Occupy Wall Street:
En bevægelse og dens intellekt(uelle)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i73.107236Keywords:
social movements, activism, USA, collective intelligence, intellectualsAbstract
This article traces the various forms and roles of intellectuals and intellectualism in the Occupy Wall Street protest camp in Zuccotti Park in New York in 2011 while simultaneously serving as an introduction to the movement. It shows how the movement was formed by a range of intellectual ideas, both in terms of the political questions it posed and the tactics it employed. It also shows how Occupy affected the intellectual and political climate insofar as it became a phenomenon that everyone with an interest in public debate (and space!) had to take a stand on. The article argues that Occupy, with its experiment in alternative social and democratic structures, was an exercise in a form of organic and collective intelligence that attempted to guide American society in a more democratic and equal direction. By way of conclusion, the article discusses the aftermath of the protest camp and the effects of the movement.
References
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Gitlin, T. (2012). Occupy Nation: The Roots, the Spirit, and the Promise of Occupy Wall Street. New York, NY: It Books.
Goodman, A. & Moynihan, D. (2012). The Silenced Majority: Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
Graeber, D. (2013). The Democracy Project: a History, a Crisis, a Movement. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.
Graeber, D. (2009). Direct Action: An Ethnography. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Gramsci, A. (1991 [1929-1935]). Fængselsoptegnelser: I udvalg, Bind 1, oversat af Gert Sørensen. Købehavn: Museum Tusculanums Forlag.
Greif, M. (2011). Drumming in Circles. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 55-62). London & New York, NY: Verso.
Hardt, M. & Negri, A. (2012). Declaration. New York, NY: Argo Navis.
Herring, C. & Glück, Z. (2011). The Homeless Question. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 163-169). London & New York, NY: Verso.
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Humphrys, E. (2013). Organic Intellectuals in the Australian Global Justice Movement: The Weight of 9/11. I C. Barker, L. Cox, J. Krinsky & A. G. Nilsen (red.), Marxism and Social Movements (s. 357-375). Leiden & Boston, MA: Brill.
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Pickerill, J. & Krinsky, J. (red.). (2012). Social Movement Studies, 11(3-4), Special Issue: Occupy!.
Piven, F. F. (2012). Is Occupy Over?. I K. Khatib, M. Killjoy & M. McGuire (red.), We Are Many: Reflections on Movement Strategy From Occupy to Liberation (s. 373-379). Oakland, CA, Edinburgh & Baltimore, MD: AK Press.
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Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. New York, NY & London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Students for a Democratic Society. (1962). The Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society. Hentet fra http://www.lsa.umich.edu/phs/resources/porthuronstatementfulltext
Taibbi, M. (2011, 12. oktober). My Advice to the Occupy Wall Street Protester. Rolling Stone. Hentet fra http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/my-advice-to-the-occupy-wall-street-protesters-20111012
Tarrow, S. (2005). The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, A. (2012a [2011], 5. januar). Occupy and Space. n+1. Hentet fra https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/occupy/occupy-and-space/
Taylor, A. (2012b, 5. september). Occupy 2.0: Strike Debt. The Nation. Hentet fra http://www.thenation.com/article/169760/occupy-20-strike-debt
Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy. (2011-13). 1-4. Hentet fra http://tidalmag.org/
Writers for the 99%. (2011). Occupying Wall Street: The Inside Story of an Action that Changed America. New York, NY & London: O/R Books.
Žižek, S. (2011). Don’t fall in love with yourself. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 66-69). London & New York, NY: Verso.
Žižek, S. (2012). The Year of Dreaming Dangerously. London & New York, NY: Verso.
Altman, R. (2012, 21. marts). No more inaction on income inequality. Financial Times. Hentet fra http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/14edd8fc-71c4-11e1-b853-00144feab49a.html
Badiou, A. (2012). The Rebirth of History: Times of Riots and Uprisings. London & New York, NY: Verso.
Bhattacharyya, A. (2011, 25. oktober). Wall Street Clash. Socialist Worker. Hentet fra http://socialistworker.co.uk/art/26002/Wall+Street+Clash
Berrett, D. (2011, 16. oktober). Intellectual Roots of Wall St. Protest Lie in Academe. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/
Boggs, C. (1977). Marxism, Prefigurative Communism, and the Problem of Workers’ Control. Radical America, 11(6), 99-122. Hentet fra http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1125404123276662.pdf
Brown, P. & Lauder, H. (2001). Capitalism and Social Progress: The Future of Society in a Global Economy. Basingstoke & New York, NY: Palgrave.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, NY & Abingdon: Routledge.
