Dieten hos barn och vuxna i Westerhus
Data från spårämnen, kolisotoper och odontologi
Resumé
The diet for adults and children at Westerhus.
Data from trace element and carbon isotope analyses and odontology
By Elisabeth Iregren, Högne Jungner, Jyrki Räisänen and Verner Alexandersen
The individuals from Westerhus were randomly selected to cover all age groups and both sexes. Bone samples were taken from 94 skeletons (25%) of the population. Different skeletal elements have been used in the PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) analyses. The following elements were studied: Ca (calcium), the earth metals Mn (manganese) and Fe (iron); the trace elements Zn (zinc), Sr (strontium) and Cr (chromium); the heavy metal Pb (lead) and further Cu (copper), Br (bromine), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), Zr (zirconium). Soil samples were examined as well as several bone samples of a few individuals. In Westerhus no severe influence of heavy metals has been traced. Lead is found in small amounts in the skeletons. Compared to other medieval people the values of zink indicate a low intake of animal protein in the Westerhus population. Copper is also found in very low amounts. This proves that they did not consume any marine food at all. When using the definitions by Johansen et al. (1986) for evaluating the values of the carbon isotopes, we may conclude that the individuals were presumably consumers of mainly terrestrial food. Thus, the data on carbon isotopes, zinc, and copper verify one another. Results on the Sr/Ca in the diet and the bearing on weaning are presented. It is highly likely that most children in Westerhus were given human milk until the age of 2 years. Single individuals show, however, signs of enamel hypoplasia, which indicates that a few children were given supplementary food earlier. Above the age of two the variation between individuals increases, hinting to different feeding practices in different families. We believe that some children were not weaned until the age of 3-4 years, but above the age of 5 the children show Sr/Ca-values similar to the adults. Swärdstedt (1966) studied adults and found that the number of enamel hypoplasia increased markedly in Westerhus during the years 2.5-4. Evidently, this period in life was critical even to those who survived infancy.
Referencer
Alexandersen, V. & E. Iregren: Westerhus – Børnenes tænder. Hikuin denna volym.
Andrén, Å.: Fasta. Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid bd. IV. 1959, sp. 182-189.
Anttila, A., J. Räisänen & R. Lappalainen: Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 12, 1985, s. 245.
Arneborg, J., J. Heinemeier, N. Lynnerup, H. L. Nielsen, N. Rud & Árny E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir: Change of diet of the Greenland Vikings determined from stable carbon isotope analysis and 14C dating of their bones. Radiocarbon 41 nr. 2, 1999, s. 157-168.
Arnold, K.: Kind und Gesellschaft in Mittelalter und Renaissance. Paderborn & München 1980.
Arrhenius, B: Trace element analyses of human skulls. Laborativ Arkeologi 4, 1990, s. 15-20.
Atkinson, P. J. & R. R. West: Loss of skeletal calcium in lactating women. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 77, 1970, s. 555-560.
Aufderheide, A. C., C. Jr. Rapp, L. E. Jr. Wittmers, J. E. Wallgren, R. Macchiarelli, G. Fornaciari, F. Mallegni & R. S. Corruccini: Lead exposure in Italy: 800 BC-700 AD. International Journal of Anthropology 7 no. 2, 1992, s. 9-15.
Baraybar, J. P. & C. de la Rua: Reconstruction of Diet with Trace Elements of Bone at the Chalcolithic Site of Pico Ramos, Basque Country, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 1997, s. 355-64.
Becher, A.: Bone Chemistry in Danish Medieval Populations. A Study in Biological Anthropology. Odense Universitet 1999.
Benedictow, O. J.: Breast-feeding and Sexual Abstinence in Early Medieval Europe and the Importance of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor and Marasmus). Scandinavian Journal of History 13, 1988, s. 167-206.
Bennike, P. & A.-E. Brade: Middelalderens sygdomme og behandlingsformer i Danmark. København 1999.
Black, M.: Den medeltida kokboken. Stockholm 1993.
Blakely, R. L.: Bone Strontium in Pregnant and Lactating Females from Archaeological Samples. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80, 1989, s. 173-185.
Blanusa, M., M. Harmut & K. Kostial: Comparative strontium and calcium metabolism in lactation. Arkiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju 21, 1970, s. 125-27.
