What is ‘agency’ in torture and trauma recovery? An inquiry into the properties and explanations of the concept of agency and it’s impacts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v33i2.137064Keywords:
Survivor engagement, Survivors of torture, Agency, EmpowermentAbstract
The global ontology of survivor-led movements provides a useful reflection on conceptual frameworks and pathways for effective and strategic mechanisms for facilitating 'agency' within the spectrum of torture rehabilitation. This paper aims to provide a theoretical overview and analysis of the concepts, working frameworks, implementation methods and outcomes of survivor-led initiatives. The terminologies and meanings of survivor engagement are unpacked, highlighting the assumptions and implications for how services are designed, delivered and evaluated. This paper deliberately straddles multiple thematic fields to showcase and learn from other successful movements, and invites you as the reader into this discourse of inquiry now from the perspective of torture treatment services. This paper deep dives into survivor-led concepts, opening the plethora of adaptations available and encouraged. It looks firstly at the broader contexts that provide commonality and structure for concepts around power, empowerment or agency, before then exploring particularities from different contexts to enable the perspective of the 'differientiated whole' in Survivor Engagement programming. It concludes with thematic areas bearing implications for practice going forwards.
References
Adams, V,. VAN Hattum, T., & English, D. (2009) Chronic disaster syndrome: Displacement, disaster capitalism, and the eviction of the poor from New Orleans, 36 (4) 615-636. DOI: 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01199.x. PMID: 20161644; PMCID: PMC2818205
Ahmed, S. (2012) On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395324
Akman, C. (2022) Locating Opposition to the Istanbul Convention in the Multilayered Dynamics of Gendered Challenges, and Reflections on an Actor-Centered Analysis of Eastern Europe: Politicizing Gender and Democracy in the Context of the Istanbul Contention, by Andrea Krizsán and Conny Roggeband, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), 14 (20) 70-77. URL: http://federgi.ankara.edu.tr/en/2022/12/12/28_5/
Aroche, J., & Coello, M. (2022). Towards a systematic approach for the treatment and rehabilitation of torture and trauma survivors: The experience of STARTTS in Australia. Torture Journal, 32(1-2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.132684
Bourke, J. (2022) Disgrace: Global Reflections on Sexual Violence. Reaktion Books
Boyles, J., Ewart-Biggs, R., Horn, R., & Lamb, K. (Eds.). (2022). Groupwork with Refugees and Survivors of Human Rights Abuses: The Power of Togetherness (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi-org.virtual.anu.edu.au/10.4324/9781003192978
Brendtro, L., Brokenleg, M., & Van Bockern, S. (2007) Reclaiming Youth at Risk, Accessed 19/3/23 from https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/cardev/gr9_found/courage_poster.pdf
Crawford, R. (1994). The Boundaries of the Self and the Unhealthy Other: Reflections on Health, Culture and AIDS. Social Science and Medicine 38(10): 1347-1365.
Davies, S. & True, J (2017) Norm Entrepreneurship in Foreign Policy: William Hague and the Prevention of Sexual Violence in Conflict . Foreign Policy Analysis, 13, 701–721
Fogarty, W., Lovell, M., Langenberg, J. & Heron, M-J. (2018) Deficit Discourse and Strengths-based Approaches: Changing the Narrative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Wellbeing, The Lowitja Institute, Melbourne.
Forde, C. & Duvvury, N. (2020). Survivor-led relational psychotherapy and embodied trauma: A qualitative inquiry. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 10.1002/capr.12355.
Freidenvall, L. (2020) Gender Knowledge and Gender Expertise: The Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in Swedish State Agencies, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 27 (4), 742–764, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa034
Gunnarsson, L. (2011). A defence of the category ‘women.’ Feminist Theory, 12(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700110390604
Herman, J. (2012). CPTSD is a distinct entity: Comment on Resick et al. (2012). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 256–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21697
Herman, J. (2015). Trauma and recovery. New York, Basic Books.
Hinton, L (2010) Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence. United States. Rutgers University Press
Hinton, D. & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2011) The Cross-Cultural Validity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Implications for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 28: 783–801
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (2022) Global Rehabilitation Standards. IRCT General Assembly
Jones, N., & Holmes, R., (2011). Why is Social Protection Gender-blind? The Politics of Gender and Social Protection. IDS Bulletin. 42. 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00272.x.
Kabeer, N. (1999) Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment. Development and Change, 30: 435-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
Kenneally,C. (2023) What Should Justice Look Like for Trauma Survivors? Ask Them. The New York Times. https://www-nytimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.nytimes.com/2023/03/14/books/review/judith-herman-truth-repair.amp.html
Lazreg, M. (2002) Development: Feminist Theory’s Cul-de-sac. Feminist Post-Development Thought, Pp. 123-145. London. Zed Books.
