What Makes a Maker?

- Curating a pioneer community through franchising

Forfattere

  • Andreas Hepp ZeMKI, University of Bremen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i2.111283

Nøgleord:

Maker Movement, pioneer community, maker spaces, franchising, curating, deep mediatization

Resumé

Academic research typically portrays the Maker Movement as a bottom-up emancipatory movement that emerged out of localised, grassroots initiatives. On the basis of a broad media ethnography that gathered data in Germany, Great Britain, and the USA, this article demonstrates the myopia of this assessment. Rather than being a bottom-up movement, the Maker Movement is in fact a pioneer community with intimate connections to the corporate world and the political class maintained by a globally spread organisational elite. The increasingly global sweep of the Maker Movement is a complex act of co-construction involving an abundance of different actors. With its curatorial centre firmly embedded within the offices of the Maker Media company—guiding the discourse on the movement's identity through its periodical Make: and its experiential experiences through international Maker Faires—the Maker Movement has its organisational basis in a franchise model that leaves it open to the flexible influence of an organisational elite who secures the intellectual and physical space for individual practitioners and local groups.

Referencer

Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso.

Anderson, C. (2012). Makers. The new industrial revolution. New York, London: Random House.

Atkinson, P. (2006). Do it yourself: Democracy and design. Journal of Design History, 19(1), 1-10.

Bachmann, G., & Wittel, A. (2006). Medienethnografie. In R. Ayaß & J. Bergmann (Eds.), Qualitative Methoden der Medienforschung (pp. 183-219). Reinbeck b. Hamburg: Rowohlt.

Coleman, G. E. (2013). Coding freedom: The ethics and aesthetics of hacking. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Combs, J. G., Michael, S. C., & Castrogiovanni, G. J. (2004). Franchising: A review and avenues to greater theoretical diversity. Journal of Management, 30(6), 907-931.

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. C. R. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and procedures for developing Grounded Theory. London: Sage.

Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2017). The mediated construction of reality. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Dougherty, D., & Conrad, A. (2016). Free to make. How the Maker Movement is changing our schools, our jobs, and our minds. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Elango, B., & Fried, V. H. (1997). Franchising research: A literature review and synthesis. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(3), 68-81.

Falzon, M.-A. (Ed.). (2009). Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, practice and locality in contemporary social research. London: Ashgate.

Gauntlett, D. (2018) Making is connecting. The social power of creativity, from craft and knitting to digital everything. Second expanded edition. Polity Press: Cambridge.

Geertz, C. (1994). Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. Readings in the philosophy of social science. In Geertz, C. ([1973] 1994), The interpretation of cultures: selected essays. New York: Basic Books , pp. 3-30.

Gershenfeld, N. (2005). Fab: the coming revolution on your desktop - from personal computers to personal fabrication. New York: Basic Books.

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1999). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.

Greengard, S. (2015). The internet of things. Cambridge, London: MIT Press.

Hatch, M. (2014). The Maker Movement manifesto. Rules for innovation in the new world of crafters, hackers, and tinkerers. New York et al.: McGraw Hill Professional.

Hemphill, D., & Leskowitz, S. (2012). DIY activists: Communities of practice, cultural dialogism, and radical knowledge sharing. Adult Education Quarterly, 63(1), 57-77.

Hepp, A. (2016). Pioneer communities: Collective actors of deep mediatisation. Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), 918-933.

Hepp, A., & Hasebrink, U. (2017). Researching transforming communications in times of deep mediatization: A figurational approach. In A. Hepp, A. Breiter, & U. Hasebrink (Eds.), Communicative Figurations: Transforming

Communications in Times of Deep Mediatization (pp. 51-80). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hepp, A., Alpen, S. & Simon, P. (2018). Zwischen Utopie und Dystopie: Der öffentliche Diskurs um die Pioniergemeinschaften der Maker- und Quantified-Self-Bewegung in Deutschland und Großbritannien. Communicative figurations working papers, 22, https://www.kommunikative-figurationen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Arbeitspapiere/CoFi_EWP_No-22_Hepp-Alpen-Simon.pdf. Retrieved 19th November, 2018.

Hine, C. (2015). Ethnography for the internet. Embedded, embodied and everyday. London, New York: Bloomsbury.

Hitzler, R., & Niederbacher, A. (2010). Leben in Szenen. Formen juveniler Vergemeinschaftung heute. Dritte, vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Wiesbaden: VS.

Hunsinger, J., & Schrock, A. (2016). The democratization of hacking and making. New Media & Society, 18(4), 535-538.

Keen, A. (2007). The cult of the amateur. New York: Doubleday.

Kozinets, R. (2015). Netnography: Redefined. Second edition. London: Sage.

Krebs, M. (2014). Manufacturing expertise for the people: The open source hardware movement in Japan. https://www.epicpeople.org/manufacturing-expertise-for-the-people-the-open-source-hardware-movement-in-japan/. Retrieved 19th November 2018

Lange, B. (2015). Fablabs und Hackerspaces. Die Rolle der Maker-Community für eine nachhaltige Wirtschaft. Ökologisches Wirtschaften, 30(1), 8-9.

Levy, S. (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the computer revolution. New York: Doubleday.

Marcus, G. E. (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multisited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24(4), 95-117.

McGann, J. G., & Sabatini, R. (2011). Global think tanks: Policy networks and governance. London, New York: Routledge.

Nijmeijer, K. J., Fabbricotti, I. N., & Huijsman, R. (2014). Making franchising work: A framework based on a systematic review. International Journal of Management Review, 16(1), 62-83.

Porta, D. D. (2013). Bridging research on democracy, social movements and communication. In B. Cammaerts, A. Mattoni, & P. McCurdy (Eds.), Mediation and protest movements (pp. 21-38). Bristol: Intellect.

Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309-328.

Traue, B. (2013). Bauformen audiovisueller Selbst-Diskurse. Zur Kuratierung und Zirkulation von Amateurbildern in Film, Fernsehen und Online-Video. In P. Lucht, L.-M. Schmidt, & R. Tuma (Eds.), Visuelles Wissen und Bilder des Sozialen (pp. 281-301). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

Turner, F. (2006). From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, The Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Verbieren, S., Cools, M., & Van den Abbeele, A. (2008). Franchising: A literature review on management and control issues. Review of Business and Economics, 53(4), 398-443.

Winter, R. (1999). The search for lost fear. The social world of the horror fan in terms of symbolic interactionism and cultural studies. In N. K. Denzin (Ed.), Cultural Studies. A Research Annual (pp. 277-298). Greenwich: JAI Press.

Downloads

Publiceret

2018-11-30

Citation/Eksport

Hepp, A. (2018). What Makes a Maker? - Curating a pioneer community through franchising. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab Og Kulturformidling, 7(2), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i2.111283