Boldsen I. & D. Robinson: Arkæobotaniske analyser af materiale fra Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. En arkæologisk og historisk undersøgelse fra 1200 til nutiden. Red. Else Asmussen. = (Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1994-95). København 1997, s. 215-223.
Brändström, A.: ”De kärlekslösa mödrarna”. Spädbarnsdödligheten i Sverige under 1800-talet med särskild hänsyn till Nedertorneå. Umeå Studies in the Humanities 62. Stockholm 1984.
Chausmer, A. B. & S. Wallach: Metabolism of trace elements in animals: Part II: Essential trace elements. Trace Metals and Fluoride in Bones and Teeth. Red. N. D. Priest, & F. L. Van de Vyver. Boca Raton 1990.
Davies, D. M.: The Influence of Teeth, Diet, and Habits on the Human Face. London 1972.
Douglas, M.: Frukter och bär från Helgeandsholmen (på grundval av en analysrapport av K. Griffin). Helgeandsholmen. 1000 år i Stockholms ström. Red. G. Dahlbäck. Monografier utgivna av Stockholms kommun 48. Stockholm 1983, s. 295-297.
During, E.: The skeletal remains from the Swedish man-of-war Vasa – a survey. Homo 48 nr. 2, 1997, s. 135-160.
Ekenman, I., S. A. V. Eriksson & J. U. Lindgren: Bone Density in Medieval Skeletons. Calcified Tissue International 56, 1995, s. 355-358.
Ersgård, L.: ”Vår Marknad i Skåne”. Bebyggelse, handel och urbanisering i Skanör och Falsterbo under medeltiden. Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 4. Stockholm 1988.
–:Medieval Fishing Settlement in Southern Scandinavia – an Archaeological Perspective. Regions and Reflections in Honour of Märta Strömberg. Eds. K. Jennbert, L. Larsson, R. Petré & B. Wyszomirska-Werbart. Lund 1991, s. 323-332.
Fortuine, R.: Scurvy and its influence on early Alaskan history. Arctic Medical Research vol. 47, 1988, suppl. 1 s. 308-312.
Fosse, G. & G. B. R. Wesenberg: Lead, cadmium, zink and copper in deciduous teeth of Norwegian children in the pre-industrial age. International Journal of Environmental Studies 16, 1981, s. 163-170.
Frukt & Grönsaker, handbok från Frukt & Grönt Främjandet 1-3. (Fruktrådet) Stockholm 1994-95.
Gejvall, N.-G.: Westerhus. Medieval population and church in the light of skeletal remains. Lund 1960.
–:Early medieval church at Westerhus in the light of C14 collagen datings. Res mediaevales. Ragnar Blomqvist kal. mai. MCMLXVIII oblata. Lund 1968, s. 136-140.
Goodman, A. H. & L. L. Capasso: Recent contributions to the study of enamal developmental defects. Journal of Paleopathology. Monographic Publications 2. 1992.
Grundberg, L., A. Götherström & B. Hårding: Björned – benanalyser och kulturhistoriska tolkningar. Undersökningar kring en nordsvensk begravningsplats från tidig medeltid. Hikuin denna volym.
Grupe, G.: Ernährungsgewohnheiten im Mittelalter. Rekonstruktion aus dem Elementenspektrum bodengelagerter Knochen. Fortschritte der Medizin 42, 1986a, s. 801-804.
–:Rekonstruktion bevölkerungsbiologischer Parameter aus dem Elementgehalt bodengelagerter Knochen. Innovative Trends in der prähistorischen Anthropologie. Ed. B. Herrmann. Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie – Ethnologie und Urgeschichte Bd 7. Berlin 1986b, s. 39-44.
–:Spurenelemente in bodengelagerten menschlichen Knochen und ihre Aussagen. Ein Überblick. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 45 Nr. 1, 1987, s. 19-28.
–:Impact of the Choice of Bone Samples on Trace Element Data in Excavated Human Skeletons. Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 1988, s. 123-129.
–:Sozialgruppenabhängiges Nahrungsverhalten im frühen Mittelalter am Beispiel der Skelettserie von Altenerding, Ldkr. Erding, Bayern (5.-7. Jahrhundert). Anthropologischer Anzeiger 48 Nr. 4, 1990, s. 365-374.
–:Analytisch-chemische Methoden in der prähistorischen Anthropologie: Spurenelemente und stabile Isotope. I: Knußmann, R.: Anthropologie I, 2. 1992, s. 66-73.