Lowitja Institute (2018) Deficit Discourse and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Policy. National Centre for Indigenous Studies. Accessed 23/3/23 from https://www.lowitja.org.au/content/Document/PDF/deficit-discourse-summary-report.pdf
Lowitja Institute (2022) Transforming Power: Voices for Generational Change. Close The Gap Campaign Report 2022. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice. Lowitja Institute
Luci, M. & Di Rado, D. (2020) The Special Needs of Victims of Torture or Serious Violence: A Qualitative Research in EU, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18:4, 405-420, DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2019.1679938
Malchiodi, C. (2020.) Trauma and Expressive Arts Therapy: Brain, Body, and Imagination in the Healing Process, Guilford Publications
Okali, C. (2012) Gender Analysis: Engaging with Rural Development and Agricultural Policy Processes, FAC Working Paper 26, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium
Patel, L. & Hochfeld, T. (2011) It buys food but does it change gender relations? Child Support Grants in Soweto, South Africa, Gender and Development, 19 (2) 229-240, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB
Perry, B. (2021) On Relationships and Connectedness. The Carrolup Story. Accessed 14/11/22 from https://www.carrolup.info/on-relationships- and-connectedness-bruce-perry/
Ramugondo, E. (2015). Occupational Consciousness, Journal of Occupational Science, 22:4, 488-501
Reed, M., Graves, A.R., Norman, D., Posthumus, H. & K., Hubacek,. Morris, J. & P, Christina, Quinn, C., Stringer. (2009). Who's In and Why? a typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management. Journal of environmental management. 90. 1933-49. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001.
Reimann, C. & König, U. (2017) Collective Trauma and Resilience. Key Concepts in Transforming War-related Identities. Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series No. 11, edited by Beatrix Austin and Martina Fischer. Berlin: Berghof Foundation 2016
Rivera-Holguín, M., Cavero, V., Corveleyn, J. & De Haene, L. (2022) Chapter 4: Community supports after enforced disappearances in Peru, in Groupwork with Refugees and Survivors of Human Rights Abuses. Routledge. United Kingdom
Roggeband, C. & Verloo, M. (2006) Evaluating gender impact assessment in the Netherlands (1994–2004): a political process approach. Radboud Repository of the Radboud University, Nijmegen
Thompson, A., Cooper, M. & Pauli, R. (2017) Development of a therapists’ self-report measure of pluralistic thought and practice: the Therapy Pluralism Inventory, British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 45:5, 489-499, DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2017.1373745
Tickner, J & True, J. (2018) A Century of International Relations Feminism: From World War I Women's Peace Pragmatism to the Women, Peace and Security Agenda, International Studies Quarterly, Vol 62, Issue 2, Pages 221–233, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx091
van Eerdewijk, A. & Davids, T. (2014) ESCAPING THE MYTHICAL BEAST: GENDER MAINSTREAMING RECONCEPTUALISED. Journal of International Development, 26: 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2947
Yount, K.M., VanderEnde, K.E., Dodell, S. et al. (2016) Measurement of Women’s Agency in Egypt: A National Validation Study. Social Indicators Research, 128, 1171–1192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1074-7
Yount, K (2017) A Framework for Measuring Women’s Empowerment at multiple levels. Research program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. CGIAR. Accessed 21/3/23 from https://a4nh.cgiar.org/2017/05/01/a-framework-for-measuring-womens-empowerment-at-multiple-levels/
Wallerstein N (2006). What is the evidence on effectiveness of empowerment to improve health? Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report
Warren, H. (2007) Using gender-analysis frameworks: theoretical and practical reflections, Gender & Development, 15 (2) 187 – 198, DOI: 10.1080/13552070701391847
Wheildon, L. J., True, J., Flynn, A., & Wild, A. (2022). The Batty Effect: Victim-Survivors and Domestic and Family Violence Policy Change. Violence Against Women, 28(6–7), 1684–1707. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012211024266
Whiteside, M., Komla, T., Yvonne, C., & Janya, M. (2014). Promoting Aboriginal Health. Switzerland. Springer International Publishing.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Torture Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
We accept that some authors (e.g. government employees in some countries) are unable to transfer copyright. The Creative Commons Licence Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) covers both the Torture Journal and the IRCT web site. The publisher will not put any limitation on the personal freedom of the author to use material contained in the paper in other works which may be published, provided that acknowledgement is made to the original place of publication.