Translating Animal Art
Salin’s Style I and Anglo-Saxon cast saucer brooches
Resumé
Om at tyde dyrestil
Salins style I og angelsaksiske støbte cirkulære skålfibler
Af Tania M. Dickinson
Cirkulære skålspænder er faktisk de hyppigste bærere af Salins stil I i England, men er blevet overset på grund af, at man blot har opfattet ornamentet som degenereret. Denne artikel søger at rette op på denne ensidighed ved at acceptere, at tydningen (i fysisk og sproglig henseende) er nøglen til at forstå både den udformning, som stil I fik på de cirkulære skålspænder, og muligvis dens betydning. Analysen er baseret på 281 støbte cirkulære skålspænder (næsten halvdelen af den totale mængde af typen): halvdelen har alene zoomorfe motiver, og den anden halvdel kombinerer zoomorfe og geometriske motiver. Dyrestilen er karakteriseret ved motiv, fremtræden og komposition. Medens »sammenhængende« motiver, genkendelige fra det klassiske tidlige stil I-repertoire, er godt repræsenteret, bliver opmærksomheden her overvejende rettet mod måden, hvorpå motiver og design blev omformet, idet både etablerede principper for stil I design (forkortelse, addition gensammensætning og dobbelttydighed) og tilpasning til den allerede eksisterende, geometrisk baserede tradition for cirkulære skålspænder er involveret. Selvom en justering af forandringens gang (devolution?) er vanskelig, kan processen påvises at have fundet sted gennem hele 6. årh. og at have været mest praktiseret i de vestlige distrikter af de angelsaksiske områder. At forklare denne omformede dyrestils betydning og rolle er tydeligvis vanskeligt, men det påstås, at det var resultatet ikke af uvidenhed eller ligegyldighed, men af et bevidst valg. Ved at overføre billeder fra den nordiske germanske mytologi og blande disse med andre symboler (romerske og saksiske) blev meningsindholdet både bevaret og spidsfindigt forandret, hvilket muliggjorde, at vigtige slægtninge udenfor Kent og de angliske hovedområder kunne skaffe sig deres egen identitet og tilhørsforhold.
Referencer
Arrhenius, B. 1975: Die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung der germanischen Tierornamentik. Frühmittelalterliche Studien 9, 93-109.
Austin, W. 1928: A Saxon cemetery at Luton, Beds. Antiquaries Journal 8, 177-192.
Avent, R. & V.I. Evison 1982: Anglo-Saxon button brooches. Archaeologia 107, 77-124.
Axboe, M. 1998: Die innere Chronologie der A-C-Brakteaten und ihrer Inschriften. In: K. Düwel (ed.), Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung. Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeneinschriften in Göttingen vom 4.-9. August 1995. Berlin/New York, 231-252.
Axboe, M. & A. Kromann 1992: DN ODINN P F AUC? Germanic ‘imperial portraits’ on Scandinavian gold bracteates. Acta Hyperborea 4, 271-305.
Axboe, M., K. Düwel, K. Hauck & L. von Padberg 1985-1989: Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit. Ikonographischer Katalog. Vols. 1-3. Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften 24, München.
Bakka, E. 1959: On the beginning of Salin’s Style I in England. Universitet i Bergen. Årbok 1958, Historisk-antikvarisk rekke nr 3.
Böhme, H.W. 1986: Das Ende der Römerherrschaft in Britannien und die angelsächsische Besiedlung Englands im 5. Jahrhundert. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 33, 469-574.
Boyle, A., A. Dodd, D. Miles & A. Mudd 1995: Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot. Oxford.
Boyle, A., D. Jennings, D. Miles, & S. Palmer 1998: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Volume 1: Prehistoric and Roman Activity and Anglo-Saxon Grave Catalogue. Oxford.
Brush, K.A. 1993: Adorning the dead. The social significance of Anglo-Saxon funerary dress in England (5th-6th centuries AD). Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Cambridge.
Chadwick, S.E. 1958: The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Finglesham, Kent: a reconsideration. Medieval Archaeology 2, 1-71.
Dickinson, T.M. 1991: Material culture as social expression: the case of Saxon saucer brooches with running spiral decoration. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 7, 39-70.
Dickinson, T.M. 1993: Early Saxon saucer brooches: a preliminary overview. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6, 11-44.
Dickinson, T.M forthcoming: Saucer brooches. In: A. Boyle, D. Jennings, D. Miles, & S. Palmer, The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Volume II: Discussion and Synthesis. Oxford.
Dickinson, T.M. & M. Farley, M.1992: An Anglo-Saxon saucer brooch from Hedsor, Buckinghamshire. Records of Buckinghamshire 34, 97-100.
