Bomben og bæredygtigheden

Om atomalderens betydning for forståelsen af menneske og natur

Forfattere

  • Rens van Munster DIIS
  • Casper Sylvest SDU

Nøgleord:

Den kolde krig, Atomalder, Bæredygtighed, natur

Resumé

I sin kerne henviser bæredygtighed til økonomisk, social og politisk udvikling, hvor naturens eller planetens evne til at regenerere sig selv ikke overvældes af mødet med intensiveret menneskelig aktivitet. Industrialiseringen har stået centralt i diskussionen af forholdet mellem menneske og natur – enten som frelser eller skurk. I dette bidrag skitserer vi en supplerende genealogi, der udvider forståelsen af bæredygtighed som fænomen og prioritet. Vi forskyder fokus fra produktionsmidlerne i retning af destruktionsmidlerne og særligt atomvåbenteknologien, der dominerede den Kolde Krig. Analysen fremhæver teknologiens indirekte og ikke-intenderede politiske effekter. Vi viser, hvordan kernevåben har påvirket miljøhistorien og været med til at forme ideen om bæredygtighed.

Centralt i denne historie står viden om planetens grundlæggende dynamikker og en orientering mod globale fremtider. Vi følger udvidelsen af viden(skab), rum og tid på tre forbundne områder: samspillet mellem militarisering og opbygning af viden om jordens geofysiske processer, politiseringen af videnskabelig usikkerhed og risici forbundet med radioaktivitet samt intellektuelle og anti-atomvåbenbevægelsers gradvise bevægelse mod et mere ”økocentrisk” verdenssyn. De faktorer bidrog til en orientering mod fremtiden centreret om planetens skrøbelighed og krav om forsigtighed i menneskets omgang med naturen. De udgør ofte oversete, men centrale elementer i et moderne, mangetydigt og til tider udflydende bæredygtighedsbegreb.

Forfatterbiografier

Rens van Munster, DIIS

PH.D., SENIORFORSKER

Casper Sylvest, SDU

Lektor

Referencer

Publiceret materiale:

Bargheer, Stefan: “Apocalypse Adjourned: The Rise and Decline of Cold War Environmentalism in Germany”, Environmental politics 27 (6), 2018, 973-93.

Brundtland-kommissionen: Vores fælles fremtid. København: FN-forbundet og Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke, 1987.

Buns, Melina Antonia: “Marching Activists: Transnational Lessons for Danish Anti-Nuclear Protest”, Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia, no. 18. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/7918.

Burkett, Jodi: “The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and changing attitudes towards the Earth in the nuclear age”, The British Journal for the History of Science 45 (4), 2012, 625-639.

Caradonna, Jeremy L.: Sustainability: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Carson, Rachel: Det tavse forår. København: Gyldendal, 1963 [1962].

Cittadino, Eugene: “Barry Commoner and Paul Sears on Project Chariot: Epiphany, Ecology and the Atomic Energy Commission”, Isis 109 (4), 2018, 720-743.

Danielsen, Oluf: Atomkraften under pres – Dansk debat om atomkraft 1974-85 Roskilde: Roskilde Universitetsforlag, 2006.

Doel, Ronald E., Kristine C. Harper og Matthias Heymann (red.): Exploring Greenland: Cold War Science and Technology on Ice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

Doel, Ronald E., Kristine C. Harper og Matthias Heymann: “Introduction: Exploring Greenland’s Secrets: Science, Technology, Diplomacy, and Cold War Planning in Global Contexts”. I Ronald E. Doel , Kristine C. Harper og Matthias Heymann (red.): Exploring Greenland: Cold War Science and Technology on Ice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, 1-22.

Doel, Ronald E.: “Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences: The Military’s Influence on the Environmental Sciences in the USA after 1945”, Social Studies of Science 33 (5), 2003, 635-66.

Dunaway, Finis: “Dr. Spock Is Worried: Visual Media and the Emotional History of American Environmentalism”. I Marguerite S. Shaffer og Phoebe S.K. Young (red.): Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, 138-161.

Edwards, Paul N.: A Vast Machine. Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2011.

Edwards, Paul N.: “Entangled Histories: Climate Science and Nuclear Weapons Research”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 68, 2012, 28-40.

Ehrlich, Paul: The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968.

