Alternative election news coverage?

Comparing election news in political alternative and mainstream media during the 2022 Swedish election campaign

Authors

  • Bengt Johansson University of Gothenburg
  • Jesper Strömbäck University of Gothenburg

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/journalistica.v18i1.138567

Keywords:

political alternative media, election news coverage, politicization, political bias, mediatization, structural bias

Abstract

In contemporary media environments, mainstream news media have become increasingly challenged by political alternative media. Even though research on how political alternative media cover politics and society has increased, there is still limited research comparing how political alternative media and mainstream news media cover key political events, such as election campaigns. To fill this gap, the purpose of this study is to compare election news coverage in political alternative and mainstream news media, drawing theoretically on theories related to mediatization and structural bias on the one hand, and politicization and political bias on the other. Empirically, the overarching research question is how election coverage in left- and right-wing political alternative and mainstream media differs. Findings suggest that political alternative media do function as an alternative to mainstream news media in that they offer more politicized coverage of election campaigns. However, left-wing, and right-wing political alternative media also constitute alternatives to each other in how the election campaigns are covered.

References

Aalberg, T., & Curran, J. (Eds.). (2012). How media inform democracy. A comparative approach. Routledge.

Aalberg, T., De Vreese, C., & Strömbäck, J. (2017). Strategy and game framing. In Comparing political news (pp. 33–49). Routledge.

Aalberg, T., Strömbäck, J., & de Vreese, C. H. (2012). The framing of politics as strategy and game: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427799

Altheide, D. L., & Snow, R. P. (1979). Media logic. Sage.

Asp, K. (1983). The struggle for the agenda: Party Agenda, Media Agenda, and Voter Agenda in the 1979 Swedish Election Campaign. Communication Research, 10(3), 333–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365083010003004

Asp, K. (1986). Mäktiga massmedier. Studier i politisk opinionsbildning. Akademilitteratur.

Asp, K. (2011). Mediernas prestationer och betydelse: Valet 2010. Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, Göteborgs universitet.

Asp, K. (2012). Journalistkårens partisympatier. In K. Asp (red.), Svenska journalister 1989–2011 (sid. 101–107). JMG, Göteborgs universitet.

Asp, K., & Bjerling, J. (2014). Mediekratin: Mediernas makt i svenska val. Ekerlids Förlag.

Bagdikian, B. H. (2000). The media monopoly. 6th Edition. Beacon Press.

Balmas, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate Image in Election Campaigns: Attribute Agenda Setting, Affective Priming, and Voting Intentions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2), 204–229. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq009

Bauer, A. J., Nadler, A., & Nelson, J. L. (2022). What is Fox News? Partisan Journalism, Misinformation, and the Problem of Classification. Electronic News, 16(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/19312431211060426

Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda. Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.

Bolin, N., Falasca, K., Grusell, M., & Nord, L. (Eds.). (2022). Snabbtänkt 2.0. Reflektioner från valet 2022 av ledande forskare. Demicom.

Brems, M. K. (2023). Party-political and ideological partisanship in Danish alternative media. How distinguishing between types of partisanship can advance our understanding of the political roles of alternative media. Journalism Studies, 24(2), 244–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2157316

Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic Populism: Facebook Pages of Alternative News Media and the Corona Crisis -- A Computational Content Analysis (arXiv:2004.02566). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02566

Buyens, W., & Van Aelst, P. (2022). Alternative media, alternative voices? A quantitative analysis of actor diversity in alternative and mainstream news outlets. Digital Journalism, 10(2), 337–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1929366

Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism. The press and the public good. Oxford University Press.

Carlson, M. (2017). Journalistic authority. Legitimating news in the digital era. Columbia University Press.

Cook, T. E. (2005). Governing with the news. The news media as a political institution (2nd ed., Vol. 2005). University of Chicago Press.

Cushion, S. (2024). Beyond mainstream media. Alternative media and the future of journalism. Routledge.

Cushion, S., McDowell-Naylor, D., & Thomas, R. (2021). Why National Media Systems Matter: A Longitudinal Analysis of How UK Left-Wing and Right-Wing Alternative Media Critique Mainstream Media (2015–2018). Journalism Studies, 22(5), 633–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1893795

D’Alessio, D. (2012). Media bias in presidential election coverage, 1948–2008. Evaluation via formal measurement. Lexington Books.

de Vreese, C., Esser, F., & Hopmann, D. N. (2017). Comparing political journalism. Routledge.

Djerf-Pierre, M., & Weibull, L. (2001). Spegla, granska, tolka. Aktualitetsjornalistik i svensk radio och TV under 1900-talet. Prisma.

Domke, D., Watts, M. D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). The politics of conservative elites and the “liberal media” argument. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02816.x

Dunaway, J., & Lawrence, R. G. (2015). What predicts the game frame? Media ownership, electoral context, and election news. Political Communication, 32(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.880975

Egelhofer, J. L., & Lecheler, S. (2019). Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: A framework and research agenda. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1602782

Ekman, M., & Widholm, A. (2022). Parasitic news: Adoption and adaption of journalistic conventions in hybrid political communication. Journalism, 146488492211369. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221136940

Ekström, M., & Johansson, B. (2008). Talk scandals. Media, Culture & Society, 30(1), 61–79.

