Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settlements and agro-pastoral developments in the Oslo Fjord area, southeastern Norway
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/dja.v12i1.134206Keywords:
Settlement, agro-pastoral developments, radiocarbon dating, Late Neolithic, Bronze AgeAbstract
The transition to the Late Neolithic (c. 2350 BCE) is characterised by large-scale cultural and economic changes across southern Norway, connected to the spread of a cultural package with an unprecedented homogeneity, consisting of the introduction of the two-aisled houses, farming and several new technologies. Although material components belonging to this cultural package spread fast in southern Norway, the Oslo Fjord area included, there has been a lack of (two-aisled) houses and clear evidence of the breakthrough of farming in this area.
In this article, we aim to create a proxy for better understanding the agricultural developments and the trajectories of the early farm-based settlements in the aftermath of the LN revolution. This is done through studying the settlement material from three selected case areas around the Oslo Fjord, alongside a larger body of radiocarbon-dated buildings, cereals and cultivation layers. Our results show a delay in the onset of crop farming compared to the establishment houses in the region, which also contrasts the more abrupt changes in the material culture around 2350 BCE. This demonstrate the likelihood of a more gradual and adaptive farming development in this particular area of southern Norway.
References
Anthony, D., 1990. Migration in Archeology: The Baby and the Bathwater. American Anthropologist 92(4), 895-914. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00030
Apel, J., 2001. Daggers, Knowledge and Power. The Social Aspects of Flint-Dagger Technology in Scandinavia 2350-1500 cal. BC. Coast to coast books 3. Uppsala: Coast to coast project.
Apel, J., 2012. Tracing pressure-flaked Arrowheads in Europe. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Becoming European: the transformation of third millennium Northern and Western Europe. Oxbow books, 156-164. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dq3m.17
Artursson, M., 2009. Bebyggelse och samhällsstruktur. Södra och mellersta Skandinavien under senneolitikum och bronsålder 2300-500 f. Kr. GOTARC Serie B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis 52. Gothenburg: Riksantikvarieämbetet. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/20054
Austvoll, K.I., 2019. Constructing identities: structure and practice in the Early Bronze Age – Southwest Norway. AmS-Varia 60. Stavanger: Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger. https://doi.org/10.31265/ams-varia.v0i60.283
Austvoll, K.I., 2020. The Emergence of Coercive Societies in Northwestern Scandinavia During the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age. Open Archaeology 6, 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0100
Austvoll, K.I., 2021. Seaways to complexity : a study of sociopolitical organisation along the coast of northwestern Scandinavia in the late Neolithic and early Bronze age. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing.
Bakka, E. and Kaland, P.E., 1971. Early farming in Hordaland, western Norway. Problems and approaches in archaeology and pollen analysis. Norwegian Archaeological Review 4, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1971.9965136
Baxter, M. J., 2003. Statistics in archaeology. London: Arnold.
Bergsvik, K.A., Hjelle, K.L., Halvorsen, L.S., Bruen Olsen, A. and Zinsli, C., 2020. Low-level agriculture in Neolithic western Norway. In: K.J. Gron, L. Sørensen, and P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. Farmers at the frontier: a pan-European perspective on Neolithisation. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 339-362. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvh1g.20
Bishop, R.R., Gröcke, D.R., Ralstone, I., Clarke, D., Lee, D.H.J., Shepherd, A., Thomas, A.S., Rowley-Conwy, P. and Church, M.J., 2022. Scotland’s first farmers: new insights into early farming practices in North-west Europe. Antiquity 96(389), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.107
Björhem, N. and Säfvestad, U., 1989. Fosie IV. Byggnadstradition och bosättningsmönster under senneolitikum. Malmö: Malmö Museer.
