Mobility and diet in Prehistoric Denmark: strontium isotope analysis and incremental stable isotope analysis of human remains from the Limfjord area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/dja.v9i0.116301Keywords:
Strontium isotopes, stable isotope analysis, mobility, Denmark, LimfjordAbstract
The Limfjord in Denmark held a prominent position throughout Prehistory as a natural communication port between east and west. Identifying the presence of non-local individuals might shed light on socio-economic and cultural changes occurring in the Limfjord area. Existing studies attempting to do so using strontium isotope analysis on Danish prehistoric remains focus on certain archaeological time periods and geographic locations, resulting in an uneven distribution of analysed material. This study aimed at filling a gap in the existing literature, both from a geographical as well as a chronological point of view. Additionally, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on bone and tooth dentine from these individuals was carried out to examine dietary changes between childhood and adulthood. The strontium isotope results revealed four non-local individuals, two from the Neolithic, one from the Early Roman Iron Age and one from the Germanic Iron/Viking Age. We conducted incremental stable isotope analysis of tooth dentine from the four non-local individuals to investigate the palaeodietary information in their dental records at a higher resolution and potentially pinpoint their age at the time of movement. The two Neolithic individuals revealed stable isotope ratios that might be indicative of stress.
References
Allentoft, M.E., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K.-G., Rasmussen, S., Rasmussen, M., Stenderup, J., Damgaard, P.B., Schroeder, H., Ahlström, T., Vinner, L., Malaspinas, A.-S., Margaryan, A., Higham, T., Chivall, D., Lynnerup, N., Harvig, L., Baron, J., Casa, P.D., Dąbrowski, P., Duffy, P.R., Ebel, A.V., Epimakhov, A., Frei, K., Furmanek, M., Gralak, T., Gromov, A., Gronkiewicz, S., Grupe, G., Hajdu, T., Jarysz, R., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kiss, V., Kolář, J., Kriiska, A., Lasak, I., Longhi, C., McGlynn, G., Merkevicius, A., Merkyte, I., Metspalu, M., Mkrtchyan, R., Moiseyev, V., Paja, L., Pálfi, G., Pokutta, D., Pospieszny, L., Price, T.D., Saag, L., Sablin, M., Shishlina, N., Smrčka, V., Soenov, V.I., Szeverényi, V., Tóoth, G., Trifanova, S.V., Varul, L., Vicze, M., Yepiskoposyan, L., Zhitenev, V., Orlando, L., Sicheritz-Pontén, T., Brunak, S., Nielsen, R., Kristiansen, K., Willerslev, E., 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature, 522, 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
AlQahtani, S.J., Hector, M.P., Liversidge, H.M., 2010. Brief communication: the London atlas of human tooth development and eruption. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 142, 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21258
Andersen, S.H., 2008. ‘Shell middens (“Køkkendmøddinger”): The Danish evidence’. In: A. Antczak, R. Cipriani, eds. Early human impact on megamolluscs. BAR International Series 1865, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Arthursson, M., 2015. ‘The long-house as a transforming agent. Emergent complexity in Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age southern Scandinavia 2300-1300 BC’. In: M.P. Prieto Martínez, L. Salanova, eds. The Bell Beaker transition in Europe. Mobility and local evolution during the third millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow books.
Ashby, S.P., Countu, A.N., Sindbæk, S.M., 2015. Urban networks and Arctic outlands: craft specialists and reindeer antler in Viking towns. European Journal of Archaeology, 0, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957115y.0000000003
Beaumont, J., Montgomery, J., 2016. The Great Irish Famine: identifying starvation in the tissues of victims using stable isotope analysis of bone and incremental dentine collagen. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0160065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160065
Beaumont, J., Montgomery, J., Buckberry, J., Jay, M., 2015. Infant mortality and isotopic complexity: new approaches to stress, maternal health, and weaning. American Journal of Physical Anthropological, 157 (3), 441-457. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22736
Beaumont, J., Gledhill, A., Lee-Thorp, J., Montgomery, J., 2013. Childhood Diet: A Closer Examination of the Evidence from Dental Tissues Using Stable Isotope Analysis of Incremental Human Dentine. Archaeometry, 55, 277-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22736
Bech, J-H., 2003. The Thy Archaeological Project. Results and reflections from a multinational archaeological project. In: Thrane, H., ed. Diachronic settlement studies in the Metal Ages. Højberg: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.