–:”Archives of Childhood” – The Research Potential of Trace Element Analyses of Ancient Human Dental Enamel. Dental Anthropology. Fundamentals, Limits and Prospects. Ed. K. W. Alt, F. W. Rösing & M. Teschler-Nicola. Wien & New York 1998, s. 337- 347.
Hansen, J. P. Hart, J. Meldgaard & J. Nordqvist: Qilakitsoq. De grønlandske mumier fra 1400-tallet. Nuuk & København 1985, s. 187-191.
Hasselmo, M.: Uppslagsordet ”Keramik”. Medeltidens ABC. Stockholm 1985, s. 204-207.
Hed, H. M. E.: Opportunity for Natural Selection in Sweden. A Study of Childhood Mortality and Differential Fertility. Umeå 1986.
Hemmendorff, O. & I. Påhlsson: Storsjöbygdens vegetations- och kulturlandskapsutveckling. Rapport RAÄ 1986 nr. 1.
Herring, D. A., S. R. Saunders & M. A. Katzenberg: Investigating the Weaning Process in Past Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105, 1998, s. 425-39.
Herrmann, B., G. Grupe, S. Hummel, H. Piepenbrink & H. Schutkowski: Prähistorische Anthropologie. Leitfaden der Feld- und Labormethoden. Berlin 1990.
Holm, S.: Bilaga 4. Osteologisk rapport. I: Gustin, I.: Gravar från tidig modern tid under St Petri kapell. Riksantikvarieämbetet, Arkeologiska undersökningar. UV Stockholm, Rapport 1996, Nr. 104, s. 49-78.
Hult, M., P. Homman, E. Iregren, S. Jalalian & B. Mentes: Fast Neutron Activation analysis of Human Bone Specimens. Arkæologiske Rapporter fra Esbjerg Museum 1, 1996, s. 49-56.
Håkansson S.: University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I. Radiocarbon 10, 1968, s. 36-54.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates II. Radiocarbon 11, 1969, s. 430-450.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IV. Radiocarbon 13, 1971, s. 340-357.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates VI. Radiocarbon 15, 1973, s. 493-513.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX. Radiocarbon 18, 1976, s. 290-320.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates XII. Radiocarbon 21, 1979, s. 384-404.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates XIII. Radiocarbon 22, 1980, s. 1045-1063.
Iregren E.: Scandinavian Women during the Medieval Period; Health, Childbirth and Child-care. Collegium Antropologicum 16 nr. 1, 1992, s. 59-82.
Iregren, E., M. Hult & P. Homman: Diet and health of infants in a Medieval Scandinavian population. Arkæologiske Rapporter fra Esbjerg Museum 1, 1996, s. 39-47.
Isager, K.: Skeletfundene ved Øm kloster. Til belysning af middelalderlig patologi og klostret som hospital. København 1936.
Israelsson, L.: Köksträdgården. Det gröna arvet. Stockholm 1996.
Jansen, H. M., T. Hatting & I. Sørensen: Svendborg in the Middle Ages. Journal of Danish Archaeology 6, 1987, s. 198-219.
Johansen, O. S., S. Gulliksen & R. Nydal: δ13C and diet: analysis of Norwegian human skeletons. Radiocarbon 28, 1986, s. 754-761.
Jørgensen, J. Balslev: Skeletfundene fra den middelalderlige St. Nicolai kirkegård. Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. En arkæologisk og historisk undersøgelse fra 1200 til nutiden. Red. Else Asmussen. = (Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1994-95). København 1997, s. 225-262.
Kjellberg, A-S., U. Nilsson, B. Petré, H. Welinder & S. Welinder: The accumulation of lead in the skeletal tissue of an early industrial population. Sources and Resources. Studies in honour of Birgit Arrhenius. PACT 38 - III.7, 1992, s. 343-357.
Koch, H. D.: Den arkæologiske udgravning. Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. En arkæologisk og historisk undersøgelse fra 1200 til nutiden. Red. Else Asmussen. = (Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1994-95). København 1997, s. 11-191.
Lambert, J. B., C. B. Szpunar & J. E. Buikstra: Chemical Analysis of Excavated Human Bone from Middle and Late Woodland Sites. Archaeometry 21 no. 2, 1979, s. 115-129.
Lidén, K.: Prehistoric Diet Transitions. Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology 1. Stockholm 1995.
