Debility, dependency and dread: On the conceptual and evidentiary dimensions of psychological torture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i2.106908Keywords:
torture, human rights, psychological torture, physical torture, pain, interrogation techniquesAbstract
Background: Psychological torture is deployed to break and obliterate human resistance, spirit and personality, but it is rarely afforded sufficient attention. Deficiencies in conceptualising, documenting and adjudicating non-physical torture mean that it is frequently left undetected and uncontested by the public, media and the courts, bolstering impunity for its perpetrators. A review of the current literature to map conceptual and evidentiary shortcomings from an inter-disciplinary perspective is therefore warranted.
Method: The relevant texts were identified through a systematic full-text search of databases, namely HeinOnline, HUDOC, UNODS and DIGNITY´s Documentation Centre, with the keywords `psychological torture´, `mental pain and suffering´, `severity´, `humiliation´, `interrogation techniques´, and `torture methods´. The identified texts, limited to English-language journal articles, NGO reports, court-cases and UN documents from 1950 to date, were then selected for relevance pertaining to conceptual, evidentiary, technological and ethical critique provided therein.
Results/Discussion: Evidential invisibility, subjectivity of the suffering, and perceived technological control are the primary ways in which psychological torture methods are designed, and how they manage to evade prosecution and consequently be perpetuated. Cognisant of the need for further research, pertinent questions highlighting the need to develop approaches, sharpen standards and use a medical/psychological/legal interdisciplinary approach are suggested.
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Başoğlu, M., & Mineka, S. (1992). The role of uncontrollable and impredictable stress in postraumatic stress responses in torture survivors. In: Başoğlu M. (Ed.). (1992). Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 182-225).New York: Cambridge University Press.
Burgers, J.H, & Danelius, H. (1988). The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Dordrecht-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff.
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Evans, M.D. (2002). ‘Getting to Grips with Torture’. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51(2), 365-383.. https://doi.org/10.1093/ iclq/51.2.365
Evans, M.D. & Morgan, R. (1998). Preventing Torture: A Study of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York : Oxford University Press.
Farber, I.E., Harlow, H.F. & West, L.J. (1957). Brainwashing, conditioning, and DDD (debility, dependency, and dread). Sociometry, 20, 271-285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2785980
Freedom from Torture. (2015). “Proving” Torture: An ever-rising bar for medical evidence? Conference October 2015.
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Grant, M. J. (2013). The illogical logic of music torture. Torture, 23(2), 4–13.
Hauff, E. (1994). The Phenomenology of Torture. In Lavik, N.J., Nygaard, N., Sveaass & E. Fannemel (eds.). (1994). Pain and Survival: Human Rights Violations in Mental Health. (pp.19-28). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
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Khan, A. (2010). Faith-Based Torture. Global Dialogue, 12(1-2). https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.1504754
Lewis, N. A. (2005). Interrogators cite doctors’ aid at Guantánamo. New York Times, 24 June 2005.
Luban, D., & Shue, H. (2012). Mental torture: A critique of erasures in U.S. law. The Georgetown Law Journal, 100, 823–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/ cbo9781107279698.011
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Nordgren, L., McDonnell M., & Loewenstein G. (2011). What Constitutes Torture? Psychological Impediments to an Objective Evaluation of Enhanced Interrogation Tactics. Psychological Science, 22(5), 689–694. https://doi. org/10.1177/0956797611405679
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Nowak, M. & McArthur, E. (2006). The Distinction between Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment. Torture, 16(3), 147-151.
Nowak, M. (2006). What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN Standards. Human Rights Quarterly, 28(4), 809-841. https://doi. org/10.1353/hrq.2006.0050
O’Mara, S. (2015). Why Torture Doesn’t Work: The Neuroscience of Interrogation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ojeda, A. (ed). (2008). The Trauma of Psychological Torture. Connecticut and London: Praeger.
Organization of American States (OAS). (1985). Inter- American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture. 9 December 1985, OAS Treaty Series, No. 67.
