Stopping Aside

Pedestrians’ Practice for Giving Way to a Self-Driving Shuttle

Authors

  • Jakub Mlynář HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5206-3212
  • Grace Eden University of York
  • Florian Evéquoz HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v6i1.137114

Keywords:

autonomous mobility, ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, gratitude, pedestrians, traffic, walking

Abstract

Contributing to interactionist studies of walking and to research on human-machine interaction, this article draws on video recordings of a self-driving shuttle being tested as a means of public transportation. The analytical focus is on yielding as achieved through the practice of pedestrians’ stepping aside, stopping, and letting the shuttle pass. The paper examines and describes how solitary pedestrians “stop aside” as well as how mobile formations of multiple persons take part in the practice. Finally, it discusses stopping aside as a social action that is often followed by displays of gratitude and reflects on this facet with regard to automated vehicles. In the context of this special issue, the central claim advanced is that agency reflexively emerges from the organized and sequential character of the situation and is grounded in assemblages of human and technological aspects, rather than originating in clearly distinguishable singular actors or agents.

References

Ayaß, R. (2020). Doing Waiting: An Ethnomethodological Analysis. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 49(4), 419–455.

Brown, B. (2022). The halting problem: When self-driving cars halt in traffic. Paper presented at Digital Futures: Research Hub for Digitalization. Available on-line: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTi_xt0WsTE

Brown, B., & Laurier, E. (2017). The Trouble with Autopilots: Assisted and Autonomous Driving on the Social Road. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 416–429). ACM.

Carlin, A. (2014) Working the crowds: Street performances in public spaces. In T. Brabazon (Ed.), City Imaging: Regeneration, Renewal and Decay (pp. 157–169). Springer.

Cekaite, A. (2016). Touch as social control: Haptic organization of attention in adult–child interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 92, 30–42.

Clamann, M., Aubert, M., & Cummings, M. L. (2017). Evaluation of Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication Displays for Autonomous Vehicles. Paper presented at Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting, Washington DC, USA.

Coulter, J. (1979). The Social Construction of Mind: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Linguistic Philosophy. Macmillan.

Coulter, J. (1983). Contingent and a priori structures in sequential analysis. Human Studies, 6(1), 361–374.

Dant, T. (2004) The Driver-car. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4–5), 61–79.

Deppermann, A., Laurier, E., & Mondada, L. (2018). Overtaking as an interactional achievement: Video analyses of participants’ practices in traffic. Gesprächsforschung, 19, 1–131.

deSouza, D. K., Park, S. H., Wei, W., Zhan, K., Bolden, G. B., Hepburn, A., Mandelbaum, J., Mikesell, L., & Potter, J. (2021). The Gratitude Opportunity Space: The timing of gratitude expressions in object passes. Social Interaction: Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 4(1). https://tidsskrift.dk/socialinteraction/article/view/122437

Eden, G., Nanchen, B., Ramseyer, R., & Evéquoz, F. (2017). On the Road with an Autonomous Passenger Shuttle: Integration in Public Spaces. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '17). ACM.

Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Prentice-Hall.

Garfinkel, H. (2002). Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working Out Durkheim’s Aphorism (edited by A. W. Rawls). Rowman & Littlefield.

Garfinkel, H. (2022). Studies of Work in the Sciences (edited by M. E. Lynch). Routledge.

Garfinkel, H., Rose, E., Bittner, E., Hooker, E., MacAndrew, C., & Sacks, H. 1962. Ethnomethodology conference (audio recordings, June 8–9, 1962). Available at the Garfinkel Archive in Newburyport, Massachusetts, USA.

Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. Basic Books.

González-Martínez, E., Bangerter, A., & Lê Van, K. (2017b). Passing-by “Ça va?” checks in clinic corridors. Semiotica, 215, 1–42.

González-Martínez, E., Bangerter, A., Lê Van, K., & Navarro C. (2016). Hospital staff corridor conversations: Work in passing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(3), 521–532.

González-Martínez, E., & Mlynář, J. (2019). Practical trust. Social Science Information, 58(4), 608–630.

Goodwin, C. (2018). Co-operative Action. Cambridge University Press.

Goodwin, C., & Salomon, R. (2019). Not being bound by what you can see now. Charles Goodwin in conversation with René Salomon. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-20.2.3271

Gurwitsch, A. (2010). The Collected Works of Aron Gurwitsch (1901–1973). Volume III. The Field of Consciousness: Theme, Thematic Field, and Margin (edited by R. M. Zaner). Springer.

Haddington, P., & Rauniomaa, M. (2014). Interaction between road users: Offering space in traffic. Space and Culture, 17(2), 176–190.

Haddington, P., Mondada, L., & Nevile, M. (Eds.) (2013). Interaction and Mobility: Language and the Body in Motion. De Gruyter.