Maat, G. J. R.: Scurvy in Dutch Whalers buried at Spitsbergen. Proceedings, Paleopathology Association 4th European Meeting. Eds. G. T. Haneveld & W. R. K. Perizonius. Utrecht 1982, s. 82-93.
Møller-Christensen, V.: Æbelholt kloster. København 1982.
Navari, E., F. Mallegni, E. Menicagli, G. Forniciari & B. Ceccanti: Ricerca degli Elementi Mediante Spettroscopia ad Assorbimento Atomico. Necropoli di Et Romana in Regione San Cassiano di Alba. Torino 1982, s. 70-93.
Olausson, M.: Kyrklägdan i Ås. Arkeologisk undersökning av en boplats från folkvandringstid till medeltid. Kulturhistorisk utredning 31. Jämtlands läns museum 1985.
Ortner, D. J. & W. G. J. Putschar: Identification of Paleopathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Washington D.C. 1985.
Pate, F. D.: Bone Chemistry and Paleodiet. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1 no. 2, 1994, s. 161-209.
Pérez-Pérez, A. & C. Lalueza: Dietary reconstruction from historical information and trace elements in a medieval population from Catalonia (Spain). International Journal of Anthropology 7 no. 1, 1992, s. 51-57.
Redin, L.: Arkeologiska perspektiv på Westerhus ödekyrkogård på Frösön i Jämtland. Hikuin denna volym.
Rivera, J. & J. H. Harley: The HASL bone program: 1961-1964. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Lab Report no. 163, 1965.
Räisänen, J. & A. Anttila: Nuclear Instruments and Methods 196, 1982, s. 489.
Sillen, A. & P. Smith: Weaning Patterns are Reflected in Strontium-Calcium Ratios of Juvenile Skeletons. Journal of Archaeological Science 11, 1984, s. 237-245.
Siven, C. H.: On reconstructing the (once) living population from osteological data. International Journal of Anthropology 6 no. 2, 1991, s. 111-118.
Skog, G.: 14C-analyser. Lunds universitet, Kvartärgeologiska avdelningen, Laboratoriet för 14C-datering. Stencil. 1998.
Snyder, W. S., M. J. Cook, E. S. Nasset, C. R. Karhausen, G. P. Howells & I. H. Tipton: Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. International Commission on Radiological Protection No. 23. Oxford 1975.
Subirá, M. E. & A. Malgosa: Trace element contents in the bone as an age and sex indicator. A case study of the necropolis of ”S’Illot Des Porros” (Spain). International Journal of Anthropology 7 no. 2, 1992, s. 65-70.
Swärdstedt, T.: Odontological Aspects of a Medieval Population in the Province of Jämtland/Mid-Sweden. Stockholm 1966.
Vretemark, M.: Från ben till boskap. En analys av animaliekonsumtion och djurhållning med utgångspunkt i medeltidens Skara. Skrifter från Skaraborgs länsmuseum no 25. 1997.
Andrén, Å.: Fasta. Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid bd. IV. 1959, sp. 182-189.
Anttila, A., J. Räisänen & R. Lappalainen: Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 12, 1985, s. 245.
Arneborg, J., J. Heinemeier, N. Lynnerup, H. L. Nielsen, N. Rud & Árny E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir: Change of diet of the Greenland Vikings determined from stable carbon isotope analysis and 14C dating of their bones. Radiocarbon 41 nr. 2, 1999, s. 157-168.
Arnold, K.: Kind und Gesellschaft in Mittelalter und Renaissance. Paderborn & München 1980.
Arrhenius, B: Trace element analyses of human skulls. Laborativ Arkeologi 4, 1990, s. 15-20.
Atkinson, P. J. & R. R. West: Loss of skeletal calcium in lactating women. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 77, 1970, s. 555-560.
Aufderheide, A. C., C. Jr. Rapp, L. E. Jr. Wittmers, J. E. Wallgren, R. Macchiarelli, G. Fornaciari, F. Mallegni & R. S. Corruccini: Lead exposure in Italy: 800 BC-700 AD. International Journal of Anthropology 7 no. 2, 1992, s. 9-15.
Baraybar, J. P. & C. de la Rua: Reconstruction of Diet with Trace Elements of Bone at the Chalcolithic Site of Pico Ramos, Basque Country, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 1997, s. 355-64.