Blank, M., 2021. Mobility, Subsistence and Mortuary practices. An interdisciplinary study of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age megalithic populations of southwestern Sweden. Doctoral thesis. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/69923
Blank, M., Sjögren, K.-G., Knipper, C., Frei, K.M., Malmström, H., Fraser, M., Svensson, E.M., Günther, T., Yngve, H., Jakobsson, M., Götherström, A. and Storå, J., 2021. Mobility patterns in inland southwestern Sweden during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13(4), 64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01294-4
Bowman, S. 1990. Radiocarbon dating, Interpreting the past. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bradley, R.S. and Bakke, J., 2019. Is there evidence for a 4.2 BP event in the northern North Atlantic region? Clim. Past 15(5), 1665-1676. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1665-2019
Brink, K., 2013. Houses and Hierarchies: Economic and Social Relations in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Southernmost Scandinavia. European Journal of Archaeology 16(3), 433-458. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957113Y.0000000033
Bruen Olsen, A., 1988. Økonomisk tilpasning i vestnorsk yngre steinalder. In: S. Indrelid, S. Kaland and B. Solberg, eds. Festskrit til Anders Hagen. Arkeologiske skrifter 4. Bergen: Historical Museum, University of Bergen, 242-251.
Bruen Olsen, A., 1992. Kotedalen – en boplass gjennom 5000 år. Bind 1. Fangstbosetning og tidlig jordbruk i vestnorsk steinalder: nye funn og nye perspektiver. Bergen: Historical Museum, University of Bergen.
Bruen Olsen, A., 2009. Transition to farming in Western Norway seen as a rapid replacement of landscapes. In: S. McCartan, R. Shulting, G. Warren and P. Woodman, eds. Mesolithic Horizons. Papers presented at the Seventh International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2005. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 589-596.
Bruen Olsen, A. 2013. Jordbrukskulturens pionertid på Vestlandet. Hus, åker og territorialitet. In: S. Dinhodd, M. Ramstad and T. Slinning, eds. Jordbruksbosetningens utvikling på Vestlandet. Kunnskapsstatus, presentasjon av nye resultater og framtidige problemstillinger. UBAS 7. Bergen: Historical Museum, University of Bergen, 129-147.
Børsheim, R. L., 2003. Toskipede hus i neolitikum og eldste bronsealder. In: M. Høgestøl, ed. Konstruksjonsspor og byggeskikk: maskinell flateavdekking – metodikk, tolkning og forvaltning. AmS-Varia43. Stavanger: Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger 109-121. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/195713
Børsheim, R.L., 2004. Toskipede hus i neolitikum og eldste bronsealder. Primitive tider 8, 49-59.
Crema, E.R., 2022. Statistical Inference of Prehistoric Demography from Frequency Distributions of Radiocarbon Dates: A Review and a Guide for the Perplexed. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 29(2022), 1387-1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09559-5
Crema, E.R. and Bevan, A., 2021. Inference from large sets of radiocarbon dates. Software and methods. Radiocarbon 63(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.95
Damlien, H., Berg-Hansen, I.M., Melheim, L., Mjærum, A., Persson, P., Schülke, A. and Solheim, S., eds. 2021. Steinalderen i Sørøst-Norge: Faglig program for steinalderundersøkelser ved Kulturhistorisk museum. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing. https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.141
Eggen, I.M., 2010. Rapport fra arkeologisk utgravning: Bosetningsspor. Asak Mellem 7/1, Asak Øvre 8/1, Asak Nedre 9/1. Skedsmo kommune, Akershus. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54219
Eriksen, T.H., 2007. Creolization in Anthropological Theory and in Mauritius. In: C. Stewart, ed. Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory. Walnut Creek CA: Left Coast Press, 153-177.
Fischer, A., 2002. Food for Feasting? An Evaluation of Explanations for the Neolithisation of Denmark and Southern Sweden. In: A. Fischer and K. Kristiansen, eds. The Neolithisation of Denmark: 150 Years of Debate. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications, 341-364.
Fitzpatrick. A.P., 2011. The Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen: Bell Beaker burials at Boscombe Down, Amesbury, Wiltshire. Wessex Archaeology Reports 27. Wessex: Wessex Archaeology.
Foxon, T., 2006. Bounded rationality and hierarchical complexity: Two paths from Simon to ecological and evolutionary economics. Ecological Complexity 3(4), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.02.010
Gjerpe, L.E., 2008. Radiokarbondateringer – kulturhistoriske og kildekritiske dateringer. In: L.E. Gjerpe, ed. Kulturhistoriske, metodiske og administrative erfaringer. E18-prosjektet i Vestfold Bind 4. Varia 74. Oslo: Museum of Cultural History, 85-94.
