Strukturel diskrimination, benægtelse og intention

Forfattere

  • Mira C. Skadegård

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/politica.v55i4.141356

Nøgleord:

strukturel diskrimination, mikrodiskrimination, hverdagsdiskrimination, diskriminationsbenægtelse, intention, menneskerettigheder

Resumé

Selvom diskrimination findes i mange former og stort set i alle sociale kontekster, vækker emnet et vist ubehag og benægtelse. Feltet vanskeliggøres af et lavt fagligt kendskab til emnet, hvilket forhindrer effektive løsninger. Desuden kan det synes vanskeligt for mange, der ikke selv mærker eller berøres negativt af diskrimination, at få øje på udfordringens relevans. Bevægelser som #MeToo og BLM har dog skabt en øget nysgerrighed og interesse om feltet. Denne artikel omhandler strukturel diskrimination, hvilket forstås som diskrimination indlejret i strukturer, traditioner, normer og fælles opfattelser. Strukturel diskrimination har omfattende konsekvenser og omkostninger for samfundet. Øget viden om (og opmærksomhed på) strukturel diskrimination og relaterede udfordringer kan derfor bidrage til mere forståelse såvel som effektive politiske og sociale tiltag og strategier, der berør diskriminationsudfordringer.

Referencer

Ahmed, Sara (2010). Killing joy: Feminism and the history of happiness. Signs 35 (3): 571-594.

Allport, Gordon W. (1958). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday Anchor.

Andreassen, Rikke (2014). The Nordic discomfort with race. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 4 (1): 42-44.

Appiah, K. Anthony (2000). Stereotypes and the shaping of identity. California Law Review 88 (1): 41-53.

Banton, Michael (2003). International action against racial discrimination. Oxford: Claredon Press Oxford.

Bell, Derrick and Erin Edmonds (1993). Students as teachers, teachers as learners. Michigan Law Review 91 (8): 2025-2052.

Berlingske (2020). Dansk Folkeparti og Nye Borgerlige uenige om racisme i Danmark, 22. juni.

Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.

Blaagaard, Bolette (2010) Remembering Nordic colonialism: Danish cultural memory in journalistic practice. KULT 7: 101-121.

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2010). Racism without racists, color-blind racism and racial inequality in contemporary America. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Butler, Judith (1990). Gender trouble. New York: Routledge.

Collins, Patricia H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender and the new racism. New York: Routledge.

Crenshaw, Kimberle (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241-1299.

Crump, David (1998). Evidence, race, intent, and evil: the paradox of purposelessness in the constitutional racial discrimination cases. Hofstra Law Review 27 (2): Article 2.

Crump, David (2010). What does intent mean. Hofstra Law Review 38 (4): Article 2.

Danbolt, Mathias og Lene Myong (2019). Racial turns and returns: Recalibrations of racial exceptionalism in Danish public debates on racism, pp. 39-61 i Peter Hervik (red.), Racialization, racism, and anti-racism in the Nordic countries. New York: Springer.

Delgado, Richard og Jean Stefancic (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.

Dikötter, Frank (1998). Race culture: Recent perspectives on the history of eugenics. The American Historical Review 103 (2): 467-478.

Dovidio, John F., Kerry Kawakami og Samuel L. Gaertner (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (1): 62-68.

Drouard, Alain (1999). Concerning eugenics in Scandinavia: An evaluation of recent research and publications. Population: An English Selection 11: 261-270.

Essed, Philomena (1991). Understandnig everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

Fanon, Frantz (1967). Black skin, white masks. London: Pluto Press.

Feagin, Joe R. (1977). Indirect institutionalized discrimination. American Politics Research 5 (2): 177-200.

Feagin, Joe R. og Douglas L. Eckberg (1980). Discrimination: Motivation, action, effects, and context. Annual Review of Sociology 6: 1-20.

Flagg, Barbara J. (1993). “Was blind, but now I see”: White race consciousness and the requirement of discriminatory intent. Michigan Law Review 91 (5): 953-1017.

FN (1965). International convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (2022) CERD/C/DNK/CO/22-24.

Gerards, Janneke (2013). The discrimination grounds of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Human Rights Law Review 13 (1): 99-124.

Gullestad, Marianne (2006). Plausible prejudice: Everyday experiences and social images of nation, culture, and race. New York: Columbia University Press.

Hill, Robert B. (1988). Structural discrimination: The unintended consequences of institutional processes, pp. 353-375 i Hubert J. O’Gorman (red.), Surveying social life: Papers in honor of Herbert H. Hyman. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.

Hill, Robert B. (1989). Economic forces, structural discrimination and black family instability. The Review of Black Political Economy 17 (3): 5-23.

Horst, Christian (2017). På ulige fod – etniske minoritetsbørn som et skoleeksempel. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Institut for Menneskerettigheder (2007). Effektiv beskyttelse mod diskrimination – om retlige og faktiske tiltag. Udredning nr. 5. København: Institut For Menneskerettigheder.