Bentley, R.A., 2006. Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological skeleton: a review. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 13, 135-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-006-9009-x
Bergerbrant, S., Kristiansen, K., Allentoft, M.E., Frei, K.M., Price, T.D., Sjögren, K.-G., Tornberg, A., 2017. ‘Identifying commoners in the Early Bronze Age: burials outside barrows’. In: S. Bergerbrant, A. Wessman, eds. New Perspectives on the Bronze Age. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology.
Birkedahl, P., Johansen, E., 2000. The eastern Limfjord in the Germanic Iron Age and the Viking period.Acta Archaeologica, 71, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0390.2000.d01-3.x
Bocherens, H., Brinkman, D.B., Dauphin, Y., Mariotti, A., 1994. Microstructural and geochemical investigations on Late Cretaceous archosaur teeth from Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31, 783-92. https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-071
Bronk Ramsey, C., Higham, T., Bowles, A., and Hedges, R., 2004, Improvements to the pretreatment of bone at Oxford. Radiocarbon, 46, 155-63. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039473
Brown, T.A., Nelson, D. E., Vogel, J. S., and Southon, J. R., 1988, Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon, 30, 171-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044118
Brudevold, F., Söremark, R., 1967. ‘Chemistry of the mineral phase of enamel’. In: A.E.W. Miles, ed.Structural and Chemical Organization of Teeth. London: Academic Press.
Burton, J.H., 2008. ‘Bone Chemistry and Trace Element Analysis’. In: M.A. Katzenberg, S. Saunders, eds. Biological Anthropology of the Human skeleton, 2nd edition. Hoboken: Wiley-Liss. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470245842.ch14
Cox, G., Sealy, J., 1997. Investigating identity and life histories: Isotopic analysis and historical documentation of slave skeletons found on the Cape Town Foreshore, South Africa. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 1, 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1027349115474
DeNiro, M.J., 1985. Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature, 317, 806-809. https://doi.org/10.1038/317806a0
DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90199-0
DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90244-1
Elliott, T.A., Grime, G.W., 1993. Examining the diagenetic alteration of human bone material from a range of archaeological burial sites using nuclear microscopy. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 77, 537-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(93)95592-s
Ericson, J.E., 1985. Strontium isotope characterization in the study of Prehistoric human ecology. Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 503-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80029-4
Eriksson, G., Frei, K. M., Howcroft, R., Gummesson, S., Molin, F., Lidén, K., Frei, R., Hallgren, F., 2018. Diet and mobility among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Motala (Sweden) – The isotope perspective. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17, 904-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.052
Fitzgerald, C.M., Rose, J.C., 2008. ‘Reading between the lines: dental development and subadult age assessment using microstructural growth markers of teeth’. In: M.A. Katzenberg, S. Saunders, eds. Biological Anthropology of the Human skeleton, 2nd edition. Hoboken: Wiley-Liss. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470245842.ch8
Fogel, M.L., Tuross, N., Owsley, D.W., 1989. Nitrogen isotope tracers of human lactation in modern and archaeological populations. Annual Report of the Director, Geophysical Laboratory, 1988-89. Washington DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 111-117.
Frei, K. M. 2013. Exploring the potential of the strontium isotope tracing system in Denmark. Danish Journal of Archaeology, 2, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2012.760889
Frei, K.M. and Frei, R., 2011. The geographic distribution of strontium isotopes in Danish surface waters – a base for provenance studies in archaeology, hydrology and agriculture. Applied Geochemistry, 26, 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.12.006
Frei, K.M. and Price, T.D., 2012. Strontium isotopes and human mobility in prehistoric Denmark. Archaeological and anthropological sciences, 4, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-011-0087-7
Frei, R., Frei, K. M., 2013. The geographic distribution of Sr isotopes from surface waters and soil extracts over the island of Bornholm (Denmark) – A base for provenance studies in archaeology and agriculture. Applied Geochemistry, 38, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.09.007
Frei, K. M., Pentz, P., Larsen, A.-C., 2014. What teeth have to say -about the Trelleborg Vikings (Tændernes tale -om Trelleborgs vikinger). Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark, 200-211.