Becher, A.: Bone Chemistry in Danish Medieval Populations. A Study in Biological Anthropology. Odense Universitet 1999.
Benedictow, O. J.: Breast-feeding and Sexual Abstinence in Early Medieval Europe and the Importance of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor and Marasmus). Scandinavian Journal of History 13, 1988, s. 167-206.
Bennike, P. & A.-E. Brade: Middelalderens sygdomme og behandlingsformer i Danmark. København 1999.
Black, M.: Den medeltida kokboken. Stockholm 1993.
Blakely, R. L.: Bone Strontium in Pregnant and Lactating Females from Archaeological Samples. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80, 1989, s. 173-185.
Blanusa, M., M. Harmut & K. Kostial: Comparative strontium and calcium metabolism in lactation. Arkiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju 21, 1970, s. 125-27.
Boldsen I. & D. Robinson: Arkæobotaniske analyser af materiale fra Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. En arkæologisk og historisk undersøgelse fra 1200 til nutiden. Red. Else Asmussen. = (Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1994-95). København 1997, s. 215-223.
Brändström, A.: ”De kärlekslösa mödrarna”. Spädbarnsdödligheten i Sverige under 1800-talet med särskild hänsyn till Nedertorneå. Umeå Studies in the Humanities 62. Stockholm 1984.
Chausmer, A. B. & S. Wallach: Metabolism of trace elements in animals: Part II: Essential trace elements. Trace Metals and Fluoride in Bones and Teeth. Red. N. D. Priest, & F. L. Van de Vyver. Boca Raton 1990.
Davies, D. M.: The Influence of Teeth, Diet, and Habits on the Human Face. London 1972.
Douglas, M.: Frukter och bär från Helgeandsholmen (på grundval av en analysrapport av K. Griffin). Helgeandsholmen. 1000 år i Stockholms ström. Red. G. Dahlbäck. Monografier utgivna av Stockholms kommun 48. Stockholm 1983, s. 295-297.
During, E.: The skeletal remains from the Swedish man-of-war Vasa – a survey. Homo 48 nr. 2, 1997, s. 135-160.
Ekenman, I., S. A. V. Eriksson & J. U. Lindgren: Bone Density in Medieval Skeletons. Calcified Tissue International 56, 1995, s. 355-358.
Ersgård, L.: ”Vår Marknad i Skåne”. Bebyggelse, handel och urbanisering i Skanör och Falsterbo under medeltiden. Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 4. Stockholm 1988.
–:Medieval Fishing Settlement in Southern Scandinavia – an Archaeological Perspective. Regions and Reflections in Honour of Märta Strömberg. Eds. K. Jennbert, L. Larsson, R. Petré & B. Wyszomirska-Werbart. Lund 1991, s. 323-332.
Fortuine, R.: Scurvy and its influence on early Alaskan history. Arctic Medical Research vol. 47, 1988, suppl. 1 s. 308-312.
Fosse, G. & G. B. R. Wesenberg: Lead, cadmium, zink and copper in deciduous teeth of Norwegian children in the pre-industrial age. International Journal of Environmental Studies 16, 1981, s. 163-170.
Frukt & Grönsaker, handbok från Frukt & Grönt Främjandet 1-3. (Fruktrådet) Stockholm 1994-95.
Gejvall, N.-G.: Westerhus. Medieval population and church in the light of skeletal remains. Lund 1960.
–:Early medieval church at Westerhus in the light of C14 collagen datings. Res mediaevales. Ragnar Blomqvist kal. mai. MCMLXVIII oblata. Lund 1968, s. 136-140.
Goodman, A. H. & L. L. Capasso: Recent contributions to the study of enamal developmental defects. Journal of Paleopathology. Monographic Publications 2. 1992.
Grundberg, L., A. Götherström & B. Hårding: Björned – benanalyser och kulturhistoriska tolkningar. Undersökningar kring en nordsvensk begravningsplats från tidig medeltid. Hikuin denna volym.
Grupe, G.: Ernährungsgewohnheiten im Mittelalter. Rekonstruktion aus dem Elementenspektrum bodengelagerter Knochen. Fortschritte der Medizin 42, 1986a, s. 801-804.
–:Rekonstruktion bevölkerungsbiologischer Parameter aus dem Elementgehalt bodengelagerter Knochen. Innovative Trends in der prähistorischen Anthropologie. Ed. B. Herrmann. Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie – Ethnologie und Urgeschichte Bd 7. Berlin 1986b, s. 39-44.