Jensen, Mads Langballe, Gloria Agyemang og Cheryl R. Lehman (2021). Accountabilities, invisibilities and silences in a Danish slave trading company on the Gold Coast in the early 18th century. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 77.

Jensen, Tina G., Kristina Weibel og Kathrine Vitus (2017). “There is no racism here”: Public discourses on racism, immigrants and integration in Denmark. Patterns of Prejudice 51 (1): 51-68.

Johnson, Stephen (2012). Burnt cork: Traditions and legacies of blackface minstrelsy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Justesen, Pia (2003). Racisme og diskrimination – Danmark og menneskerettighederne. København: Akademisk Forlag.

Kamali, Masoud (2009). Racial discrimination: Institutional patterns and politics. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.

Khawaja, Iram (2001). Minoritetsbarnet i den danske folkeskole: En kvalitativ undersøgelse af positionerings- og andetgørelsestendenser i den dansk folkeskole. Psyke & Logos 22 (1): 244-272.

Lawrence, Charles R. (1995). The id, the ego, and equal protection: Reckoning with unconscious racism, pp. 236-257 i Kimberlé Crenshaw (red.), Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York: The New Press.

Li, Jin Hui and Ahrong Yang (2022). Racialisering, pp. 109-124 i Karen Liebing Madsen, Janne Jørgensen og Jacob Graack-Larsen (red.), Normkritik i pædagogisk praksis. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper (2006). The badness of discrimination. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 9: 167-185.

Lott, Eric (1992). Love and theft: The racial unconscious of blackface minstrelsy. Representations 39: 23-50.

Macpherson of Cluny, William (1999). The Stephen Lawrence inquiry: Report of an inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny. Cm 4262-I.

Meron, Theodor (1985). The meaning and reach of the international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. The American Journal of International Law 79 (2): 283-318 .

Morisson, Toni (1992). Playing in the dark: Whiteness and the literary imagination. New York: Vintage.

OXY (2022). Aflyst Pyrus-ritual pissede Danmark af - og viser, hvorfor vi holder hånden over krænkende kulturarv.

Phoenix, Ann (2006). Interrogating intersectionality: Productive ways of theorising multiple positioning. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning 2-3: 21-30.

Pincus, Fred L. (1996). Discrimination comes in many forms: Individual, institutional, and structural. The American Behavioral Scientist 40 (2): 186-194.

Radio4 (2022). Flødebolle fra Alletiders Julemand undrer sig over anklager om blackface, 25. november.

Rodrigues, Lia P. (2011). Danishness, Nordic amnesia and immigrant museums. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 9 (4): 23-33.

Roll-Hansen, Nils (1989). Geneticists and the eugenics movement in Scandinavia. The British Journal for the History of Science 22 (3): 335-346. Genetics, Eugenics and Evolution: A Special Issue in Commemoration of Bernard Norton (1945-1984).

Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage.

Saxton, Alexander (1975). Blackface minstrelsy and Jacksonian ideology. American Quarterly 27 (1): 3-28

Skadegård, Mira C. (2017). With friends like these, who needs enemies? Journal of Nordic Migration Research 7 (4): 214-223.

Skadegård, Mira C. (2018). The space between: A study of structural discrimination in Danish contexts. København: Aalborg Universitet.

Skadegård, Mira C. (2022). Slipping and sliding: Wielding power with slippery constructions of Danishness. Journal of Critical Mixed-Race Studies 1 (2): 158-180.

Spivak, Gayatri C. (1988). In other worlds: Essays in cultural politics. New York: Routledge.

Stawski, Scott A. (2018). Denmark’s veiled role in slavery in the Americas: The impact of the Danish West Indies on the transatlantic slave trade. Harvard University Dissertations Publishing.

Sue, Derald W. (2010). Microaggressions and marginality, manifestation, dynamics, and impact. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Taylor, Yuval og Jake Austen (2012). Darkest America: Black minstrelsy from slavery to hip-hop. New York: W. Norton Publishers.

Thompson, Ayanna (2021). Blackface. London: Bloomsbury Press.

van Dijk, Teun (1991). Racism and the press. London: Routledge.

van Dijk, Teun (1992). Discourse and the denial of racism. Discourse and Society 3 (1): 87-118.

Vandenhoul, Wouter (2005). Non-discrimination and equality in the view of the UN human rights treaty bodies. Cambridge: Intersentia Publishers.

Williams, Robin M. (1988). Racial attitudes and behaviour, pp. 331-352 i Hubert J. O’Gorman (red.), Surveying social life, papers in honor of Herbert H. Hyman. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.

Downloads

Publiceret

2023-11-01

Citation/Eksport

Skadegård, M. C. (2023). Strukturel diskrimination, benægtelse og intention . Politica, 55(4), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.7146/politica.v55i4.141356