Down, A. & M.G. Welch 1991: Chichester Excavations 7: Apple Down and The Mardens. Chichester. Evison, V.I. 1978: Early Anglo-Saxon applied disc brooches. Part I: On the Continent; Part II: In England. Antiquaries Journal 68, 88- 102 & 260-78.
Evison, V.I. & P. Hill, 1996: Two Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries at Beckford, Hereford and Worcester. CBA Research Report 103. York.
Gaimster, M. 1998: Vendel Period Bracteates on Gotland. On the Significance of Germanic Art. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, series in 8°, 27. Stockholm.
Geake, H. 1997: The Use of Grave-goods in Conversion-Period England, c.600-c.850. British Archaeological Reports, British Series 261. Oxford.
Haseloff, G. 1981: Die germanische Tierornamentik der Völkerwanderungszeit. Studien zur Salins Stil I. Berlin/New York.
Hines, J. 1997a: A New Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches. Woodbridge.
Hines, J. 1997b: Religion: the limits of knowledge. In: J. Hines (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century. Woodbridge, 376-401.
Hodder, I. 1991: Reading the Past. 2nd edition. Cambridge.
Høilund Nielsen, K. 1997: Animal art and the weapon burial rite – a political badge? In: C.K. Jensen & K. Høilund Nielsen (ed.), Burial and Society. The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus, 129-148.
Høilund Nielsen, K. 1999: Style II and the Anglo-Saxon elite. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 185-202.
Jones, S. 1997: The Archaeology of Ethnicity. London.
Kendrick, T.D. 1934: Style in early Anglo-Saxon ornament. IPEK 9, 66-76.
Kendrick, T.D. 1938: Anglo-Saxon Art to A.D. 900. London.
Kennett, D.H. 1971: Applied brooches of the Kempston type at St. John’s, Cambridge. Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 63, 27-29.
Leeds, E.T. 1912: The distribution of the Anglo-Saxon saucer brooch in relation to the Battle of Bedford, AD 571. Archaeologia 63, 159-202.
Leigh, D. 1980: The square-headed brooches of sixth-century Kent. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Archaeology, University College, Cardiff.
Leigh, D. 1984a: Ambiguity in Anglo-Saxon Style I art. Antiquaries Journal 64, 34-42.
Leigh, D. 1984b: The Kentish keystone-garnet disc brooches. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 3, 65-76.
Magnus, B. 1999: Monsters and birds of prey. Some reflections on form and style of the Migration period. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 161-172.
Malim, T. & Hines, J. 1998: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Edix Hill (Barrington A), Cambridgeshire. CBA Research Report 112. York.
Matthews, C.L. & S.C. Hawkes 1985: Early Saxon settlements and burials on Puddlehill, near Dunstable, Bedfordshire. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 4, 59-115.
Morphy, H. 1989a: Introduction. In: Morphy (ed.) 1989, 1-17.
Morphy, H. 1989b: On representing Ancestral Beings. In: Morphy (ed.) 1989, 144-160.
Morphy, H. (ed.) 1989: Animals into Art. London.
Mortimer, C. 1990: Some aspects of Early Medieval copper-alloy technology, as illustrated by a study of the Anglian cruciform brooch. Unpublished DPhil thesis. University of Oxford.
Musty, J. & J.E.D. Stratton 1964: A Saxon cemetery at Winterbourne Gunner, near Salisbury. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 59, 86-109.
Nissen Fett, E. 1941: Relief-Fibeln von nordischem Typus in Mitteleuropa. Bergens Museum Årbok, Historisk-antikvarisk rekke nr 5.
Parfitt, K. & Brugmann, B. 1997: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery on Mill Hill, Deal, Kent. London.
Salin, B. 1904: Die Altgermanische Thierornamentik. Stockholm.
Scull, C. 1993: Excavations and survey at Watchfield, Oxfordshire, 1983-92. Archaeological Journal 149, (1992), 124-281.
Seng, Y.J. & B. Wass 1995: Traditional Palestinian wedding dress as a symbol of nationalism. In: J.B. Eicher (ed.), Dress and Ethnicity. Change across Space and Time. Oxford/Washington DC, 227-254.
Shepherd, C. 1999: A Study of the Relationship between Style I Art and Socio-political Change in Early Medieval Europe. British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 745. Oxford.
Stoodley, N. 1999a: Burial rites, gender and the creation of kingdoms: the evidence from seventh-century Wessex. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 99-107.
Stoodley, N. 1999b: The Spindle and the Spear. A Critical Enquiry into the Construction and Meaning of Gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Rite. British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 288. Oxford.
Suzuki, S. 2000: The Quoit Brooch Style and Anglo-Saxon Settlement: a casting and recasting of cultural identity symbols. Woodbridge.