–:Spurenelemente in bodengelagerten menschlichen Knochen und ihre Aussagen. Ein Überblick. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 45 Nr. 1, 1987, s. 19-28.
–:Impact of the Choice of Bone Samples on Trace Element Data in Excavated Human Skeletons. Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 1988, s. 123-129.
–:Sozialgruppenabhängiges Nahrungsverhalten im frühen Mittelalter am Beispiel der Skelettserie von Altenerding, Ldkr. Erding, Bayern (5.-7. Jahrhundert). Anthropologischer Anzeiger 48 Nr. 4, 1990, s. 365-374.
–:Analytisch-chemische Methoden in der prähistorischen Anthropologie: Spurenelemente und stabile Isotope. I: Knußmann, R.: Anthropologie I, 2. 1992, s. 66-73.
–:”Archives of Childhood” – The Research Potential of Trace Element Analyses of Ancient Human Dental Enamel. Dental Anthropology. Fundamentals, Limits and Prospects. Ed. K. W. Alt, F. W. Rösing & M. Teschler-Nicola. Wien & New York 1998, s. 337- 347.
Hansen, J. P. Hart, J. Meldgaard & J. Nordqvist: Qilakitsoq. De grønlandske mumier fra 1400-tallet. Nuuk & København 1985, s. 187-191.
Hasselmo, M.: Uppslagsordet ”Keramik”. Medeltidens ABC. Stockholm 1985, s. 204-207.
Hed, H. M. E.: Opportunity for Natural Selection in Sweden. A Study of Childhood Mortality and Differential Fertility. Umeå 1986.
Hemmendorff, O. & I. Påhlsson: Storsjöbygdens vegetations- och kulturlandskapsutveckling. Rapport RAÄ 1986 nr. 1.
Herring, D. A., S. R. Saunders & M. A. Katzenberg: Investigating the Weaning Process in Past Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105, 1998, s. 425-39.
Herrmann, B., G. Grupe, S. Hummel, H. Piepenbrink & H. Schutkowski: Prähistorische Anthropologie. Leitfaden der Feld- und Labormethoden. Berlin 1990.
Holm, S.: Bilaga 4. Osteologisk rapport. I: Gustin, I.: Gravar från tidig modern tid under St Petri kapell. Riksantikvarieämbetet, Arkeologiska undersökningar. UV Stockholm, Rapport 1996, Nr. 104, s. 49-78.
Hult, M., P. Homman, E. Iregren, S. Jalalian & B. Mentes: Fast Neutron Activation analysis of Human Bone Specimens. Arkæologiske Rapporter fra Esbjerg Museum 1, 1996, s. 49-56.
Håkansson S.: University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I. Radiocarbon 10, 1968, s. 36-54.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates II. Radiocarbon 11, 1969, s. 430-450.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IV. Radiocarbon 13, 1971, s. 340-357.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates VI. Radiocarbon 15, 1973, s. 493-513.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX. Radiocarbon 18, 1976, s. 290-320.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates XII. Radiocarbon 21, 1979, s. 384-404.
–:University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates XIII. Radiocarbon 22, 1980, s. 1045-1063.
Iregren E.: Scandinavian Women during the Medieval Period; Health, Childbirth and Child-care. Collegium Antropologicum 16 nr. 1, 1992, s. 59-82.
Iregren, E., M. Hult & P. Homman: Diet and health of infants in a Medieval Scandinavian population. Arkæologiske Rapporter fra Esbjerg Museum 1, 1996, s. 39-47.
Isager, K.: Skeletfundene ved Øm kloster. Til belysning af middelalderlig patologi og klostret som hospital. København 1936.
Israelsson, L.: Köksträdgården. Det gröna arvet. Stockholm 1996.
Jansen, H. M., T. Hatting & I. Sørensen: Svendborg in the Middle Ages. Journal of Danish Archaeology 6, 1987, s. 198-219.
Johansen, O. S., S. Gulliksen & R. Nydal: δ13C and diet: analysis of Norwegian human skeletons. Radiocarbon 28, 1986, s. 754-761.
Jørgensen, J. Balslev: Skeletfundene fra den middelalderlige St. Nicolai kirkegård. Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. En arkæologisk og historisk undersøgelse fra 1200 til nutiden. Red. Else Asmussen. = (Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1994-95). København 1997, s. 225-262.