Hopkins, D., & Schwanen, T. (2021). Talking about automated vehicles: What do levels of automation do? Technology in Society, 64, 101488.

Hudson, C. R., Deb, S., Carruth, D. W., McGinley, J., & Frey, D. (2018). Pedestrian Perception of Autonomous Vehicles with External Interacting Features. In I. Nunes (Ed.) Advances in Human Factors and Systems Interaction, AHFE 2018 (pp. 33–39). Springer.

Ivarsson, J., & Greiffenhagen, C. (2015). The organization of turn-taking in pool skate sessions. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 48(4), 406–429.

Jayyusi, L. (1984). Categorization and the Moral Order. Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Jefferson, G. (1985). An exercise in the transcription and analysis of laughter. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 3 (pp. 25–34). Academic Press.

Jensen, O. B. (2010). Erving Goffman and everyday life mobility. In M. H. Jacobsen (Ed.), The Contemporary Goffman (pp. 333–351). Routledge.

Keferbock, F., & Reiner, A. (2015). Strategies for Negotiation between Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians. In A. Weisbecker, M. Burmester & A. Schmidt (Eds.), Mensch und Computer 2015 – Workshop (pp. 525–532). De Gruyter.

Lan Hing Ting, K., Voilmy, D., Büscher, M., Hemment, D. (2013). The sociality of stillness. In P. Haddington, L. Mondada & M. Nevile (Eds.), Interaction and Mobility: Language and the Body in Motion (pp. 371–405). De Gruyter.

Laurier, E. (2019). Civility and mobility: Drivers (and passengers) appreciating the actions of other drivers. Language & Communication, 65, 79–91.

Laurier, E., Dunkley, R. A., Smith, T. A., Reeves, S. (2021). Crossing with care: Bogs, streams and assistive mobilities as family praxis in the countryside. Gesprächsforschung, 22, 544–568.

Laurier, E., Muñoz, D., Miller, R., & Brown, B. (2020). A Bip, a Beeeep, and a Beep Beep: How Horns Are Sounded in Chennai Traffic. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 53(3), 341–356.

Levinson, S. C. (2012). Action formation and ascription. In J. Sidnell & Tanya Stivers (Eds.), The Handbook of Conversation Analysis (pp. 103–130). Wiley-Blackwell.

Lloyd, M., & J. Mlynář. (2021). Hand-ling ‘road rage’: Embodiment in conflict on the move. Social Interaction: Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 4(4). https://tidsskrift.dk/socialinteraction/article/view/125177

Marres, N. (2020). Co-existence or displacement: Do street trials of intelligent vehicles test society? British Journal of Sociology, 71(3), 537–555.

Matthews, M., Chowdhary, G., & Kieson, E. (2017). Intent communication between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians. Available on-line at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07123

McIlvenny, P. (2019). How did the mobility scooter cross the road? Coordinating with co-movers and other movers in traffic. Language & Communication, 65, 105–130.

Meeder, M., Bosina, E., & Weidmann, U. (2017). Autonomous vehicles: Pedestrian heaven or pedestrian hell? Paper presented at the 17th Swiss Transport Research Conference, Monte Verità / Ascona, Switzerland.

Merlino, S., & Mondada, L. (2019). Crossing the street: How pedestrians interact with cars. Language & Communication, 65, 131–147.

Meyer, C., Streeck, J., & Scott Jordan, J. (2017). Introduction. In C. Meyer, J. Streeck & J. Scott Jordan (Eds.), Intercorporeality: Emerging Socialities in Interaction (pp. xv–xlix). Oxford University Press.

Mlynář, J., Liesenfeld, A., Topinková, R., Stommel, W., de Rijk, L., & Albert, S. (2021). An artificial turn in social interaction research? Paper presented at the 6th Copenhagen Multimodality Day: Interacting with AI, Copenhagen, Denmark (online).

Mondada, L. (2009). Emergent focused interactions in public places: A systematic analysis of the multimodal achievement of a common interactional space. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(10), 1977–1997.

Nguyen, T. T., Holländer, K., Hoggenmueller, M., Parker, C., & Tomitsch, M. (2019). Designing for Projection-based Communication between Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI '19). ACM.

Pelikan, H. R. M. (2021). Why autonomous driving is so hard: The social dimension of traffic. In Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI '21 Companion) (pp. 81–85). ACM.