Frei, K.M., Mannering, U., Kristiansen, K., Allentoft, M.E., Wilson, A.S., Skals, I., Tridico, S., Nosch, M.L., Willerslev E., Clarke, L., Frei, R., 2015a. Tracing the dynamic life history of a Bronze Age Female. Scientific reports, 5, 10431. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10431
Frei, K. M., Mannering, U., Price, T. D., Iversen, R. I. 2015b. Strontium isotope investigations of the Haraldskær Woman. ArcheoSciences, V 39, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.4000/archeosciences.4407
Frei, K.M., Villa, C., Jørkov, M.L, Allentoft, M.E., Kaul, F., Ethelberg, P., Reiter, S.S., Wilson, A.S., Taube, M., Olsen, J., Lynnerup, N., Willerslev, E., Kristiansen, K., Frei, R., 2017. A matter of months: high precision migration chronology of a Bronze Age female. PLoS ONE, 12(6), e0178834. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178834
Frei, K. M., Bergerbrant, S., Sjögren, K-G., Jørkov, M. L., Lynnerup, N., Harvig, L., Allentoft, M.E., Sikora, M., Price, T.D., Frei, R., Kristiansen, K., 2019. Mapping human mobility during the third and second millennia BC in present-day Denmark. PLoS ONE, 14(8), e0219850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219850
Frei, R., Frei, K.M., Jessen, S., 2020. Shallow retardation of the strontium isotope signal of agricultural liming – implications for isoscapes used in provenance studies. Science of the Total Environment, 706, 135710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135710
Garg, N., Garg, A., 2013. Textbook of operative dentistry, 2nd edition. London: J.P. Medical Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12530
Grimstead, D. N., Nugent, S., Whipple, J. 2017. Why a Standardization of Strontium Isotope Baseline Environmental Data Is Needed and Recommendations for Methodology. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 5, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1017/aap.2017.6
Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., Brandt, G., Nordenfelt, S., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Bánffy, E., Economou, C., Francken, M., Friederich, S., Pena, R.G., Hallgren, F., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kunst, M., Kuznetv, P., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Nicklisch, N., Pichler, S.L., Wahl, J., Meyer, M., Krause, J., Brown, D., Anthony D., Cooper, A., Reich, D., 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature, 522(75555): 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317
Hall, R., 2007. Exploring the world of the Vikings. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
Hancock, R.G.V., Grynpas, M.D., Pritzker, K.P.H., 1989. The abuse of bone analysis for archaeological dietary studies. Archaeometry, 31, 169-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1989.tb01012.x
Harvig, L., Frei, K.M., Price, T.D., Lynnerup, N., 2014. Strontium isotope signals in cremated petrous portions as indicator for childhood origin. PLoS ONE, 9(7), 101603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101603
Hedges, R.E.M., Reynard, L.M., 2007. Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, 1240-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.015
Heilmann-Clausen, C., Surlyk, F., 2006: ‘Koralrev og lerhav’. Kap. 10. In: Gunnar Larsen, red. Naturen i Danmark. Geologien. København: Gyldendal (afsnit s. 198-210: Det tidligste Eocæn: vulkanisme og hedebølge).
Hillson, S., 2005. Teeth, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hoogewerff J.A., Reimann C., Ueckermann, H., Frei R, Frei, K.M., van Aswegen, T., Stirling, C., Reid, M., Clayton, A., Ladenberger, A., 2019. Bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in European soils: A baseline for provenancing studies. Science of The Total Environment, 672, 1033-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.387
Horwitz, E. P., Chiarizia, R., Dietz, R. W., 1992. A novel strontium-selective extraction chromatographic resin. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 10, 313-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299208918107
Houmark-Nielsen, M., Kjær, K.H., 2003. Southwest Scandinavia, 40-15 kyr BP: palaeogeography and environmental change. Journal of Quaternary Science, 18, 769-786. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.802
Ilkjær, J., 2000. Illerup Adal – archaeology as a magic mirror. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Jensen, J., 2013. The prehistory of Denmark. From the Stone Age to the Vikings. København: Gyldendal Fakta.
Jørkov, M.L., Heinemeier, J., Lynnerup, N., 2009. The petrous bone – a new sampling site for identifying early dietary patterns in stable isotopic studies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 138, 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20919
Katzenberg, A., 2008. ‘Stable isotope analysis: a tool for studying past diet, demography and life history’. In: M.A. Katzenberg, S. Saunders, eds. Biological Anthropology of the Human skeleton, 2nd edition. Hoboken: Wiley-Liss. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470245842.ch13
Kaul, F., 1997. ‘Priorsløkke and its Logistic implications’. In: A.N. Jørgensen, B.L. Clausen, eds. Military aspects of Scandinavian society in a European perspective, AD 1-1300. Publications of the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology and History 2, Copenhagen.
Kaul, F., 2003. ‘The Hjortspring find – the oldest of the large Nordic war booty sacrifices’. In: L. Jorgensen, B. Storgaard, L.G. Thomsen, eds. The spoils of victory – The north in the shadow of the Roman Empire. København: Nationalmuseet.