Papaeti, A. (2013). Music, Torture, Testimony: Reopening the Case of the Greek Military Junta (1967-1974). In: Grant M.J., Papaeti, A., (eds.). (2013). The world of music: Music and Torture, Music and Punishment 2(1). 67-89.
Pérez-Sales, P. (2017). Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315616940 Pérez-Sales, P., et al. (2016). Incommunicado detention and torture in Spain, Part III: ‘Five days is enough’: the concept of torturing environments. Torture, 26(3), 21-33.
Pérez-Sales, P, Martínez-Alés, G, Gonzalez Rubio, R. (2018). Beyond torture checklists. Reliability and Construct Validity of the Torturing Environment Scale (TES). Conflict and Health (submitted/personal communication).
Pictet, J. (ed.). (1958). The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary, Vol. IV, Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
Physicians for Human Rights. (PHR). (2005). Break them Down: Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by US Forces.
Physicians for Human Rights and Human Rights First. (2007). Leave No Marks: “Enhanced” interrogation techniques and the risk of criminality.
Pope, K.S., Gutheil, T.G. (2009). Psychologists abandon the Nuremberg ethic: Concerns for detainee interrogations. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijlp.2009.02.005
Posner, R. (2004). Torture, Terrorism and Interrogation. In: Levinson, S. (ed.). (2004). Torture: A Collection (pp.291-298). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rejali, D. (2003). Modern Torture as a Civic Marker: Solving a Global Anxiety with a New Political Technology. Journal of Human Rights, 2(2), 153-171. https://doi. org/10.1080/1475483032000078152
Rejali, D. (2007). Torture and Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi. org/10.1515/9781400830879
Reyes, H. & Başoğlu, M. (2017). Control as a Defining Characteristic of Torture. In Başoğlu, M. (2017). Torture and Its Definition in International Law: An Interdisciplinary Approach (pp. 49-59). New York: Oxford University Press. Reyes, H. (2007). The worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture. International Review of the Red Cross, 89(867), 591–617. https://doi. org/10.1017/s1816383107001300
Rouillard, L-P. (2005). Misinterpreting the Prohibition on Torture Under International Law: The Office of Legal Counsel Memorandum. American University International Law Review, 21(9), 9-41.
Scarry, E. (1986). The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sifris, R. (2013). Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights: Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture. London: Routledge. https:// doi.org/10.4324/9780203074749
Soldz, S. (2010). Psychologists Defy Torture: The Challenge and the Path Ahead. In: Harris, A. & Botticelli, S. (eds.). (2010). First do no harm: the paradoxical encounters of psychoanalysis, warmaking, and resistance (pp. 67-106). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203885192
Soldz, S. (2011). Fighting Torture and Psychologist Complicity. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 23(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/104026 59.2011.548240
Spielmann, D. (2012). Variations on an Original Theme: Music and Human Rights. In: Casadevall, J. (ed.). (2012). Freedom of Expression: Essays in Honour of Nicolas Bratza (pp. 363-381) Oisterwijk: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Spjut, R. (1979). Torture Under the European Convention on Human Rights. American Journal of International Law, 73(2), 267-272. doi:10.1017/ S000293000010764X
Stover, E., Koenig, K.A., & Fletcher, L.E.. (2017). The Cumulative Effect. In: Başoğlu, M. (2017). Torture and Its Definition in International Law: An Interdisciplinary Approach (pp. 375-407). New York: Oxford University Press.
Suedfeld, P. (ed.). (1990). Psychology and Torture. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
Sveaass, N. (1994). The Organized Destruction of Meaning. In: Lavik, N.J., Nygaard, N., Sveaass & E. Fannemel (eds.). (1994). Pain and Survival: Human Rights Violations in Mental Health (pp. 43- 65). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Sveaass, N. (2008). Destroying Minds: Psychological Pain and the Crime of Torture. New York City Law Review, 11(2), 303-324.
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Published
2018-08-01
How to Cite
Cakal, E. (2018). Debility, dependency and dread: On the conceptual and evidentiary dimensions of psychological torture. Torture Journal, 28(2), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i2.106908
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Review articles
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