Aktivistisk med forbehold? Danmark, EU og den amerikanske verdensorden

Forfattere

  • Anders Wivel

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/politica.v49i4.131237

Resumé

I hvilken grad og hvordan kan dansk europapolitik tolkes som aktivistisk? Dansk europapolitik er karakteriseret ved stor kontinuitet med en kombination af pragmatisk interessevaretagelse og forsøg på dagsordensættende indflydelsesmaksimering på udvalgte værdipolitiske områder. Samtidig er europapolitikken overraskende aktivistisk i betydningen en strategisk, selvstændig og dristig politik, der aktivt sigter mod at fremme danske interesser via politiske og diplomatiske kanaler. Med udgangspunkt i en neoklassisk realistisk forklaringsmodel viser artiklen, hvordan dansk europapolitik formes i samspil mellem en liberal global orden med USA som dagsordensættende for Danmarks sikkerhedspolitiske stabilitet, en forhandlet og institutionaliseret europæisk orden, hvor magtpolitikken føres med diplomatiske fremfor militære midler, og en dansk liberal-egalitær europapolitisk kultur, der udgør den prisme, som reflekterer de globale og europæiske incitamenter. Dansk europapolitik formuleres af danske beslutningstagere som en nødvendighedens politik, men dette udelukker ikke en aktivisme, der ofte fremstår som dristig i sin udfordring af den dominerende tysk-franske forståelse af EU’s betydning og fremtid.

Referencer

Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (2014a). Opting Out of the European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (2014b). Justice and home affairs: Denmark as an active differential European, pp. 65-79 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Arter, David (2000). Small state influence within the EU: The case of Finland’s Northern Dimension Initiative. Journal of Common Market Studies 38 (5): 677-697.

Bailes, Alyson J. K. og Baldur Thorhallsson (2013). Instrumentalizing the European Union in small state strategies. Journal of European Integration 35 (2): 99-115.

Branner, Hans (2000). Options and goals in Danish European policy since 1945: Explaining small state behavior and foreign policy change, pp. 333-380 i Hans Branner og Morten Kelstrup (red.), Denmark’s Policy Towards Europe after 1945: History, Theory and Options. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.

Branner, Hans og Morten Kelstrup (red.), (2000). Denmark’s Policy towards Europe after 1945: History, Theory and Options. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.

Breitenbauch, Henrik og Anders Wivel (2004). Understanding national IR disciplines outside the United States: Political culture and the construction of international relations in Denmark. Journal of International Relations and Development 7 (4): 414-443.

Brooks, Stephen G. og William C. Wohlforth (2015/16). The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China’s rise and the fate of America’s global position. International Security 40 (3): 7-53.

Browning, Christopher S. (2007). Branding Nordicity: Models, identity and the decline of exceptionalism. Cooperation and Conflict 42 (1): 27-51.

Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Polity.

DIIS (2008). De danske forbehold over for den Europæiske Union: Udviklingen siden 2000. København: Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier.

Due-Nielsen, Carsten, og Nikolaj Petersen (1995). Denmark’s foreign policy since 1967: An introduction, pp. 11-54 i Carsten Due-Nielsen og Nikolaj Petersen (red.), Adaptation and Activism. København: DJØF Forlag.

Elbjørn, Kasper og Anders Wivel (2006). Forståelsesbrevet, pp. 367-385 i David Gress og Kasper Elbjørn (red.), 20 begivenheder der skabte Danmark. København: Gyldendal.

Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe (2004). Fodfejl. København: Gyldendal.

Europa-Kommissionen (2017). Hvidbog om Europas fremtid. Bruxelles: Den Europæiske Union. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/hvidbog_om_europas_fremtid_da.pdf (11. april, 2017).

Fox, Annette Baker (1959). The Power of Small States Diplomacy in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Friis, Lykke (1998). EU enlargement and the Luxembourg Summit: a case study in agenda setting, pp. 56-77 i Anders Wivel (red.), Explaining European Integration. København: Forlaget Politiske Studier.

Grieco, Joseph M. (1990). Cooperation among Nations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Grøn, Caroline Howard og Natalia Anna Rogaczewska (2013). Smart stat på afveje? Dansk EU-diplomati mellem indenrigspolitik og europæiske stormagter. Samfundsøkonomen 2: 25-31.

Grøn, Caroline and Anders Wivel (2011). Maximizing influence in the European Union after the Lisbon Treaty: From small state policy to smart state strategy. Journal of European Integration 33 (5): 523-539.

Hansen, Birthe (2011). Unipolarity and World Politics: A Theory and Its Implications. London: Routledge.

Hansen, Lene (2001). Sustaining sovereignty: the Danish approach to Europe, pp. 50-87 i Lene Hansen og Ole Wæver (red.), European Integration and National Identity: The Challenge of the Nordic States. London: Routledge.

