Fairness og statsborgerskab
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v23i1.120314Resumé
The Danish requirements for citizenship are often grounded on an ideal about rewarding personal effort and responsibility. A similar ideal is known from luck egalitarianism, a widely known and accepted theory of justice. This article unfolds a luck egalitarian argument in defence of the Danish requirements and investigates, in light of this argument, whether the requirements relevantly reflect effort and responsibility. The article concludes dismissively and offers a number of ways of improving Danish citizenship policy in terms of fairness.
Referencer
Albertsen, A. (2013). Lader held-egalitarismen fanden tage de uansvarlige sidste? Politica, vol. 45(2), pp. 217-232.
Ammermueller, A., Kuckulenz, A. and Zwick, T. (2009). Aggregate unemployment de-creases individual returns to education. Economics of Education Review, vol. 28(2), pp. 217-226.
Arneson, R.J. (2004). Luck Egalitarianism Interpreted and Defended. Philosophical Topics, vol. 32(1/2), pp. 1–20.
Banks, J. and Mazzonna, F. (2012), The Effect of Education on Old Age Cognitive Abilities: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design. The Economic Journal, vol. 122(560). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02499.x
Bech, E.C., Jensen, K.K., Mouritsen, P., and Olsen, T.V. (2017). Hvem er Folket? Flygtninge og Adgangen til Dansk Statsborgerskab. Politica, vol. 49(3), pp. 227-248.
Bevelander, P. and Pendakur, R. (2012). Citizenship, Co-Ethnic Populations, and Employment Probabilities of Immigrants in Sweden. Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 13(2), pp. 203–22. DOI: 10.1007/s12134-011-0212-6
Bevelander, P. (2015). Voting Participation of Immigrants in Sweden—a Cohort Analy-sis of the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Elections. Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 16(1), pp. 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0332-x
Brezger, J., og Cassee, A. (2016). Debate: Immigrants and newcomers by birth—Do statist arguments imply a right to exclude both? Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 24(3), pp. 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12088
Carens, J. (2013). The Ethics of Immigration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ceci, S.J. (1991). How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Developmental Psychology, vol. 27, pp. 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.703
Corluy, V., Marx, I. og Verbist, G. (2011). Employment Chances and Changes of Immigrants in Belgium: The Impact of Citizenship. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol. 52(4), pp. 350–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412112
Craik, F.I.M. and Jennings, J.M. (1992). Human memory. In: F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salt-house, eds., The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 51–110.
Council of Europe (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, R. (1989). Democracy and its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Daniels, N. (2008). Just Health. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
De Schutter, H. and Ypi, L. (2015). Mandatory citizenship for immigrants. British Jour-nal of Political Science, vol. 45(2), pp. 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000568
Djuve, A.B., Kavli, H.C., Sterri, E.B. and Bråten, B. (2017). Introduksjonsprogram og norskopplæring: Hva virker – for hvem?. Fafo-rapport 2017:31. Oslo: Fafo. Available at: https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2017/20639.pdf
Dustmann, C. (1997). The Effects of Education, Parental Background and Ethnic Concentration on Language. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, vol. 37, pp. 245–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1062-9769(97)90068-5.
Dustmann, C., Fabbri, F. (2003). Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK. The Economic Journal, vol. 113(489), pp. 695-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00151
Ferracioli, L. (2018). Citizenship for children: By soil, by blood, or by paternal-ism? Philosophical Studies, vol. 175, pp. 2859–2877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-017-0985-3
Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Equal Opportunity or Equal Social Outcome? Economics and Philosophy, vol. 11(1), pp. 25-55.
Gathmann, C. and Keller, N. (2018). Access to Citizenship and the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants. The Economic Journal, vol. 128(616), pp. 3141–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12546.
Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. and Pietrantuono, G. (2015). Naturalization Fosters the Long-Term Political Integration of Immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112(41), pp. 12651–56. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418794112
Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. and Pietrantuono, G. (2017). Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote the Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants? Ameri-can Political Science Review, vol. 111(2), pp. 256–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000745
Hakuta, K., Bialystok, E. and Wiley, E. (2003). Critical Evidence: A Test of the Critical-Period Hypothesis for Second-Language Acquisition. Psychological Science, vol. 14(1), pp. 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01415.