Eriksen, Marie Dyekjær: ”Inge Lehmann - Kvinden der opdagede Jordens kerne”, n.d., tilgængelig på https://www.nbi.ku.dk/hhh/inge/lehmann/ (14.04.2021).

Fowler, John M. (red.): Fallout. A Study of Superbombs, Strontium 90, and Survival. New York: Basic Books, 1960.

Guha, Ramachandra: “Lewis Mumford, the Forgotten Environmentalist: An Essay in Rehabilitation”. I D. Macauley (red.): Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology. New York: Guilford Press, 1996, 209-228.

Hamblin, Jacob Darwin: Poison in the Well Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2008.

Hamblin, Jacob Darwin: Arming Mother Nature: The Birth of Catastrophic Environmentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Hecht, Gabrielle: “Introduction”. I Gabrielle Hecht (red.): Entangled Geographies. Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 1-12.

Heidenblad, David Larsson: Den gröna vendingen: En ny kundskapshistorie om miljögrågornas genombrott under efterkrigstiden. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2021.

Hewlett, Richard G. og Jack M. Holl: Atoms for Peace and War, 1953-1960. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Heymann, Matthias, Henrik Knudsen, Maiken L. Lolck, Henry Nielsen, Kristian H. Nielsen og Christopher J. Ries: “Exploring Greenland: Science and Technology in Cold War Settings”, Scientia Canadensis 33 (2), 2010, 11-42.

Hougaard, Asger, John Holten-Andersen, Mads Kjærgaard Lange og Palle Bendsen (red.): Miljøbevægelsens rødder - en antologi. København: NOAHs Forlag, 2019.

Hunt, Erin: “Sustaining Destruction: Nuclear Weapons and the Sustainable Development Goals”, 20. december 2020, tilgængelig på https://impakter.com/sustaining-destruction-nuclear-weapons-sustainable-development-goals/ (12.04.2021).

Jacobsen, Anne Lif Lund: “Danish Seismic Research in Relation to American Nuclear Detection Efforts”. I Ronald E. Doel , Kristine C. Harper og Matthias Heymann (red.): Exploring Greenland: Cold War Science and Technology on Ice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, 167-91.

Jamison, Andrew, Ron Eyerman, Jacqueline Cramer og Jeppe Læssøe: The Making of the New Environmental Consciousness. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.

Kampagnen mod Atomvåben: Tør De passivt se fremtiden i øjnene. København: KmA, 1962.

Knudsen, Henrik: Videnskabens mand. Fysiologen, formidleren og forskningsaktivisten Poul Brandt-Rehberg. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2010.

Kraft, Alison, Holger Nehring og Carola Sachse (red.): The Pugwash Conferences and the Global Cold War: Scientists, Transnational Networks, and the Complexity of Nuclear Histories. Special issue, Journal of Cold War Studies 20 (1), 2018.

Linnér, Björn-Ola og Henrik Selin: “Geopolitics and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment”. I Eva Lövbrand og Malin Mobjörk (red.): Anthropocene (In)Securities: Reflections on Collective Survival 50 Years After the Stockholm Conference. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, 19-33.

Lolck, Maiken: Klima, kold krig og iskerner. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2006.

Lutts, Ralph H.: “Chemical Fallout: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, Radioactive Fallout and the Environmental Movement”, Environmental Review 9 (3), 1985, 210-25.

Masco, Joseph P.: Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhatten Project in Post-Cold War New Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Masco, Joseph P.: “Bad Weather: On Planetary Crisis”, Social Studies of Science 40 (1), 2010, 7-40.

McNeish, Wallace: “From Revelation to Revolution: Apocalyptism in Green Politics”, Environmental Politics 26 (6), 2017, 1035-1054.

Mumford, Lewis: “Prospect”. I W.L. Thomas, Jr. (red.), i samarbejde med C.O. Sauer, M. Bates og L. Mumford: Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956, 1141-52.

Munster, Rens van og Casper Sylvest: “Pro-Nuclear Environmentalism: Should We Learn to Stop Worrying and Love Nuclear Energy?”, Technology and Culture 56 (4), 2015, 789-811.

Munster, Rens van og Casper Sylvest: Nuclear Realism: Global Political Thought during the Thermonuclear Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

Munster, Rens van og Casper Sylvest: ”The Thermonuclear Revolution and the Politics of Imagination: Realist Radicalism in Political Theory and IR”, International Relations, 32 (3), 2018, 255-74.