Gjerpe, L.E., 2017. Effektive hus. Bosetning, jord og rettigheter på Østlandet i jernalderen. Doctoral thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Gjerpe, L.E. and Bukkemoen, G.B., 2008. Nordby 1 – Toskipede hus fra neolitikum-bronsealder og boplasspor fra jernalder. In: L.E. Gjerpe, ed. E-18-prosjektet Vestfold. Bind 3. Hus, boplass- og dyrknings-
spor. Varia 73. Oslo: Museum of Cultural History, 7-39. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-24406
Glørstad, H., 2004. Svinesundprosjektet Bind 4. Oppsummering av Svinesundprosjektet. Varia 57. Oslo: Museum of Cultural History. http://hdl.handle.net/10852/66666
Glørstad, H., 2009. The Northern Province? The Neolithisation of southern Norway. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Neolithisation as if history mattered: processes of Neolithisation in North-Western Europe. Lindome: Bricoleur Press, 135-168.
Glørstad, H., 2010. The structure and history of the late mesolithic societies in the Oslo fjord area 6300-3800 BC. Lindome: Bricoleur Press.
Glørstad, H., 2012. Historical types and the transition to the Late Neolithic in South Norway. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Becoming European. The Transformation of Third Millennium Europe and the Trajectory into the Second Millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 82-99. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dq3m.12
Glørstad, H. and Solheim, S., 2015. The Hamremoen enclosure in southeastern Norway: an exotic glimpse into the process of Neolithization. In: K. Brink, S. Hyden, K. Jennbert D. Olausson and L. Larsson, eds. Neolithic diversities perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8 (65). Lund: University of Lund, 139-152. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/3899170/7766836.pdf
Gron, K. and Sørensen, L., 2018. Cultural and economic negotiation: a new perspective on the Neo-
lithic Transition of Southern Scandinavia. Antiquity 92(364), 958-974. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.71
Gron, K.J., 2020. The Early Neolithic frontier farming of southern Scandinavia. In: K.J. Gron, L. Sørensen and P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. Farmers at the frontier: a pan-European perspective on Neolithisation. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 317-337. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvh1g.19
Gron, K.J., Montgomery, J., Nielsen, P. O., Nowell, G. N., Peterkin, J.L., Sørensen, L. and Rowley-Conwy, P., 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6, 248-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.02.015
Gron, K.J. and Rowley-Conwy, P., 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1), 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616652705
Gundersen, I., 2022. Iron Age Vulnerability. The Fimbulwinter hypothesis and the archaeology of the inlands of eastern Norway. Docotoral thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Gundersen, J., 2013. Verken fjord eller fjell – steinalderen i det kystnære innlandet. Gamle og nye funn fra Notodden i Telemark. Viking LXXVI, 35-62.
Hammarlund, D., Björck, S., Buchardt, B., Israelson, C. and Thomsen, C.T., 2003. Rapid hydrological changes during the Holocene revealed by sTable isotope records of lacustrine carbonates from Lake Igelsjön, southern Sweden. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00091-4
Hinsch, E., 1956. Yngre Steinalders Stridsøkskulturer i Norge. Bergen: A.S. John Griegs Boktrykkeri.
Hinz, M., 2020. Sensitivity of Radiocarbon Sum Calibration. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 3(1), 238-252. http://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.53
Hjelle, K.L., Hufthammer, A.K. and Bergsvik, K.A., 2006. Hesitant hunters: a review of the introduction of agriculture in western Norway. Environmental Archaeology 11(2), 147-170. https://doi.org/10.1179/174963106x123188
Holberg, E., 2000. Klokkebegerkulturens symboler: Senneolitikum i Rogaland og Nordland sør for polarsirkelen. Unpublished Master thesis. Bergen: University of Bergen.
Høeg, H.I., 2020. Standar pollendiagram for Tjølling, Larvik, Vestfold (Can be accessed as supplement in excavation report Sand-Eriksen, A. and Mjærum, A. 2021, 106-110). http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-91732
Høgestøl, M. and Prøsch-Danielsen, L., 2006. Impulses of agro-pastoralism in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC on the south-western coastal rim of Norway. Environmental Archaeology 11, 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1179/174963106x97034
Iversen, F. and Petersson, H., eds. 2017. The Agrarian Life of the North 2000 BC-AD 1000: Studies in Rural Settlement and Farming in Norway. Kristiansand: Portal. https://doi.org/10.17585/noasp.13.42
Iversen, R., 2015. Creolization processes in the later south Scandinavian Neolithic. An approach to cultural heterogeneity. In: K. Brink, S. Hydén, K. Jennbert, L. Larsson and D. Olausson, eds. Neolithic Diversities. Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8 (65). Lund: University of Lund, 58-65. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/3899170/7766836.pdf
Johansen, E. ,1976. Før byen ble by. In: E. Johansen, L. Opstad and M. Dehli, eds. Sarpsborg før 1839. Sarpsborg: Sarpsborg muncipality, 13-115.