Ekström, M., & Johansson, B. (2019). Talk scandals: The power of mediated talk. In H. Tumer & S. Waisbord (Eds.), The Routledge companion to media and scandal (pp. 183–192). Routledge.

Esser, F., & Strömbäck, J. (2014). Mediatization of politics. Understanding the transformation of Western democracies. Palgrave Macmillan.

Figenschou, T. U., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2019). Challenging Journalistic Authority: Media criticism in far-right alternative media. Journalism Studies, 20(9), 1221–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1500868

Figenschou, T. U., & Ihlebaek, K. A. (2021). Media Criticism from the Far-Right: Attacking from Many Angles. Journalism Practice, 13(8), 901–905.

Freudenthaler, R., & Wessler, H. (2022). How alternative are alternative media? Analyzing speaker and topic diversity in mainstream and alternative online outlets. Digital Journalism, online early. https://doi.org/0.1080/21670811.2022.2117715

Garrett, R. K., Weeks, B. E., & Neo, R. L. (2016). Driving a Wedge Between Evidence and Beliefs: How Online Ideological News Exposure Promotes Political Misperceptions: Driving a wedge between evidence and beliefs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(5), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12164

Green, J., & Hobolt, S. B. (2008). Owning the issue agenda: Party strategies and vote choices in British elections. Electoral Studies, 27(3), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2008.02.003

Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A social-science perspective on media bias. Critical Review, 17(3–4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810508443641

Hansen, G. J., & Kim, H. (2011). Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research. Communication Research Reports, 28(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.565280

Hassell, H. J. G., Holbein, J. B., & Miles, M. R. (2020). There is no liberal media bias in which news stories political journalists choose to cover. Science Advances, 6(14), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay9344

Heft, A., Ramsland, T., & Mayerhöffer, E. (2024). Right Topic, Right Source? Source Diversity and Balance in Right-Wing Alternative News Content Across Topics. Journalism Studies, 25(3), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2294362

Hmielowski, J. D., Feldman, L., Myers, T. A., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2014). An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists, and perceptions of global warming. Public Understanding of Science, 23(7), 866–883. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662513480091

Hofstetter, C. R. (1976). Bias in the news. Network television coverage of the 1972 election campaign. Ohio State University Press.

Holt, K. (2016). Skilda verkligheter? “Internets undervegetation” vs "PK-maffian. In Migrationen i medierna – men det får man väl inte prata om? (pp. 150–173). Institutet för mediestudier.

Holt, K. (2020). Right-wing alternative media. Routledge.

Holt, K., Ustad Figenschou, T., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715

Hopmann, D. N., Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2015). Contagious Media Effects: How Media Use and Exposure to Game-Framed News Influence Media Trust. Mass Communication and Society, 18(6), 776–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1022190

Ihlebaek, K. A., & Nygaard, S. (2021). Ring-wing alternative media in the Scandinavian political communication landscape. In Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Countries (Vol. 2021, pp. 263–282). Nordicom.

Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (2010). News that matters. Television and American opinion (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Johansson, B. (2019). Journalistiken, objektiviteten och partiskheten. In Handbok i journalistikforskning (2nd ed., pp. 187–200). Studentlitteratur.

Johansson, B. (2022). Är public service-medierna partiska? In Public service. En kunskapsöversikt. (pp. 14–33). Nordicom.

Johansson, B., & Strömbäck, J. (2019). Kampen om mediebilden. Nyhetsjournalistik i valrörelsen 2018. Institutet för mediestudier.

Johansson, B., & Strömbäck, J. (2023). Valet 2022. Politiken, medierna och nyhetsagendan. Institutet för mediestudier.

Johansson, B., & Strömbäck, J. (2023). Valet 2022. Valnyheter offline och online. Institutet för mediestudier.

Klawier, T., Prochazka, F., & Schweiger, W. (2022). Comparing frame repertoires of mainstream and right-wing alternative media. Digital Journalism, 10(8), 1387–1408. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2048186

Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2021). The Elements of Journalism. What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect (4th ed., Vol. 2021). Crown.

Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2019). News framing effects. Routledge.

Lichter, S. R. (2017). Theories of media bias. In Oxford handbook of political communication (pp. 403–416). Oxford University Press.

Liminga, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2023). Undermining the legitimacy of the news media. How Swedish members of parliament use Twitter to criticize the news media. Nordicom Review, 44(2), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2023-0015

Mayerhöffer, E. (2021). How do Danish right-wing alternative media position themselves against the mainstream? Advancing the study of alternative media structure and content. Journalism Studies, 22(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1814846

McCombs, M., & Valenzuela, S. (2021). Setting the agenda. The news media and public opinion (3rd ed.). Polity.

McDowell-Naylor, D., Cushion, S., & Thomas, R. (2022). The role of alternative online political media in the 2019 general election. In Political communicaiton in Britain. Campaigning, media and polling in the 2019 general election. (pp. 149–166). Palgrave Macmillan.

