Is the city the appropriate scale for participatory democracy? Some answers from Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i3.27413Abstract
This study compares participatory budgeting at the city and state level in Brazil. It shows that, that even though the practice of participatory budgeting more closely resembles the ideals of participatory democracy at the city level, this does not mean that participatory democracy is impossible at larger scales. To the contrary, the difference between participatory budgeting at the city and state level is more a question of gradations than vast leaps of democratic merit. Furthermore, some of the features that are considered unique to the city – neighborhood-based community associations that mobilize and discuss with citizens in local public spheres – are also important in participatory budgeting at the state level. The experiences of participatory budgeting at the city and state level in Brazil suggest that it is wrong to overemphasize the uniqueness of the city and also to undervalue the special role the city might play in larger participatory processes.
References
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Avritzer, L. 2006. 'New Public Spheres in Brazil: Local Democracy and Deliberative Politics'. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 623-637.
Avritzer, L. 2009, Participatory Institutions in Democratic Brazil, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Avritzer, L. & Vaz, A. N. 2014. 'The Emergence of the Participatory Budget and Its Expansion in Brasil: Analysing the Potential and Limitations', in Dias, N. (ed.) Hope for Democracy: 25 Years of Participatory Budgeting Worldwide, São Brás de
Alportel, In Loco Association.
Bachrach, P. & Botwinick, A. 1992, Power and Empowerment : A Radical Theory of Participatory Democracy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
Baiocchi, G. 2005, Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre, Standford, Standford University Press.
Baiocchi, G., Heller, P. & Silva, M. K. 2011, Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil, Standford, Standford University Press.
Barber, B. R. 1984, Strong Democracy : Participatory Politics for a New Age, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Barber, B. R. 2013, If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Barnett, C. 2014. 'What Do Cities Have to Do with Democracy?'. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1625-1643.
Biehl, J. 1998, The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism, Montreal, Black Rose Books.
Bittar, J. (ed.) 2003. Governos Estaduais - Desafios e Avanços: Reflexões e Relatos de Experiências Petistas, São Paulo: Editora Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Bookchin, M. 1995, From Urbanization to Cities: Toward a New Politics of Citizenship, London, Cassell.
Bookchin, M. 2015, The Next Revolution: Popular Assemblies and the Promise of Direct Democracy, New York, Verso Books.
Cabannes, Y. 2004. 'Participatory Budgeting: A Significant Contribution to Participatory Democracy'. Environment and Urbanization, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 27-46.
Célérier, L. & Botey, L. E. C. 2015. 'Participatory Budgeting at a Community Level in Porto Alegre: A Bourdieusian Interpretation'. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 739-772.
César, B. T. 2004. Orçamento Participativo Estadual: Perfil Social e Político de seus Participantes. VIII Congresso Luso-Afro-Brasileiro de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra, Portugal.
Cezário, G. D. A. 2013. A Democratização da Administração Pública: A Experiência do Orçamento Democrático Estadual e a Gestão Participativa. Bachelor, Universidade Edstadual da Paraíba.
Chavez, D. 2008. 'The Watering Down of Participatory Budgeting and People Power in Porto Alegre, Brazil'. Participatory Learning and Action, vol., no. 58, pp. 57-60.
Coradini, O. L. 2009. 'Conceptions de "Participation" et de Militantisme Dans le Budget Participatif de L'état du Rio Grande do Sul (1999-2002)'. Cahiers du Brésil Contemporain, vol., no. 73/74, pp. 201-228.
Corrêa, I. M. 2008. 'Entre a Representação e a Participação: Coordenação e Competição na Implementação da Participação Popular no Ciclo Orçamentário em Belo Horizonte e em Minas Gerais'. Teoria & Sociedade, vol. 2, no. 16, pp. 34-71.
Dahl, R. A. 1967. 'The City in the Future of Democracy'. The American Political Science Review, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 953-970.
Dahl, R. A. 1990, After the Revolution? : Authority in a Good Society, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A. & Tufte, E. R. 1973, Size and Democracy, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Della Porta, D. 2013, Can Democracy Be Saved?, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Dias, N. (ed.) 2014. Hope for Democracy: 25 Years of Participatory Budgeting Worldwide, São Brás de Alportel: In Loco Association.
