Forging a friction
The development of e-lending models and policy across Scandinavian public libraries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/njlis.v4i2.134039Keywords:
digital book, e-lending, publisher, friction, cultural policy, public libraryAbstract
The article explores the development of e-lending models for digital books (e-books and digital audiobooks) in public libraries from a comparative perspective, analysing cases in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Special attention is placed on the actors involved in developing e-lending models and the variations across Scandinavia. First, the legal prerequisites of digital books, licensing culture and policy context are linked. Next, the phenomenon of e-lending and e-lending models are introduced and discussed as a form of artificial friction. Then, based on a review of international and Scandinavian grey literature, the paper provides three chronological overviews of e-lending model development, seen as an interplay between publishers and public libraries. The comparison highlights the similarities between the three countries but also differences in preference for a particular e-lending model in involvement of policy actors, and in pace and character of the analysed processes. Differences are primarily attributed to variances in established collaboration practices between the identified actors of cultural policy, to already existing regulatory frameworks, and to the maturity of the digital book market.
References
Alipour-Hafezi, M., & Khedmatgozar, H. R. (2016). E-lending in digital libraries: a systematic review. Interlending & document supply, 44(3), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILDS-01-2016-0001
Ashcroft, L. (2011). Ebooks in libraries: an overview of the current situation. Library management, 32(6/7), 398-407. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435121111158547
Audunson, R., Aabø, S., Blomgren, R., Hobohm, H.-C., Jochumsen, H., Khosrowjerdi, M., Mumenthaler, R., Schuldt, K., Rasmussen, C. H., Rydbeck, K., Toth, M. t., & Vårheim, A. (2019). Public libraries as public sphere institutions: A comparative study of perceptions of the public library's role in six European countries. Journal of documentation, 75(6), 1396-1415. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-02-2019-0015
Bell, D., & Oakley, K. (2015). Cultural policy. Routledge.
Bergström, A., Höglund, L., Maceviciute, E., Nilsson, S. K., Wallin, B., & Wilson, T. (2017). Books on Screens: Players in the Swedish e-book market.
Chen, L., & King, R. C. (2017). To Lend is to Own: A Game Theoretic Analysis of the E-Book Lending Market. International journal of electronic commerce, 21(3), 334-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2016.1319214
Colbjørnsen, T. (2014). Rapport om prøveprosjekt med e bøker i innkjøpsordningen (PEI). https://www.kulturradet.no/documents/10157/6308f25c-77dd-45a4-8835-d94b66f10ce2
Colbjørnsen, T. (2015). The accidental avant-garde: Audiobook technologies and publishing strategies from cassette tapes to online streaming services. Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook, 13(1), 83-103. https://doi.org/10.1386/nl.13.1.83_1
Colbjørnsen, T. (2017). Åpenhet i det digitale bibliotek. In A. Anderson, C. Fagerlid, H. Larsen, & I. S. Straume (Eds.), Det åpne bibliotek. Forskningsbibliotek i endring. Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Eblida. (2022). First European Overview οn Elending in Public Libraries. http://www.eblida.org/News/2022/first-european-overview-elending-public-libraries.pdf
Espevik, T. (2021a, 09.10.2021). Får ikke gitt lyd fra seg. Klassekampen. https://klassekampen.no/utgave/2021-10-09/far-ikke-gitt-lyd-fra-seg
Espevik, T. (2021b, 12.10.2021). Roper ut om for lite lyd. Klassekampen. https://klassekampen.no/utgave/2021-10-12/roper-ut-om-for-lite-lyd
Farace, D., & Schöpfel, J. (2010). Grey Literature in Library and Information Studies (1. Aufl. ed.). Berlin/Boston: K. G. Saur. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783598441493
Giblin, R., Kennedy, J., Weatherall, K., Ian Gilbert, D., Thomas, J., & Petitjean, F. o. (2019). Available, but not accessible? Investigating publishers' e-lending licensing practices. Information research, 24(3).
Giblin, R., & Weatherall, K. (2015). At the Intersection of Public Service and the Market: Libraries and the Future of Lending. 26 Australian Intellectual Property Journal 4-26. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2647705
Giblin, R., & Weatherall, K. (2022). Taking Control of the Future: Towards Workable Elending. In J. Coates, V. Owen, & S. Reilly (Eds.), Navigating Copyright for Libraries. De Gruyter Saur. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110732009
Graham, G. (2014). The eBook Revolution: Policy Issues in a Changing Market. Dalhousie journal of interdisciplinary management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.5931/djim.v10i1.3800
Grøn, R., & Balling, G. (2016). Kampen om eReolen. Biblioteker, bogmarked og framing af det litterære kredsløb. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling, 5(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v5i3.25789
Have, I., & Pedersen, B. S. (2020). The audiobook circuit in digital publishing: Voicing the silent revolution. new media & society, 22 (3), 409-428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819863407
Hjarvard, S., & Helles, R. (2015). Going digital: Changing the game of Danish publishing. Northern Lights, 13(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1386/nl.13.1.49_1
Hylland, O. M. (2020). Negative Cultural Policy: Tools, Elements and Analytical Potential. Nordisk kulturpolitisk tidskrift, 23(2), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.2000-8325/2020-02-05
IFLA. (2014). IFLA eLending Background Paper. https://www.ifla.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/assets/clm/publications/ifla-background-paper-e-lending-en.pdf
Kulturstyrelsen. (2012). Rapport om e-bogens udvikling på folkebibliotekerne. Retrieved from https://docplayer.dk/2074057-Rapport-om-e-bogens-udvikling-paa-folkebibliotekerne.html
Kungliga Biblioteket. (2011). När kommer boomen? En kartläggning av e-boken i Sverige ur ett biblioteksperspektiv. Kungliga Biblioteket
Kungliga Biblioteket. (2012). Förstudie: Sammanhållet nationellt system för distribution av e-böcker till bibliotek. Kungliga Biblioteket
Mangset, P., & Hylland, O. M. (2017). Kulturpolitikk: organisering, legitimering og praksis. Universitetsforlaget.