Butler, J. (2011). Bodies in Public. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 192-194). London & New York, NY: Verso.
Butler, J. & Athanasiou, A. (2013). Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge & Malden, MA: Polity.
Byrne, J. (red.). (2012). The Occupy Handbook. New York, NY, Boston, MA & London: Back Bay Books.
Chomsky, N. (2012a). Making the Future: Occupations, Interventions, Empire and Resistance. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Chomsky, N. (2012b). Occupy. London: Penguin Books.
Chomsky, N. (2012c). Power Systems: Conversations with David Barsamian on Global Democratic Uprisings and the New Challenges to U.S. Empire. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.
Coscarelli, J. (2013, 17. september). Occupy Wall Street Is Very Skeptical of Bill de Blasio. New York Magazine. Hentet fra http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/09/bill-de-blasio-occupy-wall-street-candidate.html
Colvin, N. & Wargalla, K. (2011, 23. oktober). What we’re really doing at St Paul’s. Guardian. Hentet fra http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/oct/23/way-forward-99-occupy-london.
Dean, J., Martel, J. & Panagia, D. (red.) (2011). Theory & Event, 14(4), Supplement.
Dean, J. (2012). The Communist Horizon. London & New York, NY: Verso.
Demby, N. (2011, 21. december). A Message Entangled With Its Form. Adbusters. Hentet fra https://www.adbusters.org/magazine/99/message-entangled-its-form.html
Douzinas, C. (2014, 1. marts). Welcome to the age of resistance. openDemocracy. Hentet fra http://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/costas-douzinas/welcome-to-age-of-resistance
Feigenbaum, A., Frenzel, F. & McCurdy, P. (2013). Protest Camps. London & New York, NY: Zed Books.
Feuer, A. (2012, 9. november). Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief. New York Times. Hentet fra http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Financial Times. (2011, 27. december). Capitalism is dead; long live capitalism. Financial Times. Hentet fra http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2dd6f264-2d6c-11e1-b985-00144feabdc0.html
Foreign Policy. (2013). David Graeber and James C. Scott. Foreign Policy. Hentet fra http://www.foreignpolicy.com/2013_global_thinkers/public/graeber
Frank, T. (2012). To The Precinct Station. The Baffler. Hentet fra http://www.thebaffler.com/past/to_the_precinct_station
Freeman, J. (2013 [1970]). The Tyranny of Structurelessness. WSQ: Women’s Studies Quarterly, 41(3-4), 231-246. doi:10.1353/wsq.2013.0072
Gamson, W. A. & Sifry, M. L. (red.). (2013). The Sociological Quarterly, 54(2), Special Section: The #Occupy Movement.
Gitlin, T. (2012). Occupy Nation: The Roots, the Spirit, and the Promise of Occupy Wall Street. New York, NY: It Books.
Goodman, A. & Moynihan, D. (2012). The Silenced Majority: Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
Graeber, D. (2013). The Democracy Project: a History, a Crisis, a Movement. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.
Graeber, D. (2009). Direct Action: An Ethnography. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Gramsci, A. (1991 [1929-1935]). Fængselsoptegnelser: I udvalg, Bind 1, oversat af Gert Sørensen. Købehavn: Museum Tusculanums Forlag.
Greif, M. (2011). Drumming in Circles. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 55-62). London & New York, NY: Verso.
Hardt, M. & Negri, A. (2012). Declaration. New York, NY: Argo Navis.
Herring, C. & Glück, Z. (2011). The Homeless Question. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 163-169). London & New York, NY: Verso.
Holland, J. (2011, 25. oktober). The Stunning Victory That Occupy Has Already Achieved. AlterNet. Hentet fra http://www.alternet.org/story/152860/the_stunning_victory_that_occupy_wall_street_has_already_achieved
Humphrys, E. (2013). Organic Intellectuals in the Australian Global Justice Movement: The Weight of 9/11. I C. Barker, L. Cox, J. Krinsky & A. G. Nilsen (red.), Marxism and Social Movements (s. 357-375). Leiden & Boston, MA: Brill.