Faria, C. F. 2005. O Estado em Moviemento: Complexidade Social e Participação Política No Rio Grande Do Sul. PhD, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Fedozzi, L. J., Furtado, A., Bassani, V. D. S., Macedo, C. E. G., Parenza, C. T. & Cruz, M. 2013, Orçamento Participativo de Porto Alegre: Perfil, Avaliação e Percepções do Público Participante, Porto Alegre, Gráfica e Editora Hartmann.
Fedozzi, L. J. & Lima, K. C. P. L. 2014. 'Participatory Budgets in Brazil', in Dias, N. (ed.) Hope for Democracy: 25 Years of Participatory Budgeting Worldwide, São Brás de Alportel, In Loco Association.
Fedozzi, L. J. & Martins, A. L. B. 2015. 'Trajetória do Orçamento Participativo de Porto Alegre: Representação d Elitização Política'. Lua Nova, vol., no. 95, pp. 181-225.
Frente Popular 1998. Proposta de Governa da Frente Popular: Candidatura Olívio Dutra. Rio Grande do sul.
Fung, A. 2011. 'Reinventing Democracy in Latin America'. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 9, no. 04, pp. 857-871.
George, A. L. & Bennett, A. 2005, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.
Gilman, H. R. 2016, Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press.
Goldfrank, B. 2011, Deepening Local Democracy in Latin America: Participation, Decentralization, and the Left, University Park, PA, Penn State University Press.
Goldfrank, B. 2012. 'The World Bank and the Globalization of Participatory Budgeting'. Journal of Public Deliberation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.
Goldfrank, B. 2014. Participation, Distribution, and the Left: The Return of PB in Rio Grande Do Sul. A New Critical Juncture? Changing Patterns of Representation and Regime Politics in Contemporary Latin America. Kellogg Institute, University of
Notre Dame.
Goldfrank, B. & Schneider, A. 2002. Budgets and Ballots in Brazil: Participatory Budgeting from the City to the State. IDS Working Paper. Sussex: Institute for Development Studies.
Goldfrank, B. & Schneider, A. 2006. 'Competitive Institution Building: The PT and Participatory Budgeting in Rio Grande do Sul'. Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1-31.
Gret, M. & Sintomer, Y. 2005, The Porto Alegre Experiment: Learning Lessons for Better Democracy, London, Zed Books.
Junge, B. 2012. 'NGOs as Shadow Pseudopublics: Grassroots Community Leaders' Perceptions of Change and Continuity in Porto Alegre, Brazil'. American Ethnologist, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 407-424.
Levy, J. S. 2008. 'Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference'. Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
Low, M. 2004. 'Cities as Spaces of Democracy: Complexity, Scale and Governance', in Barnett, C. & Low, M. (eds.) Spaces of Democracy: Geographical Perspectives on Citizenship, Participation and Representation, London, SAGE Publications Ltd.
Mansbridge, J. J. 1983, Beyond Adversary Democracy, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Marquetti, A., Campos, G. a. D. & Pires, R. (eds.) 2008. Democracia Participativa e Redistribuição: Análise de Experiências de Orçamento Participativo, São Paulo: Xamã.
Mood, C. 2010. 'Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It'. European Sociological Review, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 67-82.
Pateman, C. 1970, Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Pateman, C. 2012. 'Participatory Democracy Revisited'. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 10, no. 01, pp. 7-19.
Peci, A. 2000, Orçamento Participativo Estadual: Análise da Experiência do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD).
Sintomer, Y., Röcke, A. & Herzberg, C. 2016, Participatory Budgeting in Europe: Democracy and Public Governance, New York, Routledge.
Sobottka, E. A. & Streck, D. R. 2014. 'When Local Participatory Budgeting Turns into a Participatory System: Challenges of Expanding a Local Democratic Experience'. International Journal of Action Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156-183.
Streck, D. R., Eggert, E. & Sobottka, E. A. (eds.) 2005. Dizer a Sua Palavra: Educação Cidadã, Pesquisa Participante, Orçamento Público, Pelotas: Seiva Publicações.