Kaland, P.E., 1986. The origin and management of Norwegian coastal heaths as reflected by pollen analysis. In: K.E. Behre, eds. Anthropogenic indicators in pollen analysis. Rotterdam: Balkema, 19-36.
Kilhavn, H. 2013., Neolitikum i Agder. Interne strukturer og eksterne relasjoner i samfunn fra tidligneolitikum til seinneolitikum. Unpublished Masters thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-33799
Kristiansen, K., 2010. Decentralized Complexity: The Case of Bronze Age Northern Europe. In: T.D. Price and G.M. Feinman, eds. Pathways to Power. New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality. New York: Springer, 169-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6300-0_7
Kvalø, F., 2007. Oversjøiske reiser fra sørvest-Norge til nordvest-Jylland i eldre bronsealder – en drøfting av maritim realisering og rituell mobilisering. In: L. Hedager, ed. Sjøreiser og stedsidentitet. Jæren/Lista i bronsealder og eldre jernalder. Oslo Archaeological Serie 8. Oslo: Unipub, 11-134.
Larsson, L. and Brink, K., 2013. Lost and Found: Houses in the Neolithic of Southern Scandinavia. In: D. Hofmann and J. Smyth, eds. Tracking the Neolithic House in Europe: Sedentism, Architecture and Practice. New York: Springer, 329-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5289-8_14
Larsson, M., 2015. Agency, creolization and the transformation of tradition in the constitution of the earliest Neolithic in southern Scandinavia. In: K. Brink, S. Hydén, K. Jennbert, L. Larsson and D. Olausson, eds. Neolithic Diversities. Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden. Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8 (65). Lund: University of Lund, 75-79. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/3899170/7766836.pdf
Løken, T., 1998. Hustyper og sosialstruktur gjennom bronsealder på Forsandmoen, Rogaland, sørvest-Norge. In: T. Løken, eds. Bronsealder i Norden – regioner og interaksjon: foredrag ved det 7. Nordiske bronsealdersymposium i Rogaland 31. august-3. september 1995. Stavanger: Museum of Archaeology, 107-121. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/181494
Melheim, L., 2012. Towards a new understanding of Late Neolithic Norway – the role of metal and metalworking. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Becoming European: the transformation of third millennium Northern and Western Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 70-81. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dq3m.11
Melheim, L. and Prescott, C., 2016. Exploring new territories, expanding frontiers: bowmen and prospectors on the Scandinavian peninsula in the third millennium BC. In: L. Melheim, Z. Glørstad, and H. Glørstad, eds. Comparative Perspectives on Past Colonisation, Maritime Interaction and Cultural Integration. Sheffield: Equinox, 189-217.
Mikkelsen, E., 1989. Fra jeger til bonde: Utviklingen av jordbrukssamfunn i Telemark i steinalder og bronsealder. OAS 11. Oslo: Universitetets Oldsaksamling.
Mjærum, A., 2012. The bifacial arrowheads in Southeast Norway. A chronological study. Acta archaeologica 83, 105-145.
Mjærum, A., 2020. The emergence of mixed farming in eastern Norway. Agricultural History Review 68(1), 1-21.
Mjærum, A., Loftsgarden, K. and Solheim, S., 2022. Human-vegetation dynamics in Holocene South-Eastern Norway based on radiocarbon-dated charcoal from archaeological excavations. The Holocene 32(7), 690-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221088242
Moen, A. 1999. National Atlas of Norway: Vegetation. Hønefoss: Norwegian Mapping Authority.
Munch Havstein, J.A., in prep. Rapport fra arkeologisk utgravning: Gårdsbosetning fra seinneolitikum og romertid. Boplasser og aktivitetsspor fra seinmesolitikum til jernalder, med en forstyrret kremasjonsgrav fra vikingtid. Opstadmoen 2074/33, Sarpsborg kommune, Viken.