Taylor, L. 1989: Seeing the ‘inside’: Kunwinjku paintings and the symbol of the divided body. In: Morphy (ed.) 1989, 371-389.
Tyler, S. 1988: The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Prittlewell, Essex. Essex Archaeology and History 19, 91-116.
Vierck, H. 1967: Ein Relieffibelpaar aus Nordendorf in Bayerisch Schwaben. Zur Ikonographie der germanischen Tierstils I. Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter 32, 104-143.
Vierck, H. 1976: Eine südskandinavische Relieffibel. Zum Feinguß im frühen Mittelalter. In: K.J. Narr (ed.), Aus der Sammlung des Seminars für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Universität Münster. Hildesheim, 137-209.
Washbrook, D. 1995: Style, geometry and perception. In: C. Carr & J.E. Neitzel (ed.), Style, Cognition and Person. Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives. New York/London, 101-122.
Welch, M.G. 1985: Button brooches, clasp buttons and face masks. Medieval Archaeology 29, 142-145.
Austin, W. 1928: A Saxon cemetery at Luton, Beds. Antiquaries Journal 8, 177-192.
Avent, R. & V.I. Evison 1982: Anglo-Saxon button brooches. Archaeologia 107, 77-124.
Axboe, M. 1998: Die innere Chronologie der A-C-Brakteaten und ihrer Inschriften. In: K. Düwel (ed.), Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung. Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeneinschriften in Göttingen vom 4.-9. August 1995. Berlin/New York, 231-252.
Axboe, M. & A. Kromann 1992: DN ODINN P F AUC? Germanic ‘imperial portraits’ on Scandinavian gold bracteates. Acta Hyperborea 4, 271-305.
Axboe, M., K. Düwel, K. Hauck & L. von Padberg 1985-1989: Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit. Ikonographischer Katalog. Vols. 1-3. Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften 24, München.
Bakka, E. 1959: On the beginning of Salin’s Style I in England. Universitet i Bergen. Årbok 1958, Historisk-antikvarisk rekke nr 3.
Böhme, H.W. 1986: Das Ende der Römerherrschaft in Britannien und die angelsächsische Besiedlung Englands im 5. Jahrhundert. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 33, 469-574.
Boyle, A., A. Dodd, D. Miles & A. Mudd 1995: Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot. Oxford.
Boyle, A., D. Jennings, D. Miles, & S. Palmer 1998: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Volume 1: Prehistoric and Roman Activity and Anglo-Saxon Grave Catalogue. Oxford.
Brush, K.A. 1993: Adorning the dead. The social significance of Anglo-Saxon funerary dress in England (5th-6th centuries AD). Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Cambridge.
Chadwick, S.E. 1958: The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Finglesham, Kent: a reconsideration. Medieval Archaeology 2, 1-71.
Dickinson, T.M. 1991: Material culture as social expression: the case of Saxon saucer brooches with running spiral decoration. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 7, 39-70.
Dickinson, T.M. 1993: Early Saxon saucer brooches: a preliminary overview. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6, 11-44.
Dickinson, T.M forthcoming: Saucer brooches. In: A. Boyle, D. Jennings, D. Miles, & S. Palmer, The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Volume II: Discussion and Synthesis. Oxford.
Dickinson, T.M. & M. Farley, M.1992: An Anglo-Saxon saucer brooch from Hedsor, Buckinghamshire. Records of Buckinghamshire 34, 97-100.
Down, A. & M.G. Welch 1991: Chichester Excavations 7: Apple Down and The Mardens. Chichester. Evison, V.I. 1978: Early Anglo-Saxon applied disc brooches. Part I: On the Continent; Part II: In England. Antiquaries Journal 68, 88- 102 & 260-78.
Evison, V.I. & P. Hill, 1996: Two Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries at Beckford, Hereford and Worcester. CBA Research Report 103. York.
Gaimster, M. 1998: Vendel Period Bracteates on Gotland. On the Significance of Germanic Art. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, series in 8°, 27. Stockholm.
Geake, H. 1997: The Use of Grave-goods in Conversion-Period England, c.600-c.850. British Archaeological Reports, British Series 261. Oxford.
Haseloff, G. 1981: Die germanische Tierornamentik der Völkerwanderungszeit. Studien zur Salins Stil I. Berlin/New York.
Hines, J. 1997a: A New Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches. Woodbridge.
Hines, J. 1997b: Religion: the limits of knowledge. In: J. Hines (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century. Woodbridge, 376-401.
Hodder, I. 1991: Reading the Past. 2nd edition. Cambridge.
Høilund Nielsen, K. 1997: Animal art and the weapon burial rite – a political badge? In: C.K. Jensen & K. Høilund Nielsen (ed.), Burial and Society. The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus, 129-148.