Mezei, P. (2022). Copyright Exhaustion: Law and Policy in the United States and the European Union. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mount, D. (2014). A Review of Public Library E-Lending Models. https://www.kirjastot.fi/sites/default/files/content/Rapporten-Public-Library-e-Lending-Models.pdf
Mount, D. (2016). Research for Committee on Culture and Education - E-lending: Challenges and Opportunities. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2017)573453
Mulcahy, K. V. (2006). Cultural Policy: Definitions and Theoretical Approaches. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 35(4), 319-330. https://doi.org/10.3200/JAML.35.4.319-330
Nasjonalbiblioteket. (2012). Bibliotekene og e-bøker - en statusbeskrivelse. Retrieved from https://www.nb.no/nbdigital/nbblogg/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Statusnotat-e-b%C3%B8ker-feb-2012.pdf
Norsk kulturråd. (2009). E‐boka og innkjøpsordningene: statusrapport og vurderinger.
Perzanowski, A., & Schultz, J. (2016). The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10524.001.0001
Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The logic of comparative social inquiry. Wiley.
Ragin, C. C. (1987). The comparative method: moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. University of California Press.
Rambøll. (2015). Kulturdepartementet utredning om e-bøker og utlån i bibliotek. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/0d8914e29293412dbea9d976bde28732/rapport-om-utlan-av-e-boker-i-folkebibliotek.pdf
Rambøll. (2022). Evaluering av utlånsmodellene for e-bøker og e-lydbøker. https://bibliotekutvikling.no/content/uploads/2022/01/Evaluering-av-utlansordning-for-e-boker-2021-Rapport.pdf
Rentschler, R. (2002). The entrepreneurial arts leader : cultural policy, change and reinvention.
Rottböll, G., Gassilewski, J., & Wirtén, P. (2021, 25.09.2021). Digitaliseringen är på väg att stjälpa folkbiblioteken. Dagens Nyheter. https://www.dn.se/debatt/digitaliseringen-ar-pa-vag-att-stjalpa-folkbiblioteken/
Rydbeck, K., & Johnston, J. (2020). LAM institutions: a Cross-country Comparison of Legislation and Statistics on Services and Use. In (pp. 25-52). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110636628-002
Rønning, H., & Slaatta, T. (2012). Regional and National Structures in the Publishing Industry with Particular Reference to the Nordic Situation. Journal of Media Business Studies, 9(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2012.11073539
Sang, Y. (2017). The politics of ebooks. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 13, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.13.3.211_1
Sisto, M. C. (2022). Publishing and Library E-Lending: An Analysis of the Decade Before Covid-19. Publishing research quarterly, 38(2), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-022-09880-7
Svedjedal, J. (2012). Biblioteken och bokmarknaden – från folkskola till e-böcker (Rapport från Svenska Förläggareföreningen, Issue. https://www.forlaggare.se/vara-rapporter-0/biblioteken-och-bokmarknaden-fran-folkskola-till-e-bocker
Söderholm, J., & Nolin, J. (2015). Collections Redux: The Public Library as a Place of Community Borrowing. The Library quarterly (Chicago), 85(3), 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1086/681608
Thompson, J. B. (2021). Book wars: the digital revolution in publishing. Polity Press.
Waller, B. (2015). Digital utlåning på bibliotek världen över. En översikt. https://www.axiellmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bibliotek2015.pdf
Waller, B. (2022). Digitala böcker på bibliotek: Vadan, varför, varthän? https://regionbiblioteket.se/publicerat/digitala-bocker-pa-bibliotek-vadan-varfor-varthan/
Wallin, B. (2019). Selling and lending e-books. Changes in the Swedish literary field. Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås.
Weber, M., Giblin, R., Ding, Y., & Petitjean-Hèche, F. (2021). Exploring the circulation of digital audiobooks: Australian library lending 2006–2017. Information research, 26(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47989/irpaper899
Whitney, P., & de Castell, C. (2017). Trade eBooks in Libraries. The Changing Landscape (Vol. 172). De Gruyter Saur.
Widdersheim, M. M. (2015). E-books: Histories, trajectories, futures. First Monday, 20(6). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i6.5641
Worsøe-Schmidt, L. (2018). Nye aktører på det danske bokmarked. Litteratursociologiens udfordringer. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling, 7(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i1.105407
Worsøe-Schmidt, L. (2019). The e-book war in Denmark. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51 (I). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000616685641
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Maciej Liguzinski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