Myhre, B., 2002. Landbruk, landskap og samfunn 4000 f.kr.-800 e.Kr. In: B. Myhre and I. Øye, eds. Norges landbrukshistorie Bind I: 4000 f.kr.-1350 e.Kr. Jorda blir levevei. Oslo: Samlaget, 11-213.
Nesje, A., Matthews, J.A., Dahl, S.O., Berrisford, M.S. and Andersson, C., 2001. Holocene glacier fluctuations and winter-precipitation changes in the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway, based on glaciolacustrine sediment records. Holocene 11(3), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1191/095968301669980885
Nielsen, F.O., and Nielsen, P.O., 2019. Two-ailsed houses from the Early, Middle and Late Neolithic on Bornholm. In: L.R. Sparrevohn, O.T. Kastholm and P.O. Nielsen, eds. Houses for the Living. Two-aisled houses from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Denmark. Copenhagen: The Royal society of Northern Antiquariesand University Press of Southern Denmark, 9-50.
Nielsen, P.O., 2019. Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology in Denmark. In: H. Meller, S. Friederich, M. Küssner, H. Stäubler and R. Risch, eds. Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology. 11th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 18-20, 2018 in Halle (Saale). Halle: Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, 895-914.
Nielsen, S.V., 2021. Early farming in Southeastern Norway: New evidence and interpretations. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 23, 83-113. https://doi.org/10.12766/jna.2021.4
Nielsen, S.V. 2022. In the wake of farming. Studies of demographic and economic variability in Southern Norway in the period 4500-1700 BCE. Doctoral thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Nielsen, S.V., Persson, P. and Solheim, S. 2019. De-Neolithisation in southern Norway inferred from statistical modelling of radiocarbon dates. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 53, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2018.11.004
Nyland, A., 2020. Lithic Production in Bronze Age Norway: The Legacy of a Neolithic Mosaic. In: K.I. Austvoll, M.H. Eriksen, P.D. Fredriksen, L. Melheim, L. Prøsch-Danielsen and L. Skogstrand, eds. Contrasts of the Nordic Bronze Age: essays in honour of Christopher Prescott. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 71-82.
Polovodova Asteman, I., Risebrobakken, B., Moros, M., Binczewska, A., Dobosz, S., Jansen, E., Sławińska, J. and Bąk, M., 2018. Late Holocene palaeoproductivity changes: a multi-proxy study in the Norwegian Trench and the Skagerrak, North Sea. Boreas 47(1), 238-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12264
Porčić, M., 2011. Effects of Residential Mobility on the Ratio of Average House Floor Area to Average Household Size: Implications for Demographic Reconstructions in Archaeology. Cross-Cultural Research 46(11), 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111423889
Prescott, C., 1996. Was there really a Neolithic in Norway? Antiquity 70(267), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082909
Prescott, C. 2005. Settlement and Economy in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age of Southern Norway: Some Points and Premises. In: M. Høgestøl, I. Selsing, T. Løken, A.J. Nærøy and L. Prøsch-Danielsen, eds. Konstruksjonsspor og byggeskikk. Maskinellflateavdekking – metodikk, tolking og forvaltning. AmS-Varia 43. Stavanger: Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger, 109-121.
Prescott, C., 2009. History in preshistory – the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age, Norway. In: H. Glørstad and C. Prescott, eds. Neolithisation as if history mattered. Processes of Neolithisation in North-Western Europe. Lindome: Bricoleur Press, 193-215.
Prescott, C., 2012. Third millennium transformation in Norway. Modeling an interpredictive platform. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Becoming European: the transformation of third millennium Northern and Western Europe. Oxford: Oxbow books, 115-127. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dq3m.14
Prescott, C., 2020. Interpreting complex diachronic ‘Neolithic’-period data in Norway. In: K.J. Gron, L. Sørensen and P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. Farmers at the Frontier. A Pan European Perspective on Neolithisation. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 381–400. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvh1g.22
Prescott, C. and Glørstad, H., 2012. Introduction: becoming European. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Becoming European: the transformation of third millennium Northern and Western Europe. Oxford: Oxbow books, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dq3m.5
Prescott, C. and Glørstad, H., 2015. Expanding 3rd Millennium Transformations: Norway. In: M.P. Prieto‑Martínez and L. Salanova, eds. The Bell Beaker Transition in Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 77-87.