Kjellberg, A-S., U. Nilsson, B. Petré, H. Welinder & S. Welinder: The accumulation of lead in the skeletal tissue of an early industrial population. Sources and Resources. Studies in honour of Birgit Arrhenius. PACT 38 - III.7, 1992, s. 343-357.
Koch, H. D.: Den arkæologiske udgravning. Ahlgade 15-17, Holbæk. En arkæologisk og historisk undersøgelse fra 1200 til nutiden. Red. Else Asmussen. = (Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1994-95). København 1997, s. 11-191.
Lambert, J. B., C. B. Szpunar & J. E. Buikstra: Chemical Analysis of Excavated Human Bone from Middle and Late Woodland Sites. Archaeometry 21 no. 2, 1979, s. 115-129.
Lidén, K.: Prehistoric Diet Transitions. Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology 1. Stockholm 1995.
Maat, G. J. R.: Scurvy in Dutch Whalers buried at Spitsbergen. Proceedings, Paleopathology Association 4th European Meeting. Eds. G. T. Haneveld & W. R. K. Perizonius. Utrecht 1982, s. 82-93.
Møller-Christensen, V.: Æbelholt kloster. København 1982.
Navari, E., F. Mallegni, E. Menicagli, G. Forniciari & B. Ceccanti: Ricerca degli Elementi Mediante Spettroscopia ad Assorbimento Atomico. Necropoli di Et Romana in Regione San Cassiano di Alba. Torino 1982, s. 70-93.
Olausson, M.: Kyrklägdan i Ås. Arkeologisk undersökning av en boplats från folkvandringstid till medeltid. Kulturhistorisk utredning 31. Jämtlands läns museum 1985.
Ortner, D. J. & W. G. J. Putschar: Identification of Paleopathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Washington D.C. 1985.
Pate, F. D.: Bone Chemistry and Paleodiet. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1 no. 2, 1994, s. 161-209.
Pérez-Pérez, A. & C. Lalueza: Dietary reconstruction from historical information and trace elements in a medieval population from Catalonia (Spain). International Journal of Anthropology 7 no. 1, 1992, s. 51-57.
Redin, L.: Arkeologiska perspektiv på Westerhus ödekyrkogård på Frösön i Jämtland. Hikuin denna volym.
Rivera, J. & J. H. Harley: The HASL bone program: 1961-1964. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Lab Report no. 163, 1965.
Räisänen, J. & A. Anttila: Nuclear Instruments and Methods 196, 1982, s. 489.
Sillen, A. & P. Smith: Weaning Patterns are Reflected in Strontium-Calcium Ratios of Juvenile Skeletons. Journal of Archaeological Science 11, 1984, s. 237-245.
Siven, C. H.: On reconstructing the (once) living population from osteological data. International Journal of Anthropology 6 no. 2, 1991, s. 111-118.
Skog, G.: 14C-analyser. Lunds universitet, Kvartärgeologiska avdelningen, Laboratoriet för 14C-datering. Stencil. 1998.
Snyder, W. S., M. J. Cook, E. S. Nasset, C. R. Karhausen, G. P. Howells & I. H. Tipton: Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. International Commission on Radiological Protection No. 23. Oxford 1975.
Subirá, M. E. & A. Malgosa: Trace element contents in the bone as an age and sex indicator. A case study of the necropolis of ”S’Illot Des Porros” (Spain). International Journal of Anthropology 7 no. 2, 1992, s. 65-70.
Swärdstedt, T.: Odontological Aspects of a Medieval Population in the Province of Jämtland/Mid-Sweden. Stockholm 1966.
Vretemark, M.: Från ben till boskap. En analys av animaliekonsumtion och djurhållning med utgångspunkt i medeltidens Skara. Skrifter från Skaraborgs länsmuseum no 25. 1997.
Downloads
Publiceret
2000-12-19
Citation/Eksport
Iregren, E., Jungner, H., Räisänen, J., & Alexandersen, V. (2000). Dieten hos barn och vuxna i Westerhus: Data från spårämnen, kolisotoper och odontologi. Hikuin, 27(27), 179. Hentet fra https://tidsskrift.dk/Hikuin/article/view/111610
Nummer
Sektion
Artikler
Licens
Forfatter og Forlag.
