, no.3. London School of Economics: London, UK.
Tsing, A. L. (2012). Friction: An ethnography of global connection. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
Van Duijl, M., Nijenhuis, E., Komproe, I. H., Gernaat, H. B., & De Jong, J. T. (2010). Dissociative symptoms and reported trauma among patients with spirit possession and matched healthy controls in Uganda. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(2), 380-400.
Victor, L., & Porter, H. (2017). Dirty things: spiritual pollution and life after the Lord’s Resistance Army. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11(4), 590-608.
Verma, C. L. (2012). Truths out of place: homecoming, intervention, and story-making in war-torn northern Uganda. Children's geographies, 10(4), 441-455.
Whyte, S. R. (1997). Questioning Misfortune: the pragmatics of uncertainty in eastern Uganda (Vol. 4). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Whyte, S. R. (1999). Pragmatisme. Tidsskriftet Antropologi, (40).
Williams, L. H. (2019). In search of a stable world: Contamination of spirits and trauma in post-conflict northern Uganda, PhD dissertation. School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Williams, L. H. (2019). Vernacularizing psychiatric discourse in post-conflict northern Uganda. Policy brief under the Trajectories of Displacement grant, London School of Economics: https://www.lse.ac.uk/africa/Assets/Documents/Policy-documents/Trajectories-of-Displacement/Policy-3-Vernacularizing-psychiatric-discourse-in-post-conflict-northern-Uganda.pdf.
Williams, L. H., & Meinert, L. (2017). Traumer og ånder efter krig i Uganda: Konfigurationer af vold og behandling. [Trauma and spirits after war in Uganda: Configurations of violence and treatment] Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund, 14(26).
Williams, L. & Meinert, L. (2020). Repetition Work: Healing Spirits and Trauma in the Churches of Northern Uganda. In M. Flaherty, L. Dalsgaard, & L. Meinert (Eds.), Time work: Ethnographic studies of temporal agency. London, UK: Berghahn Books.
Williams, L., H. & Meinert, L. (2021). Touched by violence: Configuring affliction after war in northern Uganda. In L. Meinert & J. Seeberg (Eds.) Configuring Contagion in Biosocial Epidemics. New York, USA: Berghahn Press.
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. London, Basic BlackWell.
Wittgenstein, L. (2007 [1966]). Wittgenstein: Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief. Oakland, USA: University of California Press.
Young, A. (1997). The harmony of illusions: Inventing post-traumatic stress disorder. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
Abramowitz, S. A. (2010). Trauma and humanitarian translation in Liberia: The tale of open mole. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(2), 353-379.
Allen, T. (2008). Ritual (Ab) use? Problems with Traditional Justice in Northern Uganda. In N. Waddell & P. Clark (Eds.). Courting conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa, 47-54. London, UK: The Royal African Society.
Allen, Tim, and Koen Vlassenroot. (2010). The Lord's Resistance Army: myth and reality. London, UK: Zed Books.
Allen, T., & Schomerus, M. (2006). A hard homecoming: Lessons learned from the reception center process in Northern Uganda. Washington, DC: Management Systems International, 62(7).
Bracken, P. J. (Eds.). (1998). Rethinking the trauma of war. London, UK: Free Assn Books.
Bracken, P. (2002). Trauma: Culture, meaning and philosophy. London, UK: Whurr Publishers.
Breslau, J. (2004). Introduction: Cultures of trauma: Anthropological views of posttraumatic stress disorder in international health. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28(2), 113-126.
Brinkmann, S. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in everyday life: Working with everyday life materials. Sage.
Brinkmann, S. (2014a). Psychiatric diagnoses as semiotic mediators: The case of ADHD. Nordic Psychology, 66(2), 121-134.
Brinkmann, S. (2014b). Languages of suffering. Theory & Psychology, 24(5), 630-648.
Brinkmann, S. (2016a). Toward a cultural psychology of mental disorder: The case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Culture & Psychology, 22(1), 80-93.
Brinkmann, S. (2016b). Diagnostic cultures: A cultural approach to the pathologization of modern life. London: Routledge.
Brinkmann, S., & Tanggaard, L. (2010). Toward an epistemology of the hand. Studies in philosophy and education, 29(3), 243-257.
Kofod, E. H., & Brinkmann, S. (2017). Grief as a normative phenomenon: The diffuse and ambivalent normativity of infant loss and parental grieving in contemporary Western culture. Culture & Psychology, 23(4), 519-533.
Bubandt, N. O., Hirsch, E., Kapferer, B., Martin, E., & Tsing, A. (2007). Anthropologists Are Talking About Anthropology After Globalisation. Ethnos, 72(1), 102-126.
