Aktivismen med de nordiske “brødre”: forsigtig spiren efter lang tids tørke?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politica.v49i4.131231Resumé
Dansk aktivisme i nordisk kontekst har ikke haft nemme kår siden den kolde krigs afslutning. Fra at have udgjort et centralt udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitisk supplement til Danmarks hovedlinje som NATO-medlem under den kolde krig, blev det nordiske, efter den kolde krigs afslutning, i stigende grad nedprioriteret på både det politisk-militære, det politisk-diplomatiske og det økonomiske område. Udviklingen de seneste år tyder imidlertid på en forsigtig ny spiren i nordisk aktivisme. Dette skyldes dels succes inden for pragmatiske samarbejder, fx i NORDEFCO, dels diffunderingen af nordiske idealer til lidt bredere kredse inden for fx Nordic Plus eller inden for EU. Forskellige nationale præferencer på flere politikområder såvel som NATO- og EU-skel udgør dog stadig centrale begrænsninger.
Referencer
Archer, Clive og Pertti Joenniemi (2016). Nordic security and defence cooperation, i Johan Strang (red.), Nordic Political and Economic Cooperation: Context, History and Outlook. London og New York: Routledge.
Associated Press (2016). Obama to world: Be more like the Nordics. Daily Mail, 13. maj. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3588454/Obama-welcome-Nordic-leaders-White-House.html (26. februar, 2017).
Bach, Christian Friis, Thorsten Borring Olesen, Sune Kaur-Pedersen og Jan Pedersen (2008). Idealer og realiteter: Dansk udviklingspolitisk historie 1945-2005. København: Gyldendal.
Bailes, Alyson og Carolina Sandö (2014). Nordic Cooperation on Civil Security: the ‘Haga’ Process 2009-2014. Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) og Centre for Small State Studies, Institute of International Affairs.
Branner, Hans (2000). Options and goals in Danish European policy since 1945: Explaining small state behavior and foreign policy change, pp. 333-380 i Hans Branner og Morten Kelstrup (red.), Denmark’s Policy towards Europe Since 1945. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.
Branner, Hans (2013). Denmark between Venus and Mars: How great a change in Danish foreign policy?, pp. 134-166 i Nanna Hvidt og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2013. København: DIIS.
Breitenbauch, Henrik Ø., Kristian Søby Kristensen, Gary John Schaub Jr., Andre Ken Jakobsson og Mark Winther (2017). Options for Enhancing Nordic–Baltic Defence and Security Cooperation: An Explorative Survey. CMS Report. København: Københavns Universitet.
Browning, Christopher S. (2007). Branding nordicity: Models, identity and the decline of exceptionalism. Cooperation and Conflict 42 (1): 27-51.
DIIS og Udenrigsministeriet (2013). The Foreign Ministry of the Future: The Copenhagen Conference 16-17 September 2013. Conference Report. København: DIIS og Udenrigsministeriet.
DR (2017). Nordiske statsministre i klimaappel til Trump: Tænk på børnene. DR.dk, 1. juni. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/nordiske-statsministre-i-klimaappel-til-trump-taenk-paa-boernene (18. september, 2017).
Due-Nielsen, Carsten og Nikolaj Petersen (1995). Adaptation & Activism. The Foreign Policy of Denmark 1967-1993. København: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets forlag.
Elgström, Ole og Sarah Delputte (2016). An end to Nordic exceptionalism? Europeanisation and Nordic development policies. European Politics and Society 17 (1): 28-41.
Engh, Sunniva og Helge Pharo (2009). Nordic cooperation in providing development aid, i Norbert Götz og Heidi Haggrén (red.), Regional Cooperation and International Organizations: The Nordic Model in Transnational Alignment. Abingdon og New York: Routledge.
Folketinget (2013). B 29 Forslag til folketingsbeslutning om dansk bidrag til FN’s og OPCW’s mission i Syrien. 10. december 2013. Samling 2013-14. http://www.ft.dk/samling/20131/beslutningsforslag/b29/beh1-30/forhandling.htm?startItem=-1#alleindlaeg (23. september, 2017).
Forsberg, Tuomas (2013). The rise of Nordic defence cooperation: a return to regionalism? International affairs 89 (5): 1161-1181.
Forss, Stefan og Pekka Holopainen (2015). Breaking the Nordic defense deadlock. Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College Press. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=762871 (23. september, 2017).