McDowell-Naylor, D., Cushion, S., & Thomas, R. (2023). A typology of alternative online political media in the United Kingdom: A longitudinal content analysis (2015–2018). Journalism, 24(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211059585

Müller, P., & Freudenthaler, R. (2022). Right-Wing, Populist, Controlled by Foreign Powers? Topic Diversification and Partisanship in the Content Structures of German-Language Alternative Media. Digital Journalism, 1–24.

Neuendorf, K. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Sage.

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Eddy, K., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2023). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2023.

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Reuters Institute digital news report 2018. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

Niven, D. (2002). Tilt? The search for media bias. Praeger.

Nord, L., & Strömbäck, J. (2018). Svenska valrörelser. Väljare, medier och partier under 2000-talet. Santérus.

Nygaard, S. (2019). The Appearance of Objectivity: How Immigration-Critical Alternative Media Report the News. Journalism Practice, 13(10), 1147–1163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1577697

Nygaard, S. (2020). Boundary Work: Intermedia Agenda-Setting Between Right-Wing Alternative Media and Professional Journalism. Journalism Studies, 21(6), 766–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1722731

Nygaard, S. (2021). On the Mainstream/Alternative Continuum: Mainstream Media Reactions to Right-Wing Alternative News Media. Digital Journalism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1894962

Perloff, R. M. (2015). A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect. Mass Communication and Society, 18(6), 701–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234

Rae, M. (2021). Hyperpartisan news: Rethinking the media for populist politics. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1117–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820910416

Rauch, J. (2016). Are There Still Alternatives? Relationships Between Alternative Media and Mainstream Media in a Converged Environment: Reconceiving Alternative and Mainstream Media. Sociology Compass, 10(9), 756–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12403

Salgado, S., & Strömbäck, J. (2012). Interpretive journalism: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 144–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427797

Salgado, S., & Strömbäck, J. (2017). Interpretive journalism. In Comparing political journalism (pp. 50–70). Routledge.

Schudson, M. (1981). Discovering the news: A social history of American newspapers. Basic Books.

Shehata, A. (2014). Game Frames, Issue Frames, and Mobilization: Disentangling the Effects of Frame Exposure and Motivated News Attention on Political Cynicism and Engagement. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 26(2), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edt034

Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2021). Learning Political News From Social Media: Network Media Logic and Current Affairs News Learning in a High-Choice Media Environment. Communication Research, 48(1), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217749354

Strömbäck, J. (2004). Den medialiserade demokratin. Om journalistikens ideal, verklighet och makt. SNS Förlag.

Strömbäck, J. (2023). Political Alternative Media as a Democratic Challenge. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 880–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2178947

Strömbäck, J., Boomgaarden, H., Broda, E., Damstra, A., Lindgren, E., Tsfati, Y., & Vliegenthart, R. (2022). From low-choice to high-choice media environments: Implications for knowledge resistance. In Knowledge resistance in high-choice information environments (pp. 49–68). Routledge.

Strömbäck, J., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). Mediatization and Media Interventionism: A Comparative Analysis of Sweden and the United States. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(1), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210379504

Strömbäck, J., & Esser, F. (2014). Mediatization of politics: Towards a theoretical framework. In Mediatization of politics. Understanding the transformation of Western democracies (pp. 3–28). Palgrave Macmillan.

Strömbäck, J., & Kaid, L. L. (2008). Handbook of election news coverage around the world. Routledge.

Tandoc, E. C. (2019). The facts of fake news: A research review. Sociology Compass, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12724

van Aelst, P., Maddens, B., Noppe, J., & Fiers, S. (2008). Politicians in the News: Media or Party Logic? Media Attention and Electoral Success in the Belgian Election Campaign of 2003. European Journal of Communication, 23(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323108089222

von Nordheim, G., Müller, H., & Scheppe, M. (2019). Young, free and biased: A comparison of mainstream and right-wing media coverage of the 2015–2016 refugee crisis in German newspapers. Journal of Alternative and Community Media, 4(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.1386/joacm_00042_1

von Sikorski, C. (2018). The content and effects of political scandals. A synopsis. In Scandaloty. An interdisciplinary field (pp. 135–154). Herbert von Halem.

Wagnsson, C. (2022). The paperboys of Russian messaging: RT/Sputnik audiences as vehicles for malign information influence. Information, Communication & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2041700

Walgrave, S., Lefevere, J., & Nuytemans, M. (2009). Issue Ownership Stability and Change: How Political Parties Claim and Maintain Issues Through Media Appearances. Political Communication, 26(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902850718

Watts, M. D., Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). Elite cues and media bias in presidential campaigns. Explaining public perceptions of a liberal press. Communication Research, 26(2), 144–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002003

Zoizner, A. (2021). The Consequences of Strategic News Coverage for Democracy: A Meta-Analysis. Communication Research, 48(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218808691

Downloads

Published

2024-07-06

How to Cite

Johansson, B., & Strömbäck, J. (2024). Alternative election news coverage? Comparing election news in political alternative and mainstream media during the 2022 Swedish election campaign. Journalistica, 18(1), 13–14. https://doi.org/10.7146/journalistica.v18i1.138567

Issue

Section

Special Issue: News media and elections in the Nordic countries