Bubandt, N. (2008). Ghosts with trauma: global imaginaries and the politics of post-conflict memory. In Hedman, E. Conflict, violence, and displacement in Indonesia, 275-301. Ithaca, USA: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications
Bubandt, N. (2012). A psychology of ghosts: The regime of the self and the reinvention of spirits in Indonesia and beyond. In Anthropological Forum, 22(1), 1-23.
Bubandt, N. O. (2015). Psychologising the afterlife: Ghosts and regimes of the self in Indonesia and in global media. In Steffen, V., Jöncke, S. & Raahauge, K. (Eds.). Between magic and rationality: On the limits of reason in the modern world, 197-231. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum.
Behrouzan, O. (2018). Ruptures and Their Afterlife: A Cultural Critique of Trauma. Middle East-Topics & Arguments, 11, 131-144.
Broch-Due, V., & Bertelsen, B. E. (Eds.). (2016). Violent reverberations: global modalities of trauma. Springer.
De Vos, J. (2012). Psychologisation in times of globalisation. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge.
De Vos, J. (2013). Psychologization and the subject of late modernity. NYC, USA: Springer.
Dewey, J. (1925) Experience and Nature. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Dolan, C. (2008). Social torture. The case of norther Uganda, 1986-2006. New York, USA: Berghahn Books.
Enomoto, T. (2011). Revival of tradition in the era of global therapeutic governance: the case of ICC intervention in the situation in northern Uganda. African Study Monographs, 32(3): 111-134
Eriksen, T. H. (2010). Small Places. Large Issues. An Introduction to Cultural and Social Anthropology. London, UK: Pluto Press.
Eriksen, T. H. (2014). Globalization: The key concepts. London, UK: A&C Black.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937). Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande (Vol. 12). London, UK: Oxford.
Fassin, D. (2008). The humanitarian politics of testimony: Subjectification through trauma in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Cultural Anthropology, 23(3), 531-558.
Fassin, D., & Rechtman, R. (2009). The empire of trauma: An inquiry into the condition of victimhood. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
Finley, E. (2015). The Chaplain Turns to God: Negotiating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the American Military. In Hinton & Hinton: Genocide and Mass Violence: Memory, Symptom, and Recovery, 263-279. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Finnström, S. (2008). Living with bad surroundings: war, history, and everyday moments in northern Uganda. Durham, USA: Duke University Press.
Geschiere, P. (1997). The Modernity of Witchcraft: politics and the occult in postcolonial Africa. Charlottesville, USA: University of Virginia Press.
Harlacher, T. (2009). Traditional ways of coping with consequences of traumatic stress in Acholiland (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Fribourg).
Hinton, D. E., & Good, B. J. (Eds.). (2016). Culture and PTSD: Trauma in global and historical perspective. Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hinton, D. E., & Hinton, A. L. (Eds.). (2014). Genocide and mass violence: Memory, symptom, and recovery. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2011). The cross‐cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM‐5. Depression and anxiety, 28(9), 783-801.
James, W. (1909). Pragmatism and four essays from the meaning of truth. World Publishing Company.
James, E. C. (2004). The political economy of ‘trauma’ in Haiti in the democratic era of insecurity. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28(2), 127-149.
James, E. C. (2010). Ruptures, rights, and repair: The political economy of trauma in Haiti. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 106-113.
James, E. (2012). Witchcraft, bureaucraft, and the social life of (US) aid in Haiti. Cultural Anthropology, 27(1), 50-75.
Kizza, D., Hjelmeland, H., Kinyanda, E., & Knizek, B. L. (2012). Alcohol and suicide in postconflict northern Uganda. Crisis. 33(2), 95-105.
Kirkegaard, T., & Brinkmann, S. (2015). Rewriting stress: Toward a cultural psychology of collective stress at work. Culture & Psychology, 21(1), 81-94.
Luhrmann, T. M. (2012). When God talks back: Understanding the American evangelical relationship with God. NYC, USA: Vintage.
Luhrmann, T. M. (2016). Building on William James: The role of learning in religious experience. In Mental Culture (pp. 155-173). Abington-on-Thames, UK: Routledge.
Luhrmann, T.M. (2014) Knowing God, attentional learning, and the local theory of mind, Religion, Brain & Behavior, 4:1, 78-90,
Madsen, O. J., & Brinkmann, S. (2011). The disappearance of psychologisation. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 8, 179-199.
Meyer, B., & Pels, P. (2003). Magic and modernity: interfaces of revelation and concealment. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press.
Meinert, L. & Whyte, S. R., (2020) Legacies of Violence: The Communicability of Spirits and Trauma in Northern Uganda. In J. Seeberg, A. Roepstorff & L. Meinert (Eds.), Beyond Biodeterminism : Anthropological Encounters with Bio-collaboratives Durham, USA: Duke University Press.