Haglund, Carl, Ine Eriksen Søreide, Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson, Peter Hultqvist og Nicolai Wammen (2015). Aftenposten, 9. april. http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/Fem-nordiske-ministre-i-felles-kronikk-Russisk-propaganda-bidrar-til-a-sa-splid-43390b.html (23. september, 2017).
Hansen, Birthe (2011). Unipolarity and World Politics: A Theory and Its Implications. New York: Routledge.
Harris, Gardiner (2016). Obama warms up to Nordic leaders. NYTimes 13. maj. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/14/world/europe/obama-warms-to-nordic-heads-of-state.html (26. februar, 2017).
Heurlin, Bertel (1998). Denmark’s security policy in the Baltic Sea area after the Cold War, i Gunnar Arteus og Bertel Heurlin (red.), German and Danish Security Policies towards the Baltic Sea Area 1945 until Present. København: DUPI.
Heurlin, Bertel (2004). Riget, magten og militæret: Dansk forsvars- og sikkerhedspolitik under forsvarskommissionerne af 1988 og 1997. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Holm, Hans-Henrik (2002). Danish foreign policy activism: The rise and decline, pp. 19-45 i Bertel Heurlin og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2002. København: DUPI.
Hækkerup, Per (1965). Danmarks udenrigspolitik. København: Fremad.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo (2000). Denmark at war: Turning point or business as usual?, pp. 61-85 i Bertel Heurlin og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2000. København: DUPI.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo (2006a). Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making? Abingdon: Routledge.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo (2006b). The Nordic peacekeeping model: Rise, fall, resurgence? International Peacekeeping 13 (3): 381-395.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo (2009). Small states, big influence: The overlooked Nordic influence on the civilian ESDP. Journal of Common Market Studies 47 (1): 81-102.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo (2018). The United Nations and the Nordic four: Cautious sceptics, committed believers, cost-benefit calculations, kapitel 22 i Peter Nedergaard og Anders Wivel (red.), The Routledge Handbook of Scandinavian Politics. London & New York: Routledge.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo og Karsten Møller (2012). Good news: Libya and the Danish way of war, pp. 106-130 i Nanna Hvidt og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2012. København: DIIS.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo og Peter Dahl Thruelsen (2011). Clear, hold, train: Denmark’s military operations in Helmand 2006-2011, pp. 78-105 i Nanna Hvidt og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2011. København: DIIS.
Kissinger, Henry (1972). Memorandum for the Secretary of State. 21. januar (Nixon Presidential Library. Nixon Presidential Materials Staff. National Security Council (NSC) Files. Country Files – Europe. Denmark Vol. 1 to Finland Vol. 1 Box 673).
Kjærgaard, Steen (2017). Sikkerhed i Østersøregionen kræver samarbejde: Valget af Trump udfordrer Danmarks sikkerhedspolitiske linje. DIIS Policy Brief. København: DIIS.
Laatikainen, Katie Verlin (2003). Norden’s eclipse: The impact of the European Union’s common foreign and security policy on the Nordic Group in the United Nations. Cooperation and Conflict 38 (4): 409-441.
Larsen, Thomas (2016). Obama ruller den røde løber ud for Løkke til nordisk bunkebryllup. Berlingske, 12. maj http://www.b.dk/politiko/obama-ruller-den-roede-loeber-ud-for-loekke-til-nordisk-bunkebryllup (24. september, 2017).
Lederman, Josh (2013). In Sweden, Obama to showcase common global goals on way to G-20. Washington Times, 3. september. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/4/sweden-obama-showcase-common-global-goals/ (26. februar, 2017).
Musiał, Kazimierz (2009). Reconstructing Nordic significance in Europe on the threshold of the 21st century. Scandinavian Journal of History 34 (3): 286-306.
Mouritzen, Hans (2007). Denmark’s super Atlanticism. Journal of Transatlantic Studies 5 (2): 155-167.
NATO (2013). NATO and partners to conduct air-defence flying training over Iceland. 20. august. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_102465.htm?selectedLocale=en (10. april, 2017).
Norske regering (2011). Den nordiske solidaritetserklæringen. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/ud/vedlegg/nordisk-samarbeid/den_nordiske_solidaritetserklaeringen.pdf (23. september, 2017).
Norske regering (2016). Fakta om Norges militære bidrag i kampen mot terrorisme og voldelig ekstremisme. 2. maj https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/nytt-bidrag/id2499023/ (27. februar, 2017).