Prescott, C., Sand-Eriksen, A. and Austvoll, K.I., 2018. The Sea and Bronze Age Transformations. In: E. Holt, ed. Water and Power in Past Societies. New York: SUNY Press, 177-197.
Prescott, C. and Walderhaug, E., 1995. The Last Frontier? Processes of Indo-Europeanization in Northern Europe: The Norwegian case. Journal of Indo-European Studies 23(3-4), 258-281.
Puschmann, O., 2005. Nasjonalt referansesystem for landskap. Beskrivelse av Norges 45 landskapsregioner. NIJOS rapport 10/05. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2557712
Puschmann, O., Reid, S. J., Fjellstad, W. J., Hofsten, J. and Dramstad, W., 2004. Tilstandsbeskrivelse av norske jordbruksregioner ved bruk av statistikk. NIJOS-rapport 17/04. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2558439
R Core Team, (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. http://www.r-project.org/index.html
Reimer, P.J., Austin, W.E.N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T.J., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Muscheler, R., ... and Talamo, S., 2020. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62(4), 725-757. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41
Reitan, G., 2005. Neolitikum i Buskerud – skikk, bruk og erverv i et langtidsperspektiv. Master Thesis, University of Oslo. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-11406
Reitan, G., Sundström, L. and Stokke, J.-S., 2018. Grains of Thruth. Neolithic farming on Mesolithic Sites. New Insights into Early Agriculture in Southeast Norway. In: G. Reitan and L. Sundström, eds. Kystens steinalder i Aust-Agder: Arkeologiske undersøkelser i forbindelse med ny E18 Tvedestrand-Arendal. Oslo: Cappele Damm Akademiske, 547-565. https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.50
Robb, J., 2013. Material Culture, Landscapes of Action, and Emergent Causation: A New Model for the Origins of the European Neolithic. Current anthropology 54(6), 657-683. https://doi.org/10.1086/673859
Rowley-Conwy, P., 2004. How the West was lost: A reconsideration of agricultural origins in Britain, Ireland and southern Scandinavia. Current anthropology 45, 83-113. https://doi.org/10.1086/422083
Rundberget, B. and Amundsen, H. R. 2020. The contrasting region of Hedmark, south-east Norway. In: K.I. Austvoll, M.H. Eriksen, P.D. Fredriksen, L. Melheim, L. Prøsch-Danielsen and L. Skogstrand, eds. Contrasts of the Nordic Bronze Age: essays in honour of Christopher Prescott. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 59-69.
Rødsrud, C. 2014. Rapport fra arkeologisk utgravning: Bosetnspor. Huseby av Skedsmo forrige prestegård, 37/1, Skedsmo kommune, Akershus. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-57035
Rønne, O., 2003. Stensrød – boplass med spor fra nøstvetfasen, senneolitikum, bronsealder og eldre jernalder. In: H. Glørstad, ed. Svinesundprosjektet Bind 2. Utgravninger avsluttet i 2002. Varia 55. Oslo: Museum of Cultural History, 187–219.
Rønne, O., 2004. Hus og gård i senneolitikum på Svinesund. Primitive tider 8, 61-69.
Sand-Eriksen, A. and Mjærum, A., 2021. Rapport fra arkeologisk utgravning: Boplass fra seinneolitikum og eldre bronsealder. Løve Mellom 1045/226, Larvik kommune, Vesfold og Telemark. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-91732
Sarauw, T., 2019. Neolithic and Early Bronze Age two-aisled houses in North Jutland. In: L.R. Sparrevohn, O.T. Kastholm and P.O. Nielsen, eds. Houses for the Living. Two-aisled houses from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Denmark. Copenhagen: The Royal society of Northern Antiquaries and University Press of Southern Denmark, 161-174.
Scheen, R., 1979. De norske flintdolkene. En typologisk-kronologisk analyse. Unpublished Mag. Art. Thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Simon, H. A., 1955. A behavioral model of Rational choice. Quarternary Journal of Economics 69, 99-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852
Simon, H. A., 1959. Theories of Decision-Making in Economics and Behavioral Science. The American Economic Review 49, 253-283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1809901
Simonsen, J., 2017. Daily life at the turn of the Neolithic: A comparative study of longhouses with sunken floors at Resengaard and nine other settlements in the Limfjord region, South Scandinavia. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 98. Moesgaard: Jutland Archaeological Society/Museum Salling.