Holm, Hans-Henrik (2002). Danish foreign policy activism: The rise and decline, pp. 19-45 i Bertel Heurlin og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2002. København: Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier.

Hækkerup, Per (1965). Dansk Udenrigspolitik. København: Fremad.

Ingebritsen, Christine (1998). The Nordic States and European Unity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Jakobsen, Peter Viggo (2009). Small states, big influence: The overlooked Nordic influence on the civilian ESDP. Journal of Common Market Studies 47 (1): 81-102.

Joffe, Josef (1984). Europe’s American pacifier. Foreign Policy (54): 64-82.

Kelstrup, Morten (1993). Small states and European political integration: Reflections on theories and strategies, pp. 136-162 i Teija Tiilikainen og Ib Damgaard Petersen (red.), The Nordic Countries and the EC. København: Forlaget Politiske Studier.

Kelstrup, Morten (2014). Denmark’s relation to the European Union: a history of dualism and pragmatism, pp. 14-29 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Kelstrup, Morten, Dorte Sindbjerg Martinsen og Marlene Wind (2017). Europa i forandring. En grundbog om EU’s politiske og retlige system. 3. udgave. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Knudsen, Tim (2006). Fra enevælde til folkestyre. København: Akademisk Forlag.

Larsen, Henrik (2005). Analysing the Foreign Policy of Small States in the EU: The Case of Denmark. Houndmills: Palgrave.

Larsen, Henrik (2017). Teorier om dansk udenrigspolitik efter den kolde krig. København: Hans Reitzel.

Lundestad, Geir (1998). Empire by Integration: The United States and European Integration, 1945-1997. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Løvold, Andreas (2004). Småstatsproblematikken i internasjonal politikk. Internasjonal Politikk 62 (1): 7-31.

Marcussen, Martin (2013). EU-forbeholdene og det danske mulighedsrum i verden. Politica 45 (4): 400-418.

Marcussen, Martin (2014). Denmark and the Euro opt-out, pp. 47-64 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Mearsheimer, John J. (2010). Why is Europe peaceful today? European Political Science 9 (3): 387-397.

Miles, Lee, og Anders Wivel (red.) (2014a). Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Miles, Lee og Anders Wivel (2014b). A smart state handling a differentiated integration dilemma? Concluding on Denmark and the European Union, pp. 228-238 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Mouritzen, Hans (1993). The two musterknaben and the naughty boy: Sweden, Finland and Denmark in the process of European integration. Cooperation and Conflict 28 (4): 373-402.

Mouritzen, Hans (1997). External Danger and Democracy: Old Nordic Lessons and New European Challenges. Aldershot: Dartmouth.

Mouritzen, Hans og Anders Wivel (2012). Explaining Foreign Policy: International Diplomacy and the Russo-Georgian War. Boulder: Lynne Rienner

Mouritzen, Hans og Anders Wivel (2013). Udenrigspolitikkens missing link: krigen i Georgien og den glemte geopolitik, pp. 15-18 i Carsten Jensen (red.), Politologisk Årbog 2012-13. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Neumann, Iver B. og Sieglinde Gstöhl (2006). Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver’s world?, pp. 3-36 i Christine Ingebritsen, Iver B. Neumann, Sieglinde Gstöhl og Jessica Beyer (red.), Small States in International Relations. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Nye, Joseph S. (2002). The Paradox of American Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Olesen, Thorsten Borring (2006). I det europæiske venteværelse, pp. 449-503 i Thorsten Borring Olesen og Poul Villaume (red.), I blokopdelingens tegn 1945-1972. Dansk Udenrigspolitiks Historie 5. København: Gyldendal.

Olsen, Gorm Rye (2011). How strong is Europeanisation, really? The Danish defence administration and the opt-out from the European security and defence policy. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 12 (1): 13-28.

Panke, Diana (2010). Small States in the European Union: Coping with Structural Disadvantages. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Panke, Diana (2015). Small states in EU decision-making: How can they be effective?, pp. 59-72 i Michael Keating og Harald Baldersheim (red.), Small States in the Modern World. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Parker, Noel (2002). Differentiating, collaborating, outdoing: Nordic identity and marginality in the contemporary world. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 9 (3): 355-381.

Pedersen, Rasmus Brun (2012a). Fra aktiv internationalisme til international aktivisme: Udvikling og tendenser i dansk udenrigspolitisk aktivisme. Politica 44 (1): 111-130.

Pedersen, Rasmus Brun (2012b). Danish foreign policy activism: Differences in kind or degree? Cooperation and Conflict 47 (3): 331-349.