Odén, Bertil (2011). The Africa policies of Nordic countries and the erosion of the Nordic aid model: a comparative study. Discussion Paper 55. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Olesen, Mikkel Runge og Kristoffer Tarp (2015). Mere kontinuitet kan styrke nordisk forsvarssamarbejde: NORDEFCO nu og i fremtiden. DIIS Policy Brief. København: DIIS.
Olesen, Mikkel Runge og Anders Wivel (2015). Hvad blev der af den klassiske Kold Krigs-aktivisme? Politik 18 (4): 14-24.
Pedersen, Rasmus Brun (2012). Danish foreign policy activism: Differences in kind or degree? Cooperation and Conflict 47 (3): 331-349.
Pedersen, Rasmus Brun og Jens Ringsmose (2017). Aktivisme i dansk udenrigspolitik: FN, NATO, EU og Norden. Politica 49 (4): 339-357.
Petersen, Nikolaj (2004). Europæisk og globalt engagement 1973-2006. Dansk Udenrigspolitiks Historie 6. København: Gyldendal.
Petersson, Magnus og Håkon Lunde Saxi (2013). Shifted roles: Explaining Danish and Norwegian alliance strategy 1949–2009. Journal of strategic Studies 36 (6): 761-788.
Rasmussen, Mikkel Vedby (2005). What’s the use of it? Danish strategic culture and the utility of armed forces. Cooperation & Conflict 40 (1): 67-89.
Reich, Oliver Kløvedal (2016). Dansk-svensk militæraftale skal skabe fælles front mod Rusland. Politiken, 14. januar. http://politiken.dk/udland/art5606412/Dansk-svensk-milit%C3%A6raftale-skal-skabe-f%C3%A6lles-front-mod-Rusland (25. juni, 2017).
Rogers, William Pierce (1972). Memorandum for the President. 14. januar. Nixon Presidential Library. Nixon Presidential Materials Staff. National Security Council (NSC) Files. Country Files – Europe. Denmark Vol. 1 to Finland Vol. 1 Box 673
Rûse, Ilze (2015). Nordic cooperation in the EU Council: Does institutional embeddedness matter?, i Caroline Howard Grøn, Peter Nedergaard og Anders Wivel (red.), The Nordic Countries and the European Union. London og New York: Routledge.
Rynning, Steen (2003). Denmark as a strategic actor? Danish security policy after 11 September, i Per Clausen og Hans Mouritzen (red.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2003. København: DIIS.
Saxi, Håkon Lunde (2011). Nordic Defence Cooperation after the Cold War, Oslo Files on Defence and Security no. 1. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies.
Saxi, Håkon Lunde (2016). Hvordan revitalisere NORDEFCO: En statusrapport og noen konkrete tiltak for å styrke samarbeidet i hverdage, i Mikkel Storm Jensen (red.), Nordisk forsvarssamarbejde 2016: Vilkår og muligheder. København: FAK.
Schouenborg, Laust (2013a). The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815-2010. Abingdon: Routledge.
Schouenborg, Laust (2013b). Nordisk diplomati: I det skandinaviske internationale samfunds tjeneste?, Samfundskøkonomen 2: 18-24
Selbervik, Hilde og Knut Nygaard (2006). Nordic Exceptionalism in Development Assistance? Aid Policies and the Major Donors: The Nordic Countries. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Stoltenberg, Thorvald (2009). Nordic Cooperation on Foreign and Security Policy, Proposals presented to the extraordinary meeting of Nordic foreign ministers in Oslo on 9 February 2009. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/ud/vedlegg/nordicreport.pdf (12. maj, 2017).
White House (2013). Joint Statement by Kingdom of Denmark, Republic of Finland, Republic of Iceland, Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden, and the United States of America. The White House of President Obama. 4. september https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/04/joint-statement-kingdom-denmark-republic-finland-republic-iceland-kingdo (27. februar, 2017).
White House (2016). U.S.-Nordic Leaders’ Summit Joint Statement. The White House of President Obama. 13. maj. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/04/joint-statement-kingdom-denmark-republic-finland-republic-iceland-kingdo (27. februar, 2017). https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/13/us-nordic-leaders-summit-joint-statement (26. februar, 2017).
Wivel, Anders (2013). Birds of a feather flying apart? Explaining Nordic dissonance in the (Post)-Unipolar world, i Ann-Sofie Dahl og Pauli Järvenpää (red.), Northern Security and Global Politics: Nordic-Baltic Strategic Influence in a Post-Unipolar World. London: Routledge.
Downloads
Publiceret
Citation/Eksport
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
LicensOphavsretten tilhører Politica. Materialet må ikke bruges eller distribueres i kommercielt øjemed.