Hansen, K.J. (2018). Perceptions of Rich and Poor People’s Efforts and Public Opinion about Economic Redistribution. PhD dissertation, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University. https://politica.dk/fileadmin/politica/Dokumenter/ph.d.-afhandlinger/kristina_jessen.pdf
Himmler, O. and Jäckle, R. (2018), Literacy and the Migrant–Native Wage Gap. Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 64, pp. 592-625. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12299
Hou, F. and Beiser, M. (2006). Learning the Language of a New Country: A Ten-Year Study of English Acquisition by South-East Asian Refugees in Canada. International Migration, vol. 44(1), pp. 135–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00358.x
Jensen, K.K. and Nielsen, L. (2019). Reconciling Automatic and Conditional Immigrant Naturalisation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, online published. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1614437
Jensen, K.K., Mouritsen, P., Bech, E.C. and Olsen, T.V. (2019). Roadblocks to Citizenship: Selection Effects of Restrictive Naturalisation Rules. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, online published. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1667757
Joppke, C. (2010). The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship. European Journal of Sociology, vol. 51(1), pp. 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975610000019
Kemper, S. (1992). Language and aging. In: F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salthouse, eds., The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum, pp. 213–270.
Lippert-Rasmusen, K. (2015). Luck Egalitarianism. London: Bloomsbury.
Midtbøen, A.H. (2015). Ethnic Penalties In Western Labour Markets. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 5(4), pp. 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1515/njmr-2015-0022
Nielsen, L. (2013). Om metoden i normativ politologi. Politik, vol. 16(3), pp. 45-54.
Peters, F., Vink, M., and Schmeets, H. (2016). The ecology of immigrant naturalisation: a life course approach in the context of institutional conditions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 42(3), pp. 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691 83X.2015.1103173
Peters, F., Vink, M., and Schmeets, H. (2018). Anticipating the Citizenship Premium: Before and after Effects of Immigrant Naturalisation on Employment. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 44(7), pp. 1051–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1367650
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. E. (1993). A Pragmatic Theory of Responsibility for the Egalitarian Planner. Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 22(2), pp. 146–166.
Salthouse, T.A. (1992). Mechanisms of age-cognition relations in adulthood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Seglow, J. (2009). Arguments for naturalisation. Political Studies, vol. 57(4), pp. 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00768.x
Soysal, Y.N. (1994). Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Street, A. (2017). The Political Effects of Immigrant Naturalization. International Migration Review, vol. 51(2), pp. 323–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12229
Truxillo, D.M., Finkelstein, L.M., Pytlovany, A.C. and Jenkins, J.S. (2015). Age Dis-crimination at Work: A Review of the Research and Recommendations for the Future. In: A.J. Colella and E.B. King, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tubergen, F.v. (2010). Determinants of Second Language Proficiency among Refugees in the Netherlands. Social Forces, vol. 89(2), pp. 515–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0092
Wood, G., Wilkinson, A. and Harcourt, M. (2008), Age discrimination and working life: Perspectives and contestations – a review of the contemporary literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 10, pp. 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00236.x
Zschirnt, E. and Ruedin, D. (2016). Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 42(7), pp. 1115-1134. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279
Ypi, L. (2018). Borders of Class: Migration and Citizenship in the Capitalist State. Ethics and international Affairs, vol. 32(2), pp. 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679418000278
Ammermueller, A., Kuckulenz, A. and Zwick, T. (2009). Aggregate unemployment de-creases individual returns to education. Economics of Education Review, vol. 28(2), pp. 217-226.
Arneson, R.J. (2004). Luck Egalitarianism Interpreted and Defended. Philosophical Topics, vol. 32(1/2), pp. 1–20.
Banks, J. and Mazzonna, F. (2012), The Effect of Education on Old Age Cognitive Abilities: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design. The Economic Journal, vol. 122(560). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02499.x
Bech, E.C., Jensen, K.K., Mouritsen, P., and Olsen, T.V. (2017). Hvem er Folket? Flygtninge og Adgangen til Dansk Statsborgerskab. Politica, vol. 49(3), pp. 227-248.
Bevelander, P. and Pendakur, R. (2012). Citizenship, Co-Ethnic Populations, and Employment Probabilities of Immigrants in Sweden. Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 13(2), pp. 203–22. DOI: 10.1007/s12134-011-0212-6
Bevelander, P. (2015). Voting Participation of Immigrants in Sweden—a Cohort Analy-sis of the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Elections. Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 16(1), pp. 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0332-x
Brezger, J., og Cassee, A. (2016). Debate: Immigrants and newcomers by birth—Do statist arguments imply a right to exclude both? Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 24(3), pp. 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12088
Carens, J. (2013). The Ethics of Immigration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ceci, S.J. (1991). How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Developmental Psychology, vol. 27, pp. 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.703
Corluy, V., Marx, I. og Verbist, G. (2011). Employment Chances and Changes of Immigrants in Belgium: The Impact of Citizenship. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol. 52(4), pp. 350–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412112
Craik, F.I.M. and Jennings, J.M. (1992). Human memory. In: F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salt-house, eds., The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 51–110.