Munster, Rens van og Casper Sylvest: ”¬¬Nuclear Weapons, Extinction and the Anthropocene: Rea¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ppraising Jonathan Schell”, Review of International Studies, 2021, doi: 10.1017/S0260210521000061.

Munster, Rens van og Casper Sylvest (red.): The Politics of Globality since 1945: Assembling the Planet. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

Nehring, Holger: “National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957–1964”, Contemporary European History 14 (4), 2005, 559-582.

Nielsen, Aske Hennelund: Dansk atomkultur fra 1945 til 1963: Forestillinger om atomenergiens praktiske anvendelse i efterkrigstidens Danmark, ph.d.-afhandling, SDU, 2020.

Nielsen, Henry og Kristian Hvidtfelt Nielsen: Camp Century: Koldkrigsbyen under Grønlands indlandsis. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2017.

Nielsen, Pernille Leander: Kampagnen mod Atomvåbens fortællinger og retoriske strategier, 1960-1967, upubliceret specialeafhandling, Institut for Historie, SDU, 2020.

NOAH: Nogle oplysninger om den jord vi sammen lever på. København: NOAH, 2020. Tilgængelig på https://noah.dk/materialer/nogle-oplysninger-om-den-jord-vi-sammen-lever-paa (29.04.2021).

Olesen, Thorsten Borring og Poul Villaume: I blokopdelingens tegn 1945-1972. København: Gyldendal, 2005.

Petersen, Nikolaj: ”The Iceman that Never Came: ’Project Iceworm’, the Search for a NATO Deterrent, and Denmark, 1960-1962”, Scandinavian Journal of History 33 (1), 2008, 75-98, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750701449554

Poole, Robert: Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

Purvis, Ben, Yong Mao og Darren Robinson: “Three Pillars of Sustainability: In Search of Conceptual Origins”, Sustainability Science 14, 2019, 681-695.

Rasmussen, Søren Hein: Sære alliancer. Politiske bevægelser i efterkrigstidens Danmark. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag, 1997.

Rasmussen, Søren Hein: ”Kampagnen mod Atomvåben og andre protestbevægelser i 1960’ernes første halvdel", Den Jyske Historiker, 101, 2003, 34-49.

Rome, Adam: “‘Give Earth a Chance’: The Environmental Movement and the Sixties”, The Journal of American History 90, 2003, 525-54.

Rothchild, Rachel: “Environmental Awareness in the Atomic Age: Radioecologists and Nuclear Technology”, Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 43 (4), 2013, 492-530.

Russell, Edmund: War and Nature. Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Scheffran, Jürgen: ”The entwined Cold War Roots of Missile Defense and Climate Geoengineering”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75 (5), 2019, 222-28.

Schell, Jonathan: Jordens skæbne. København: Gyldendal, 1982.

Schell, Jonathan: “Nature and Value”. I A. Bilgrami (red.): Nature and Value. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020, 1-12.

Sylvest, Casper: “Nuclear Fallout as Risk: Denmark and the Thermonuclear Revolution”. I J. Östling, N. Olsen og D. L. Heidenblad (red.): Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia: Actors, Arenas and Aspirations. London: Routledge, 2018, 21-38

Sylvest, Casper: Atomfrygt. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2022.

UN Office for Disarmament Affairs: Securing our Common Future. New York: UN, 2018. Tilgængelig på https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/sg-disarmament-agenda-pubs-page.pdf#view=Fit (12.04.2021).

Walker, J. Samuel: Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000

Warde, Paul, Libby Robin og Sverker Sörlin: Environment: A History of the Idea. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.

Weart, Spencer R.: The Rise of Nuclear Fear. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

Whitehurst, J.R.: “Diagnosing the Nation: Scientists, Mothers, and Physicians Confront Nuclear Testing and Civil Defense Through Medical Activism, 1958–1963”, Peace & Change, 46, 2021, 35–51.

Wittner, Lawrence S.: The Struggle Against the Bomb, 3. bd. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993-2003.

Wood, Linda Sargent: A More Perfect Union: Holistic Worldviews and the Transformation of American Culture after World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Worster, Donald: Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Downloads

Publiceret

2022-06-17

Citation/Eksport

Munster, R. van, & Sylvest, C. (2022). Bomben og bæredygtigheden: Om atomalderens betydning for forståelsen af menneske og natur. Temp - Tidsskrift for Historie, 12(24), 111–130. Hentet fra https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/view/132962