Koch, P.L., 2007. ‘Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates’. In: R. Michener, K. Lajtha, eds. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd edition. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470691854.ch5
Kristiansen, K., 1987. ‘From stone to bronze: the evolution of social complexity in northern Europe 2300-1200 BC’. In: E.M. Brumfield, T.K. Earle, eds. Specialization, exchange, and complex societies.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen, K., 1998. The construction of a Bronze Age landscape. Cosmology, economy and social organisation in Thy, northwestern Jutland. In: B. Hänsel für das Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Freien Universität Berlin, ed. Man and Environment in European Bronze Age. Kiel: Oetker-Voges Verlag.
Kristiansen, K., 2010. ‘Decentralized complexity: The Case of Bronze Age Northern Europe’. In: T.D. Price, G.M. Feinman, eds. Pathways to Power New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6300-0_7
Kristiansen, K., Larsson, T., 2005. The rise of Bronze Age society. Travels, transmissions and transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen, K., Earle, T., 2015. ‘Neolithic versus Bronze Age Social Formations: A political economy approach’. In: K. Kristiansen, L. Šmejda, J. Turek, eds. An offprint from Paradigm found Archaeological Theory Present, Past and Future. Oxford: Oxbow Books. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dpc1.22
Longin, R., 1971, New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating, Nature, 230, 241–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/230241a0
Malmström, H., Gilbert, M.T., Thomas, M.G., Brandström, M., Storå, J., Molnar, P., Andersen, P.K., Bendixen, C., Holmlund, G., Götherström, A., Willerslev, E., 2009. Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between Neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. Current Biology, 19, 1758-1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017
Malmström, H., Linderholm, A., Skoglund, P., Storå, J., Sjödin, P., Gilbert, M.T.P., Holmlund, G., Willerslev, E., Jakobsson, M., Lidén, K., Götherström, A., 2015. Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process.Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London, B Biological Sciences. 370, 20130373. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0373
Meier-Augenstein, W., 2017. Stable isotope forensics: methods and forensic applications of stable isotope analysis, 2nd edition. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119080190
Montgomery, J., 2010. Passports from the Past: Investigating human dispersals using strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel. Annals of Human Biology, 37, 325-346. https://doi.org/10.3109/03014461003649297
Montgomery, J., Evans, J.A., Cooper, R.E., 2007. Resolving archaeological populations with Sr-isotope mixing models. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 1502-1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.02.009
Moorrees, C. F. A., Fanning, E. A., and Hunt, E. E., 1963. Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. Journal of Dental Research, 42, 1490-502. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345630420062701
Myhre, B., 2003. The Iron Age. In: Helle, K., ed. The Cambridge history of Scandinavia, Vol. I prehistory to 1520. Cambridge: University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521472999.005
Nanci, A., 2013. Ten Cate’s Oral Histology, development, structure and function, 8th edition. St. Louis: Elsevier.
Nehlich, O., Montgomery, J., Evans, J., Schade-Lindig, S., Pichler, S.L., Richards, M.P., Alt, K.W., 2009. Mobility or migration: a case study from the Neolithic settlement of Nieder-Mörlen (Hessen, Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 1791-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.008
Neuberger, F.M., Jopp, E., Graw, M., Püschel, K., Grupe, G., 2013. Signs of malnutrition and starvation – reconstruction of nutritional life histories by serial isotopic analyses of hair. Forensic Science International, 226, 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.037
Nielsen, J.N., 2011. Die Bedeutung des Limfjords für Kommunikation und Handel in der jüngeren Eisenzeit Dänemarks (200-1100 n. Chr.). In: F. Bittmann, H. Jöns, P. Schmid, M.D. Schön, W.H. Zimmermann, eds. Flüsse als Kommunikations- und Handelswege: Marschenratskolloquium 2009; 5.-7. November 2009, Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum, Bremerhaven = Rivers as communication and trade routes. Siedlungs- und Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet (SKN) 34, Rahden: Marie Leidorf, 165-180.
Noe-Nygaard, N., Hede, M.U., 2006. The first appearance of cattle in Denmark occurred 6000 years ago: an effect of cultural or climate and environmental changes. Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography, 88(2), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2006.00286.x
Nørgaard, H.W., Pernicka, E., Vandkilde, H., 2019. On the trail of Scandinavia’s early metallurgy: Provenance, transfer and mixing. PLoS ONE 14(7), e0219574 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219574
Piesco NP. 2002. ‘Histology of dentin’. In: J.K. Avery, ed. Oral development and histology, 3rd edition. New York: Thieme.