Thacher, D. 2006. 'The Normative Case Study'. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 111, no. 6, pp. 1631-1676.
Wampler, B. 2007, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation and Accountability, University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Wright, E. O. 2010, Envisioning Real Utopias, London, Verso.
Avritzer, L. 2006. 'New Public Spheres in Brazil: Local Democracy and Deliberative Politics'. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 623-637.
Avritzer, L. 2009, Participatory Institutions in Democratic Brazil, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Avritzer, L. & Vaz, A. N. 2014. 'The Emergence of the Participatory Budget and Its Expansion in Brasil: Analysing the Potential and Limitations', in Dias, N. (ed.) Hope for Democracy: 25 Years of Participatory Budgeting Worldwide, São Brás de
Alportel, In Loco Association.
Bachrach, P. & Botwinick, A. 1992, Power and Empowerment : A Radical Theory of Participatory Democracy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
Baiocchi, G. 2005, Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre, Standford, Standford University Press.
Baiocchi, G., Heller, P. & Silva, M. K. 2011, Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil, Standford, Standford University Press.
Barber, B. R. 1984, Strong Democracy : Participatory Politics for a New Age, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Barber, B. R. 2013, If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Barnett, C. 2014. 'What Do Cities Have to Do with Democracy?'. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1625-1643.
Biehl, J. 1998, The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism, Montreal, Black Rose Books.
Bittar, J. (ed.) 2003. Governos Estaduais - Desafios e Avanços: Reflexões e Relatos de Experiências Petistas, São Paulo: Editora Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Bookchin, M. 1995, From Urbanization to Cities: Toward a New Politics of Citizenship, London, Cassell.
Bookchin, M. 2015, The Next Revolution: Popular Assemblies and the Promise of Direct Democracy, New York, Verso Books.
Cabannes, Y. 2004. 'Participatory Budgeting: A Significant Contribution to Participatory Democracy'. Environment and Urbanization, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 27-46.
Célérier, L. & Botey, L. E. C. 2015. 'Participatory Budgeting at a Community Level in Porto Alegre: A Bourdieusian Interpretation'. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 739-772.
César, B. T. 2004. Orçamento Participativo Estadual: Perfil Social e Político de seus Participantes. VIII Congresso Luso-Afro-Brasileiro de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra, Portugal.
Cezário, G. D. A. 2013. A Democratização da Administração Pública: A Experiência do Orçamento Democrático Estadual e a Gestão Participativa. Bachelor, Universidade Edstadual da Paraíba.
Chavez, D. 2008. 'The Watering Down of Participatory Budgeting and People Power in Porto Alegre, Brazil'. Participatory Learning and Action, vol., no. 58, pp. 57-60.
Coradini, O. L. 2009. 'Conceptions de "Participation" et de Militantisme Dans le Budget Participatif de L'état du Rio Grande do Sul (1999-2002)'. Cahiers du Brésil Contemporain, vol., no. 73/74, pp. 201-228.
Corrêa, I. M. 2008. 'Entre a Representação e a Participação: Coordenação e Competição na Implementação da Participação Popular no Ciclo Orçamentário em Belo Horizonte e em Minas Gerais'. Teoria & Sociedade, vol. 2, no. 16, pp. 34-71.
Dahl, R. A. 1967. 'The City in the Future of Democracy'. The American Political Science Review, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 953-970.
Dahl, R. A. 1990, After the Revolution? : Authority in a Good Society, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A. & Tufte, E. R. 1973, Size and Democracy, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Della Porta, D. 2013, Can Democracy Be Saved?, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Dias, N. (ed.) 2014. Hope for Democracy: 25 Years of Participatory Budgeting Worldwide, São Brás de Alportel: In Loco Association.
Faria, C. F. 2005. O Estado em Moviemento: Complexidade Social e Participação Política No Rio Grande Do Sul. PhD, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Fedozzi, L. J., Furtado, A., Bassani, V. D. S., Macedo, C. E. G., Parenza, C. T. & Cruz, M. 2013, Orçamento Participativo de Porto Alegre: Perfil, Avaliação e Percepções do Público Participante, Porto Alegre, Gráfica e Editora Hartmann.