Sjögren, K.-G., 2012. Neolitisering i Västsverige – en översikt över källäget. In: F. Kaul and L. Sørensen, eds. Agrarsamfundenes ekspansion i nord. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet, 73-87.
Solberg, B., 1994. Exchange and the Role of Import to Western Norway in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Norwegian Archaeological Review 27, 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1994.9965579
Solheim, S., 2012. Lokal praksis og fremmed opphav. Arbeidsfordeling, sosiale relasjoner og differensiering i østnrsk tidligneolitikum. Doctoral thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Solheim, S., 2021a. Dataset: Timing the emergence and development of arable farming in Southeastern Norway by using summed probability distribution of radiocarbon dates and a Bayesian age model. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5502654
Solheim, S. 2021b. Timing the emergence and development of arable farming in Southeastern Norway by using summed probability distribution of radiocarbon dates and a Bayesian age model. Radiocarbon 63(5), 1503-1524. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.80
Soltvedt, E.-C., 2020. Cereal cultivation in south-western Norway: Boom and bust in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. In: S. Vanhanen and P. Lagerås, eds. Archaeobotanical studies of past plant cultivation in northern Europe. Advances in Archaeobotany 5. Gronigen, Barkhuis, 21-36.
Soltvedt, E.-C., Løken, T., Prøsch-Danielsen, L., Børsheim, R. and Oma, K. 2007. Bøndene på Kvålehodlene: boplass-, jordbruks- og landskapsutvikling gjennom 6000 år på Jæren, SV Norge. AmS-Varia 47. Stavanger: Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger.
Sørensen, L., 2014. From hunter to farmer in Northern Europe: Migration and adaptation during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Acta archaeologica 85(1). Oxford: Wiley.
Sørensen, L. and Karg, S. 2014. The expansion of agrarian societies towards the north – new evidence for agriculture during the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in Southern Scandinavia. Journal of Archaeological Science 51, 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.042
Sørensen, R., 2002. Hurumlandskapets utvikling gjennom 300 millioner år. Det norske vitenskaps-Akademi. Årbok 1999. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 323–333.
Vandkilde, H., 2014. Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: transcultural warriorhood and a Carpathian crossroad in the sixteenth century BC. European Journal of Archaeology 17(4), 602-633. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000064
Wieckowska-Lüth, M., Solheim, S., Schülke, A. and Kirleis, W. 2018. Towards a refined understanding of the use of coastal zones in the Mesolithic: New investigations on human-environment interactions in Telemark, southeastern Norway. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17, 839-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.045
Williams, A. N., 2012. The use of summed radiocarbon probability distributions in archaeology: a review of methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(3), 578-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.014
Østmo, E., 1988. Etableringen av jordbrukskulturen i Østfold i steinalderen. OAS10. Oslo: Universitetets Oldsakssaming. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-85514
Østmo, E., 1993. Hellerbosetning i østnorsk yngre steinalder. Utgravingen av Sandtrahelleren i Tjølling, Larvik, Vestfold. In: J. H. Larsen, ed. Universitetets Oldsaksamling Årbok 1991/1992. Oslo: Oldsakssamlingens Forsknings og publiseringskomite, 87-102.
Østmo, E,. 2005. Over Skagerrak i steinalderen. Viking LXVIII, 55-82. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-39467
Østmo, E., 2012. Late Neolithic expansion to Norway. The beginning of a 4000 year-old shipbuilding tradition. In: C. Prescott and H. Glørstad, eds. Becoming European. The Transformation of Third Millennium Europe and the Trajectory into the Second Millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dq3m.10
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Anette Sand-Eriksen, Axel Mjærum
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Counting from volume 11 (2022), articles published in DJA are licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). The editorial board may accept other Creative Commons licenses for individual articles, if required by funding bodies e.g. the European Research Council. With the publication of volume 11, authors retain copyright to their articles and give DJA the right to the first publication. The authors retain copyright to earlier versions of the articles, such as the submitted and the accepted manuscript.
Articles in volume 1-8 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to DJA. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles in an institutional repository as a part of a green open access policy.
Articles in volume 9-10 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to the authors of the articles respectively. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles in an institutional repository.