Jacobs, S. P. (2011, 24. oktober). Warren Takes Credit for Occupy Wall Street. The Daily Beast. Hentet fra http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/24/elizabeth-warren-i-created-occupy-wall-street.html
Jaleel, R. (2013). Into the Storm: Occupy Sandy and the New Sociality of Debt. Is This What Democracy Looks Like?. Hentet fra http://what-democracy-looks-like.com/into-the-storm-occupy-sandy-and-the-new-sociality-of-debt/
Jeffries, S. (2011, 15. juli). A life in writing: Slavoj Žižek. Guardian. Hentet fra http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/jul/15/slavoj-zizek-interview-life-writing
Krugman, P. (2012). End This Depression Now!. New York, NY & London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Letterman, D. (2011, 12. oktober). Late Show with David Letterman. CBS.
Mason, P. (2013 [2012]). Why It’s Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. London & New York, NY: Verso.
McCreesh, S. (2016, 31. januar). ‘March for Bernie’ Is an Occupy Wall Street Homecoming. Rolling Stone. Hentet fra http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/march-for-bernie-is-an-occupy-wall-street-homecoming-20160131
New York City General Assembly (2012 [2011]). Erklæring om besættelse af New York City. I S. v. Gelder (red.), Vi er de 99%: Occupy Wall Street bevægelsen, oversat af Joachim Wrang (s. 60-63). København: Tiderne Skifter.
The Occupied Wall Street Journal. (2011-2012). 1-6. Hentet fra http://occupiedmedia.us/
Pavgi, K. (2011). The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers. Foreign Policy. Hentet fra http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers
Pickerill, J. & Krinsky, J. (red.). (2012). Social Movement Studies, 11(3-4), Special Issue: Occupy!.
Piven, F. F. (2012). Is Occupy Over?. I K. Khatib, M. Killjoy & M. McGuire (red.), We Are Many: Reflections on Movement Strategy From Occupy to Liberation (s. 373-379). Oakland, CA, Edinburgh & Baltimore, MD: AK Press.
Sanburn, J. (2013, 30. juli). Fast Food Strikes: Unable to Unionize, Wokers Borrow Tactics From ‘Occupy’. TIME. Hentet fra http://business.time.com/2013/07/30/fast-food-strikes-unable-to-unionize-workers-borrow-tactics-from-occupy/
Seltzer, S. (2011). Occupy Our Homes: From the Streets to Foreclosed Homes, OWS Finds a New Frontier. AlterNet. Hentet fra http://www.alternet.org/story/153318/occupy_our_homes%3A_from_the_streets_to_foreclosed_homes%2C_ows_finds_a_new_frontier?paging=off¤t_page=1#bookmark
Sitrin, M. A. (2012). Everyday Revolutions: Horizontalism and Autonomy in Argentina. London & New York, NY: Zed Books.
Slater, D. (red.). (2013). The British Journal of Sociology, 64(1), 2013 BJS Debate.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2011). Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%. Vanity Affair. Hentet fra http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105
Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. New York, NY & London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Students for a Democratic Society. (1962). The Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society. Hentet fra http://www.lsa.umich.edu/phs/resources/porthuronstatementfulltext
Taibbi, M. (2011, 12. oktober). My Advice to the Occupy Wall Street Protester. Rolling Stone. Hentet fra http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/my-advice-to-the-occupy-wall-street-protesters-20111012
Tarrow, S. (2005). The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, A. (2012a [2011], 5. januar). Occupy and Space. n+1. Hentet fra https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/occupy/occupy-and-space/
Taylor, A. (2012b, 5. september). Occupy 2.0: Strike Debt. The Nation. Hentet fra http://www.thenation.com/article/169760/occupy-20-strike-debt
Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy. (2011-13). 1-4. Hentet fra http://tidalmag.org/
Writers for the 99%. (2011). Occupying Wall Street: The Inside Story of an Action that Changed America. New York, NY & London: O/R Books.
Žižek, S. (2011). Don’t fall in love with yourself. I A. Taylor, K. Gessen et al. (red.), Occupy! Scenes from Occupied America (s. 66-69). London & New York, NY: Verso.
Žižek, S. (2012). The Year of Dreaming Dangerously. London & New York, NY: Verso.
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Published
2018-08-15
How to Cite
Risager, B. S. (2018). Occupy Wall Street:: En bevægelse og dens intellekt(uelle). Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, (73), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i73.107236
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