Fedozzi, L. J. & Lima, K. C. P. L. 2014. 'Participatory Budgets in Brazil', in Dias, N. (ed.) Hope for Democracy: 25 Years of Participatory Budgeting Worldwide, São Brás de Alportel, In Loco Association.
Fedozzi, L. J. & Martins, A. L. B. 2015. 'Trajetória do Orçamento Participativo de Porto Alegre: Representação d Elitização Política'. Lua Nova, vol., no. 95, pp. 181-225.
Frente Popular 1998. Proposta de Governa da Frente Popular: Candidatura Olívio Dutra. Rio Grande do sul.
Fung, A. 2011. 'Reinventing Democracy in Latin America'. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 9, no. 04, pp. 857-871.
George, A. L. & Bennett, A. 2005, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.
Gilman, H. R. 2016, Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press.
Goldfrank, B. 2011, Deepening Local Democracy in Latin America: Participation, Decentralization, and the Left, University Park, PA, Penn State University Press.
Goldfrank, B. 2012. 'The World Bank and the Globalization of Participatory Budgeting'. Journal of Public Deliberation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.
Goldfrank, B. 2014. Participation, Distribution, and the Left: The Return of PB in Rio Grande Do Sul. A New Critical Juncture? Changing Patterns of Representation and Regime Politics in Contemporary Latin America. Kellogg Institute, University of
Notre Dame.
Goldfrank, B. & Schneider, A. 2002. Budgets and Ballots in Brazil: Participatory Budgeting from the City to the State. IDS Working Paper. Sussex: Institute for Development Studies.
Goldfrank, B. & Schneider, A. 2006. 'Competitive Institution Building: The PT and Participatory Budgeting in Rio Grande do Sul'. Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1-31.
Gret, M. & Sintomer, Y. 2005, The Porto Alegre Experiment: Learning Lessons for Better Democracy, London, Zed Books.
Junge, B. 2012. 'NGOs as Shadow Pseudopublics: Grassroots Community Leaders' Perceptions of Change and Continuity in Porto Alegre, Brazil'. American Ethnologist, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 407-424.
Levy, J. S. 2008. 'Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference'. Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
Low, M. 2004. 'Cities as Spaces of Democracy: Complexity, Scale and Governance', in Barnett, C. & Low, M. (eds.) Spaces of Democracy: Geographical Perspectives on Citizenship, Participation and Representation, London, SAGE Publications Ltd.
Mansbridge, J. J. 1983, Beyond Adversary Democracy, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Marquetti, A., Campos, G. a. D. & Pires, R. (eds.) 2008. Democracia Participativa e Redistribuição: Análise de Experiências de Orçamento Participativo, São Paulo: Xamã.
Mood, C. 2010. 'Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It'. European Sociological Review, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 67-82.
Pateman, C. 1970, Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Pateman, C. 2012. 'Participatory Democracy Revisited'. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 10, no. 01, pp. 7-19.
Peci, A. 2000, Orçamento Participativo Estadual: Análise da Experiência do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD).
Sintomer, Y., Röcke, A. & Herzberg, C. 2016, Participatory Budgeting in Europe: Democracy and Public Governance, New York, Routledge.
Sobottka, E. A. & Streck, D. R. 2014. 'When Local Participatory Budgeting Turns into a Participatory System: Challenges of Expanding a Local Democratic Experience'. International Journal of Action Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156-183.
Streck, D. R., Eggert, E. & Sobottka, E. A. (eds.) 2005. Dizer a Sua Palavra: Educação Cidadã, Pesquisa Participante, Orçamento Público, Pelotas: Seiva Publicações.
Thacher, D. 2006. 'The Normative Case Study'. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 111, no. 6, pp. 1631-1676.
Wampler, B. 2007, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation and Accountability, University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Wright, E. O. 2010, Envisioning Real Utopias, London, Verso.
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Published
2016-09-01
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Legard, S. (2016). Is the city the appropriate scale for participatory democracy? Some answers from Brazil. Politik, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i3.27413
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