Pelikan, H. R. M., Broth, M., & Keevallik, L. (2020). Designing for incidental encounters with autonomous buses: An ethnomethodology and conversation analysis approach. Paper accepted for the Workshop The Forgotten in HRI: Incidental Encounters with Robots in Public Spaces at the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20). Available on-line: https://www.itec.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaangkgpu

Pelikan, H. R. M., Broth, M., & Keevallik, L. (2022). When a robot comes to life: The interactional achievement of agency as a transient phenomenon. Social Interaction: Video Based Studies of Human Sociality, 5(3). https://tidsskrift.dk/socialinteraction/article/view/129915/179181

Rasmussen, G., & Dalby Kristiansen, E. (2022). The sociality of minimizing involvement in self-service shops in Denmark: Customers’ multi-modal practices of being, getting, and staying out of the way. Discourse & Communication, 16(2), 200–232.

Rasouli, A., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2020). Autonomous Vehicles That Interact With Pedestrians: A Survey of Theory and Practice. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(3), 900–918.

Rasouli, A., Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2018). Towards Social Autonomous Vehicles: Understanding Pedestrian-Driver Interactions. In 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp. 729–734.

Reig, S., Norman, S., Morales, C. G., Das, S., Steinfeld, A., & Forlizzi, J. (2018). A Field Study of Pedestrians and Autonomous Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI '18). ACM.

Ryave, A. L., & Schenkein, J. N. (1974). Notes on the art of walking. In R. Turner (Ed.), Ethnomethodology: Selected Readings (pp. 265–274). Penguin.

Sacks, H. (1984). Notes on methodology. In J. Heritage & J. M. Atkinson, (Eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis (pp. 2–27), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Sacks, H. (1992a). Lectures on Conversation, vol. 1. Basil Blackwell.

Sacks, H. (1992b). Lectures on Conversation, vol. 2. Basil Blackwell.

Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735.

Schegloff, E. A. (1996). Confirming Allusions: Toward an Empirical Account of Action. American Journal of Sociology, 102(1), 161–216.

Schegloff, E. A. (1997). Practices and actions: boundary cases of other-initiated repair. Discourse Processes, 23(3), 499–545.

Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press.

Schmitt, R. (2012). Gehen als situierte Praktik: “Gemeinsam gehen” und “hinter jemandem herlaufen”. Gesprächsforschung, 13. https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/3598/file/Schmitt_Gehen_als_situierte_Praktik_2012.pdf

Smith, R. J. (2021). Space, mobility, and interaction. In D. vom Lehn, N. Ruiz-Junco and W. Gibson (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Interactionism (pp. 231–-242). Abingdon: Routledge.

Stanciu, S. C., Eby, D. W., Molnar, L. J., St. Louis, R. M., Zanier, N., & Kostyniuk, L. P. (2018). Pedestrians/Bicyclists and Autonomous Vehicles: How Will They Communicate? Transportation Research Record, 2672(22), 58–66.

Stanley, S., Smith, R. J., Ford, E., & Jones, J. (2020). Making something out of nothing: Breaching everyday life by standing still in a public place. The Sociological Review, 68(6), 1250–1272.

Sudnow, D. (1972). Temporal parameters of interpersonal observation. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in Social Interaction. Free Press.

Verma, H., Evéquoz, F., Pythoud, G., Eden, G., & Lalanne, D. (2019a). Engaging Pedestrians in Designing Interactions with Autonomous Vehicles. CHI EA '19: Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Paper No. LBW0126.

Verma, H., Pythoud, G., Eden, G., Lalanne, D., & Evéquoz, F. (2019b). Pedestrians and Visual Signs of Intent: Towards Expressive Autonomous Passenger Shuttles. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 3(3), Article 107.

Watson, D. R. (2005). The visibility arrangements of urban public space: conceptual resources and methodological issues in analysing pedestrian movements. Communication & Cognition, 38(1–2), 201–227.

Watson, D. R., & Coulter, J. (2008). The debate over cognitivism. Theory, Culture & Society, 25(2), 1–17.

Watson, P. G. (2022). Risk and trust: Ethnomethodological orientations to risk theorizing. In D. Curran (Ed.), Handbook on Risk and Inequality (pp. 163–177). Edward Elgar.

Weilenmann, A., Normark, D., & Laurier, E. (2014). Managing walking together: The challenge of revolving doors. Space and Culture, 17(2), 122–136.

Ziewitz, M. (2017). A not quite random walk: Experimenting with the ethnomethods of the algorithm. Big Data & Society, 4(2).

Zinken, J., Rossi, G., & Reddy, V. (2020). Doing more than expected: Thanking recognizes another’s agency in providing assistance. In C. Taleghani-Nikazm, E. Betz & P. Golato (Eds.), Mobilizing Others: Grammar and lexis within larger activities (pp. 253–278). John Benjamins.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-12

How to Cite

Mlynář, J., Eden, G., & Evéquoz, F. (2023). Stopping Aside: Pedestrians’ Practice for Giving Way to a Self-Driving Shuttle. Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v6i1.137114