Pedersen, Rasmus Brun (2014). Denmark and the Council of Ministers, pp. 95-108 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Pedersen, Rasmus Brun og Karen Gram-Skjoldager (2015). International aktivisme i dansk udenrigspolitik 2001-2009. En tværfaglig forskningsstatus. Historisk Tidsskrift 115 (1): 163-188.

Pedersen, Rasmus Brun og Jens Ringsmose (2017). Aktivisme i dansk udenrigspolitik: FN, NATO, EU og Norden. Politica 49 (4): 339-357.

Petersen, Nikolaj (1998). National strategies in the integration dilemma: An adaptation approach. Journal of Common Market Studies 36 (1): 33-54.

Petersen, Nikolaj (2005). Danmark som international aktør 705-2005. Politica 37 (1): 44-59.

Rasmussen, Anders Fogh (2003). Dansk europapolitik efter formandskabet. Statsminister Anders Fogh Rasmussen tale i Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier, 15. januar 2003, http://www.stm.dk/_p_7410.html (12. april, 2017).

Rathbun, Brian (2008). A rose by any other name: Neoclassical realism as the logical and necessary extension of structural realism. Security Studies 17 (2): 294-321.

Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro og Steven E. Lobell (2016). Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rosato, Sebastian (2011). Europe United: Power Politics and the Making of the European Community. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Rose, Gideon (1998). Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics 51 (1): 144-172.

Rüdiger, Mogens (1995). Denmark and the European Community 1967-198, pp. 163-188 i Carsten Due-Nielsen og Nikolaj Petersen (red.), Adaptation and Activism. København: DJØF Forlag.

Schouenborg, Laust (2013). The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815-2010. London: Routledge.

Sørensen, Catharina (2017). Hvidbog legitimerer et EU i flere hastigheder. Kronik. Politiken, 6. marts.

Sørensen, Catharina og Anders Wivel (2017). Danmark efter Brexit: Business as usual eller en ny begyndelse for dansk europapolitik? Internasjonal Politikk 75 (2): 117-130.

Thorhallsson, Baldur (2000). The Role of Small States in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Thorhallsson, Baldur (2014). The outsiders: Norway and Iceland, pp. 32-49 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Thorhallsson, Baldur (2018). Iceland: The dominant party in thrall to its past discourse, pp. 103-127 i Malin Stegmann McCallion og Alex Brianson (red.), Nordic States and European Integration: Awkward Partners in the North? Houndsmills: Palgrave.

Thorhallsson, Baldur and Anders Wivel (2006). Small states in the European Union: What do we know and what would we like to know? Cambridge Review of International Affairs 19 (4): 651-668.

Unwin, Peter (1996). Baltic Approaches. Norwich: Michael Russell.

Wallace, William (1999). Small European states and European policy-making: Strategies, roles, possibilities, pp. 11-26 i William Wallace et al., Between Autonomy and Influence: Small States and the European Union, Arena Report No. 1/99. Oslo: Arena.

Wivel, Anders (2005). Explaining why state X made a certain move last Tuesday: The promise and limitations of realist foreign policy analysis. Journal of International Relations and Development 8 (4): 355-380.

Wivel, Anders (2008). Balancing against threats or bandwagoning with power? Europe and the transatlantic relationship after the Cold War. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21 (3): 289-305.

Wivel, Anders (2013). From peacemaker to warmonger? Explaining Denmark’s great power politics. Swiss Political Science Review 19 (3): 298-321.

Wivel, Anders (2014). A pace-setter out of sync? Danish foreign, security and defence policy and the European Union, pp. 80-94 i Lee Miles og Anders Wivel (red.), Denmark and the European Union. London: Routledge.

Wivel, Anders (2018). As awkward as they need to be: Denmark’s pragmatic activist approach to Europe, pp. 13-34 i Malin Stegmann McCallion og Alex Brianson (red.), Nordic States and European Integration: Awkward Partners in the North? Houndsmills: Palgrave.

Wivel, Anders og Peter Nedergaard (2018). Introduction: Scandinavian politics between myth and reality, pp. 1-10 i Peter Nedergaard og Anders Wivel (red.), The Routledge Handbook of Scandinavian Politics. London: Routledge.

Wohlforth, William C. (1999). The stability of a unipolar world. International Security 24 (1): 5-41.

Wæver, Ole (1992). Nordic nostalgia: Northern Europe after the Cold War. International Affairs 68 (1): 77–102.

Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Danish national identity: Between multinational heritage and small state nationalism, pp. 139-184 i Hans Branner og Morten Kelstrup (red.), Denmark’s Policy Towards Europe After 1945: History, Theory and Options. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.

Downloads

Publiceret

2017-11-01

Citation/Eksport

Wivel, A. (2017). Aktivistisk med forbehold? Danmark, EU og den amerikanske verdensorden. Politica, 49(4). https://doi.org/10.7146/politica.v49i4.131237