Rune Carvers and Sponsor Families on Bornholm
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/dja.v8i0.113226Keywords:
Bornholm, 3D-scanning, rune carver, sponsor, carving technique, runestoneAbstract
The runestones on Bornholm have for a long time aroused discussion due to their singular character and dating as compared to most runestones in other parts of Denmark. In this paper, the relations between sponsors and rune carvers have been investigated through analysis of the carving technique by means of the first 3D-scanning and multivariate statistical analysis ever carried out on the Danish runestone material. The results indicate that the carvers were attached to the sponsor families and that the carvers were probably members of those families. During the fieldwork, a fragment of a previously unknown runestone was documented in the church of St. Knud.
References
Aarsleff, E. 2008. ’Fund fra vikingetiden’. In: C. Adamsen, U. Lund Hansen, F. O. Nielsen and M. Watt, eds. Sorte Muld. Rønne: Bornholms Museum, 119-121.
Aldenderfer, M. S., and Blashfield, R. K. 1984. Cluster Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Andersen, L. S. 1992. Runesten på Bornholm: bevaringsarbejdet 1986-1990. Hørsholm: Miljøministeriet, Skov- og Naturstyrelsen.
Baxter, M. 1994. Exploratory multivariate analysis in archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Baxter, M. 2016. Multivariate Analysis of Archaeometric Data: An Introduction. Nottingham.
Beskow, P. 1994. ‘Runor och liturgi’. In: P. Beskow and R. Staats, eds. Nordens kristnande i europeiskt perspektiv. Occasional Paper on Medieval Topics 7. Skara: Viktoria Bokförlag, 16-36.
Bæksted, A. 1935. Vester Marie-stenen I og de danske Runeligsten. Danske Studier 1935, 39-58.
DK Bh + nr = entry number in Danske Runeindskrifter, at database hosted at http://runer.ku.dk.
DR + nr = signum in Danmarks Runeindskrifter, L. Jacobsen and E. Moltke. 1941–1942. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
Danske Runeindskrifter. Database. Available from http://runer.ku.dk/ [Accessed 10 April 2018].
Eilsøe, L. 2017. Interview with Lisbeth Imer 27 September 2017. Ny runesten har ligget for øjnene af alle i 900 år. Available from https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/bornholm/ny-runesten-har-ligget-oejnene-af-alle-i-900-aar [Accessed 28 September 2017].
Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., Leese, M.and Stahl, D. 2011. Cluster Analysis 5th edition. Hoboken: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470977811.
Gelting, M. H. 2012. ‘Lund, Dalby og Bornholm: politik og mission i biskop Eginos tid’. In: S. Borgehammar & J. Wienberg, eds. Locus Celebris: Dalby kyrka, kloster och gård. Lund Centrum för Danmarksstudier & Göteborg: Makadam förlag, 101-111.
Gräslund, A.-S. 2006. ’Dating the Swedish Viking-Age rune stones on stylistic grounds’. In: M. Stoklund, M. Lerche Nielsen, B. Holmberg and G. Fellows-Jensen, eds. Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 117-139. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042032118_026
Gräslund, A.-S. 2016. Recension av Danmarks runesten: En fortælling, av Lisbeth M. Imer och Roberto Fortuna (Copenhagen 2016). Futhark, 7, 181-185. https://doi.org/10.33063/issn/1892-0950.
von Heijne, C. 2004. Särpräglat. Vikingatida och tidigmedeltida myntfynd från Danmark, Skåne, Blekinge och Halland ca 800-1130. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 31. Stockholm: Stockholms universitet.
Højgaard Holm, L. 2014. De bornholmske runesten og deres inskrifter. Bornholmske Samlinger, Række IV, Bind 8, 260-299.
Horsnæs, H. W. 2013. Crossing Boundaries: An Analysis of Roman Coins in Danish Contexts. Vol. 2, Finds from Bornholm. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
Imer, L. M. 2015. The Danish runestones – when and where? Danish Journal of Archaeology, 4, 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2015.1104905.
Imer, L. M. 2016. Danmarks runesten: En fortælling. Foto: Roberto Fortuna. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
Imer, L. M. and Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. Forthcoming. Knudsker-stenen. Erkendelsen af en runesten. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 2019.
Imer, L. M. and Steenholt Olesen, R. 2018. ‘In the beginning was the Word…new finds of lead amulets in Denmark’. In: A. Bauer, E. Kleivane, Elise & T. Spurkland, eds. Epigraphy in an intermedial context. Dublin: Four Courts, 123-155
Ingvardson, G. T. 2010. Møntbrug: Fra vikingetid til vendertogter. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Ingvardson, G. T. 2014. ‘Trade and Power – Bornholm in the Late Viking Age’. In: H. C. Gulløv, ed. Northern Worlds – landscapes, interactions and dynamics. Research at the National Museum of Denmark. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 325-337.
Jacobsen, L. and Moltke, E. 1942. Danmarks Runeindskrifter: Text. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. 2002. Laser Scanner Analysis of Viking Age Rune Stones. Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology B:9. Stockholm: Archaeological Research Laboratory.
Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. 2012. ‘Carving technique and runic literacy’. In: K. Zilmer and J. Jesch, eds. Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity: Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 4. Turnhout: Brepols, 63-97.
Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. 2015. Rune Carvers and Local Mobility. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 11, 143–182. https://doi.org/10.1484/j.vms.5.109602.
Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. 2016. Åsmund Kåresson: en sällskaplig runristare. Situne dei 2016, 26-39.
Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. 2017. Nytt runfynd avslöjat genom 3D-skanning. Available from http://www.k-blogg.se: http://www.k-blogg.se/2017/09/28/nytt-runfynd-avslojat-genom-3d-skanning/ [Accessed in 28 September 2017].
Kitzler Åhfeldt, L. 2019. Provenancing Rune Carvers on Bornholm through 3D-Scanning and Multivariate Statistics of the Carving Technique. European Journal of Archaeology, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.37.
Kristensen, M. 1930. En Opkaldelsesskik på svenske og bornholmske Runestene. Danske Studier 1935, 150-156.
Lerche Nielsen, M. 1994. ’Det danske runemateriales personnavneforråd’. In: G. Fellows-Jensen and B. Holmberg, red. Vikingetidens sted- og personnavne. Rapport fra NORNAs 22. symposium i København 14.-16. januar 1993. NORNA-rapporter 54. Uppsala: NORNA-förlag, 165-185.
Lerche Nielsen, M. 1997. Vikingetidens personnavne i Danmark: belyst gennem runeindskrifternes personnavne og stednavne på torp sammensat med personnavneforled. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
Lihammer, A. 2007. Bortom riksbildningen: Människor, landskap och makt i sydöstra Skandinavien. Lund Studies in Historical Archaeology 7. Lund: Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens historia.
Moltke, E. 1934. Vester Marie-stenen VI og lidt om svensk Indflydelse på bornholmske Runestene. Danske studier 1934, 9-20.
Moltke, E. 1976. Runerne i Danmark og deres Oprindelse. 1st ed. Copenhagen: Forum.
Moltke, E. 1985. Runes and Their Origin – Denmark and Elsewhere. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseets forlag.
Nielsen, F. O. 1994. Middelaldergårde på Bornholm. Hikuin, 21, 125-138.
Nielsen, F. O. 1998. Middelalderens Bornholm. Rønne: Bornholms amt.
Norn, O, Schultz, C. G., and Skov, E. 1954. Danmarks Kirker volume VII, Bornholm. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.
Ög + number = inscription published in Östergötlands runinskrifter, i.e. SRI, 2.
Öl + number = inscription published in Ölands runindskrifter, i.e. SRI, 1.
Olsen, M. 1906. De skaanske og bornholmske Runestene. Danske Studier 1906, 20-39.
Randsborg, K. 1980. The Viking Age in Denmark: The Formation of a State. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
SRD = Samnordisk runtextdatabas. Version 3.0. Available from http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm. Date of text file 24 March 2015 [Accessed in 31 May 2017].
SRI = Sveriges runinskrifter. Various authors; published by Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. 14 vols. Stockholm, 1900-.
SRI, 1 = Ölands runindskrifter, by Sven Söderberg and Erik Brathe. 1900-1906.
SRI, 2 = Östergötlands runinskrifter, by Erik Brate. 1911-18.
SRI, 6–9 = Upplands runinskrifter, by Sven B. F. Jansson and Elias Wessén. 1940-58.
Stoklund, M. 1991. ’Runesten, kronologi og samfundsrekonstruktion. Nogle kritiske overvejelser med udgangspunkt i runestenene i Mammenområdet’. In: M. Iversen, ed. Mammen. Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Århus: Århus Universitetsforlag, 285-297.
Stoklund, M. 2006. ‘Chronology and typology of the Danish runic inscriptions’. In: M. Stoklund, M. Lerche Nielsen, B. Holmberg and G. Fellows-Jensen, eds. Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 355-383. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042032118_026.
Svanberg, F. 2003. Decolonizing the Viking Age 1. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8˚. No. 43. Stockholm; Almqvist & Wiksell International.
U + number = inscription published in Upplands runinskrifter, i.e. SRI, 6-9.
Wagnkilde, H. and Pind, T. 1991. En gravplads ved Ndr. Grødbygård i Åker. Bornholms Museum, 1989-1990, 53-66.
Watt, M. 1983. Huse og grave fra vikingetid ved Runegård i Grödby. Bornholms Museum, 1982, 25-34.
Watt, M. 1985. En gravplads fra sen vikingetid ved Runegård, Åker. Bornholms Museum, 1984-1985, 77-100.
Watt, M. 2008. Sorte Muld – Past and Present. In: C. Adamsen, U. Lund Hansen, F. O. Nielsen and M. Watt, eds. Sorte Muld. Rønne: Bornholms Museum, 12-27.
Wienberg, J. 1986. Bornholms kirker i den ældre middelalder. Hikuin, 12, 45-66.
Wimmer, L. F. 1905. De danske Runemindesmærker. Bd 3, Runestenene i Skåne og på Bornholm. Copenhagen.
Zilmer, K. 2013. Christian Prayers and Invocations in Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions from the Viking Age and Middle Ages. Futhark, 4, 129-171. https://doi.org/10.1484/m.usml-eb.5.100474.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Counting from volume 11 (2022), articles published in DJA are licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). The editorial board may accept other Creative Commons licenses for individual articles, if required by funding bodies e.g. the European Research Council. With the publication of volume 11, authors retain copyright to their articles and give DJA the right to the first publication. The authors retain copyright to earlier versions of the articles, such as the submitted and the accepted manuscript.
Articles in volume 1-8 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to DJA. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles in an institutional repository as a part of a green open access policy.
Articles in volume 9-10 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to the authors of the articles respectively. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles in an institutional repository.