Meinert, L., & Whyte, S. R. (2017b). “These Things Continue”: Violence as Contamination in Everyday Life After War in Northern Uganda. Ethos, 45(2), 271-286.
Menand, L. (1997). Pragmatism: A reader. NYC, USA: Vintage.
Mogensen. H, & Whyte, S. (2004). Antropologi og medicin I dialog. Interview med Susan Reynolds Whyte. [Anthropology and medicine in dialogue. Interview with Susan Reynolds Whyte] Tidsskriftet Antropologi, 1 (1). 39-55.
Neuner, F., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer-Kaiser, E., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Ertl, V. (2012). Haunted by ghosts: Prevalence, predictors and outcomes of spirit possession experiences among former child soldiers and war-affected civilians in Northern Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 75(3), 548-554.
Pedersen, D. & Kienzler, H. (2012). Strange but common bedfellows: The relationship between humanitarians and the military in developing psychosocial interventions for civilian populations affected by armed conflict. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(3-4), 492-518.
p'Bitek, O. (1971). Religion of the Central Luo. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Literature Bureau.
Pupavac, V. (2004). War on the couch: the emotionology of the new international security paradigm. European journal of social theory, 7(2), 149-170.
Pupavac, V. (2006). Humanitarian politics and the rise of international disaster psychology. In Reyes, G. (ed.) Handbook of international disaster psychology, 1, 15-34. London, UK: Praeger.
Smith, R. (1997) The Norton History of the Human Sciences. New York, USA: W. W.Norton.
Summerfield, D. A. (1997). Legacy of war: beyond “trauma” to the social fabric. The Lancet, 349(9065), 1568.
Roberts, B., Ocaka, K. F., Browne, J., Oyok, T., & Sondorp, E. (2008). Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression amongst internally displaced persons in northern Uganda. BMC psychiatry, 8,1-9.
Torre, C. (2019). Psychosocial support (PSS) in war-affected countries: a literature review. Politics of Return Work-ing Paper, no.3. London School of Economics: London, UK.
Tsing, A. L. (2012). Friction: An ethnography of global connection. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
Van Duijl, M., Nijenhuis, E., Komproe, I. H., Gernaat, H. B., & De Jong, J. T. (2010). Dissociative symptoms and reported trauma among patients with spirit possession and matched healthy controls in Uganda. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(2), 380-400.
Victor, L., & Porter, H. (2017). Dirty things: spiritual pollution and life after the Lord’s Resistance Army. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11(4), 590-608.
Verma, C. L. (2012). Truths out of place: homecoming, intervention, and story-making in war-torn northern Uganda. Children's geographies, 10(4), 441-455.
Whyte, S. R. (1997). Questioning Misfortune: the pragmatics of uncertainty in eastern Uganda (Vol. 4). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Whyte, S. R. (1999). Pragmatisme. Tidsskriftet Antropologi, (40).
Williams, L. H. (2019). In search of a stable world: Contamination of spirits and trauma in post-conflict northern Uganda, PhD dissertation. School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Williams, L. H. (2019). Vernacularizing psychiatric discourse in post-conflict northern Uganda. Policy brief under the Trajectories of Displacement grant, London School of Economics: https://www.lse.ac.uk/africa/Assets/Documents/Policy-documents/Trajectories-of-Displacement/Policy-3-Vernacularizing-psychiatric-discourse-in-post-conflict-northern-Uganda.pdf.
Williams, L. H., & Meinert, L. (2017). Traumer og ånder efter krig i Uganda: Konfigurationer af vold og behandling. [Trauma and spirits after war in Uganda: Configurations of violence and treatment] Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund, 14(26).
Williams, L. & Meinert, L. (2020). Repetition Work: Healing Spirits and Trauma in the Churches of Northern Uganda. In M. Flaherty, L. Dalsgaard, & L. Meinert (Eds.), Time work: Ethnographic studies of temporal agency. London, UK: Berghahn Books.
Williams, L., H. & Meinert, L. (2021). Touched by violence: Configuring affliction after war in northern Uganda. In L. Meinert & J. Seeberg (Eds.) Configuring Contagion in Biosocial Epidemics. New York, USA: Berghahn Press.
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. London, Basic BlackWell.
Wittgenstein, L. (2007 [1966]). Wittgenstein: Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief. Oakland, USA: University of California Press.
Young, A. (1997). The harmony of illusions: Inventing post-traumatic stress disorder. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
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2021-01-21
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Williams, L. H. (2021). Negotiating languages of suffering in northern Uganda. Qualitative Studies, 6(1), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.7146/qs.v6i1.124456
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