Høilund Nielsen, K. 1999: Style II and the Anglo-Saxon elite. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 185-202.
Jones, S. 1997: The Archaeology of Ethnicity. London.
Kendrick, T.D. 1934: Style in early Anglo-Saxon ornament. IPEK 9, 66-76.
Kendrick, T.D. 1938: Anglo-Saxon Art to A.D. 900. London.
Kennett, D.H. 1971: Applied brooches of the Kempston type at St. John’s, Cambridge. Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 63, 27-29.
Leeds, E.T. 1912: The distribution of the Anglo-Saxon saucer brooch in relation to the Battle of Bedford, AD 571. Archaeologia 63, 159-202.
Leigh, D. 1980: The square-headed brooches of sixth-century Kent. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Archaeology, University College, Cardiff.
Leigh, D. 1984a: Ambiguity in Anglo-Saxon Style I art. Antiquaries Journal 64, 34-42.
Leigh, D. 1984b: The Kentish keystone-garnet disc brooches. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 3, 65-76.
Magnus, B. 1999: Monsters and birds of prey. Some reflections on form and style of the Migration period. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 161-172.
Malim, T. & Hines, J. 1998: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Edix Hill (Barrington A), Cambridgeshire. CBA Research Report 112. York.
Matthews, C.L. & S.C. Hawkes 1985: Early Saxon settlements and burials on Puddlehill, near Dunstable, Bedfordshire. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 4, 59-115.
Morphy, H. 1989a: Introduction. In: Morphy (ed.) 1989, 1-17.
Morphy, H. 1989b: On representing Ancestral Beings. In: Morphy (ed.) 1989, 144-160.
Morphy, H. (ed.) 1989: Animals into Art. London.
Mortimer, C. 1990: Some aspects of Early Medieval copper-alloy technology, as illustrated by a study of the Anglian cruciform brooch. Unpublished DPhil thesis. University of Oxford.
Musty, J. & J.E.D. Stratton 1964: A Saxon cemetery at Winterbourne Gunner, near Salisbury. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 59, 86-109.
Nissen Fett, E. 1941: Relief-Fibeln von nordischem Typus in Mitteleuropa. Bergens Museum Årbok, Historisk-antikvarisk rekke nr 5.
Parfitt, K. & Brugmann, B. 1997: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery on Mill Hill, Deal, Kent. London.
Salin, B. 1904: Die Altgermanische Thierornamentik. Stockholm.
Scull, C. 1993: Excavations and survey at Watchfield, Oxfordshire, 1983-92. Archaeological Journal 149, (1992), 124-281.
Seng, Y.J. & B. Wass 1995: Traditional Palestinian wedding dress as a symbol of nationalism. In: J.B. Eicher (ed.), Dress and Ethnicity. Change across Space and Time. Oxford/Washington DC, 227-254.
Shepherd, C. 1999: A Study of the Relationship between Style I Art and Socio-political Change in Early Medieval Europe. British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 745. Oxford.
Stoodley, N. 1999a: Burial rites, gender and the creation of kingdoms: the evidence from seventh-century Wessex. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 99-107.
Stoodley, N. 1999b: The Spindle and the Spear. A Critical Enquiry into the Construction and Meaning of Gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Rite. British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 288. Oxford.
Suzuki, S. 2000: The Quoit Brooch Style and Anglo-Saxon Settlement: a casting and recasting of cultural identity symbols. Woodbridge.
Taylor, L. 1989: Seeing the ‘inside’: Kunwinjku paintings and the symbol of the divided body. In: Morphy (ed.) 1989, 371-389.
Tyler, S. 1988: The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Prittlewell, Essex. Essex Archaeology and History 19, 91-116.
Vierck, H. 1967: Ein Relieffibelpaar aus Nordendorf in Bayerisch Schwaben. Zur Ikonographie der germanischen Tierstils I. Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter 32, 104-143.
Vierck, H. 1976: Eine südskandinavische Relieffibel. Zum Feinguß im frühen Mittelalter. In: K.J. Narr (ed.), Aus der Sammlung des Seminars für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Universität Münster. Hildesheim, 137-209.
Washbrook, D. 1995: Style, geometry and perception. In: C. Carr & J.E. Neitzel (ed.), Style, Cognition and Person. Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives. New York/London, 101-122.
Welch, M.G. 1985: Button brooches, clasp buttons and face masks. Medieval Archaeology 29, 142-145.
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2002-11-30
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Dickinson, T. M. (2002). Translating Animal Art: Salin’s Style I and Anglo-Saxon cast saucer brooches. Hikuin, 29(29), 163. Hentet fra https://tidsskrift.dk/Hikuin/article/view/111278
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