Price, T.D., 2015. Ancient Scandinavia an archaeological history from the first humans to the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Price, T.D., Schoeninger, M.J., Armelagos, G.J., 1985. Bone Chemistry and Past Behaviour: an Overview. Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 419-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80022-1
Price, T.D., Burton, J.H., Bentley, R.A., 2002. The characterization of biologically available strontium isotope ratios for the study of prehistoric migration. Archaeometry, 44, 117-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.00047
Price, T.D., Knippr, C., Grupe, G., Smrcka, V., 2004. Strontium isotopes and Prehistoric human migration: The Bell Beaker period in central Europe. European Archaeology, 7, 9-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461957104047992
Price, T. D., Frei, K. M., Dobat, A. S., Lynnerup, N., Bennike, P., 2011. Who was in Harald Bluetooth´s army? Strontium isotope investigation of the cemetery at the Viking Age fortress at Trelleborg, Denmark. Antiquity, 85, 476-489. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067880
Price, T.D., Nielsen, J.N., Frei, K.M., Lynnerup, N., 2012. Sebbersund: isotopes and mobility in an 11th-12th c. AD Danish churchyard. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(12), 3714-3720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.015
Price, T.D., Naumann, E., 2015. The peopling of the North Atlantic: Isotopic results from Norway. Journal of the North Atlantic, 7, 88-102. https://doi.org/10.3721/037.002.sp706
Price, T.D., Prangsgaard, Kirsten., Kanstrup, M., Bennike, P., Frei, K.M., 2015. Galgedil: isotopic studies of a Viking cemetery on the Danish island of Funen, AD 800-1050. Danish Journal of Archaeology, 3(2), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2015.1056634
Price, T. D., Frei, R., Brinker, U., Lidke, G., Terberger, T., Frei, K. M., Jantzen, D., 2017. Multi-isotope proveniencing of human remains from a Bronze Age battlefield in the Tollense Valley in northeast Germany. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11, 33-49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0529-y
Reiter, S.S., Frei K.M., 2019. The Ølby Woman: A Comprehensive Provenance Investigation of an Elite Nordic Bronze Age Oak-Coffin Burial. Danish Journal of Archaeology, 8, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.7146/dja.v8i0.114995
Richards, M.P., Mays, S., Fuller, B.T., 2002. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone and teeth reflect weaning age at the Medieval Wharram Percy site, Yorkshire, UK. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119, 205-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10124
Roesdahl, E., 2008. ‘The emergence of Denmark and the reign of Harald Bluetooth’. In: S. Brink, N. Price, eds.The Viking world. London: Routledge.
Sellevold B.J., Hansen, U.L., Jørgensen, J.B., 1984. Iron Age man in Denmark, Prehistoric man in Denmark, Vol III. København: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab.
Sjögren, K.-G., Price, T. D., Ahström, T., 2009. Megaliths and mobility in south-western Sweden. Investigating relationships between a local society and its neighbours using strontium isotopes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 28, 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2008.10.001
Skre, D., 2008. ‘The development of urbanism in Scandinavia’. In: S. Brink, N. Price, eds. The Viking world. London: Routledge.
Smith, B.N., Epstein, S., 1971. Two categories of 13C/12C ratios of higher plants. Plant Physiology, 47, 380-384. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.47.3.380
Sørensen, L., Karg, S., 2014. The expansion of agrarian societies towards the north – new evidence for agriculture during the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in Southern Scandinavia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 51, 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.042
Tuross, N., Behrensmeyer, A. K., and Eanes, E.D., 1989. Strontium increases and crystallinity changes in taphonomic and archaeological bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 16, 661–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90030-7
Underwood, E.J., 1977. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-709065-8.x5001-9
Vander Linden, M., 2015. Bell Beaker pottery and society. In: C. Fowler, J. Haring, D. Hofmann, eds.The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545841.013.031
van der Sluis, L. G., 2017, Investigating palaeodietary changes from the Mesolithic to the Viking Age in the Limfjord area in northern Denmark, Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University Belfast.
van der Sluis, L.G., Ogle, N., Reimer, P.J., 2018. Testing the use of δ2H ratios for radiocarbon calibration purposes. Radiocarbon, 60, 1637-1648. https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.80
Wilhelmson, H., Price, T.D., 2017. Migration and integration on the Baltic island of Öland in the Iron Age. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 12, 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.01.031
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Counting from volume 11 (2022), articles published in DJA are licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). The editorial board may accept other Creative Commons licenses for individual articles, if required by funding bodies e.g. the European Research Council. With the publication of volume 11, authors retain copyright to their articles and give DJA the right to the first publication. The authors retain copyright to earlier versions of the articles, such as the submitted and the accepted manuscript.
Articles in volume 1-8 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to DJA. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles in an institutional repository as a part of a green open access policy.
Articles in volume 9-10 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to the authors of the articles respectively. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles in an institutional repository.