Council of Europe (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, R. (1989). Democracy and its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Daniels, N. (2008). Just Health. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
De Schutter, H. and Ypi, L. (2015). Mandatory citizenship for immigrants. British Jour-nal of Political Science, vol. 45(2), pp. 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000568
Djuve, A.B., Kavli, H.C., Sterri, E.B. and Bråten, B. (2017). Introduksjonsprogram og norskopplæring: Hva virker – for hvem?. Fafo-rapport 2017:31. Oslo: Fafo. Available at: https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2017/20639.pdf
Dustmann, C. (1997). The Effects of Education, Parental Background and Ethnic Concentration on Language. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, vol. 37, pp. 245–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1062-9769(97)90068-5.
Dustmann, C., Fabbri, F. (2003). Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK. The Economic Journal, vol. 113(489), pp. 695-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00151
Ferracioli, L. (2018). Citizenship for children: By soil, by blood, or by paternal-ism? Philosophical Studies, vol. 175, pp. 2859–2877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-017-0985-3
Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Equal Opportunity or Equal Social Outcome? Economics and Philosophy, vol. 11(1), pp. 25-55.
Gathmann, C. and Keller, N. (2018). Access to Citizenship and the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants. The Economic Journal, vol. 128(616), pp. 3141–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12546.
Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. and Pietrantuono, G. (2015). Naturalization Fosters the Long-Term Political Integration of Immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112(41), pp. 12651–56. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418794112
Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. and Pietrantuono, G. (2017). Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote the Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants? Ameri-can Political Science Review, vol. 111(2), pp. 256–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000745
Hakuta, K., Bialystok, E. and Wiley, E. (2003). Critical Evidence: A Test of the Critical-Period Hypothesis for Second-Language Acquisition. Psychological Science, vol. 14(1), pp. 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01415.
Hansen, K.J. (2018). Perceptions of Rich and Poor People’s Efforts and Public Opinion about Economic Redistribution. PhD dissertation, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University. https://politica.dk/fileadmin/politica/Dokumenter/ph.d.-afhandlinger/kristina_jessen.pdf
Himmler, O. and Jäckle, R. (2018), Literacy and the Migrant–Native Wage Gap. Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 64, pp. 592-625. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12299
Hou, F. and Beiser, M. (2006). Learning the Language of a New Country: A Ten-Year Study of English Acquisition by South-East Asian Refugees in Canada. International Migration, vol. 44(1), pp. 135–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00358.x
Jensen, K.K. and Nielsen, L. (2019). Reconciling Automatic and Conditional Immigrant Naturalisation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, online published. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1614437
Jensen, K.K., Mouritsen, P., Bech, E.C. and Olsen, T.V. (2019). Roadblocks to Citizenship: Selection Effects of Restrictive Naturalisation Rules. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, online published. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1667757
Joppke, C. (2010). The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship. European Journal of Sociology, vol. 51(1), pp. 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975610000019
Kemper, S. (1992). Language and aging. In: F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salthouse, eds., The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum, pp. 213–270.
Lippert-Rasmusen, K. (2015). Luck Egalitarianism. London: Bloomsbury.
Midtbøen, A.H. (2015). Ethnic Penalties In Western Labour Markets. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 5(4), pp. 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1515/njmr-2015-0022
Nielsen, L. (2013). Om metoden i normativ politologi. Politik, vol. 16(3), pp. 45-54.
Peters, F., Vink, M., and Schmeets, H. (2016). The ecology of immigrant naturalisation: a life course approach in the context of institutional conditions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 42(3), pp. 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691 83X.2015.1103173
Peters, F., Vink, M., and Schmeets, H. (2018). Anticipating the Citizenship Premium: Before and after Effects of Immigrant Naturalisation on Employment. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 44(7), pp. 1051–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1367650
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. E. (1993). A Pragmatic Theory of Responsibility for the Egalitarian Planner. Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 22(2), pp. 146–166.
Salthouse, T.A. (1992). Mechanisms of age-cognition relations in adulthood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Seglow, J. (2009). Arguments for naturalisation. Political Studies, vol. 57(4), pp. 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00768.x
Soysal, Y.N. (1994). Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Street, A. (2017). The Political Effects of Immigrant Naturalization. International Migration Review, vol. 51(2), pp. 323–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12229
Truxillo, D.M., Finkelstein, L.M., Pytlovany, A.C. and Jenkins, J.S. (2015). Age Dis-crimination at Work: A Review of the Research and Recommendations for the Future. In: A.J. Colella and E.B. King, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tubergen, F.v. (2010). Determinants of Second Language Proficiency among Refugees in the Netherlands. Social Forces, vol. 89(2), pp. 515–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0092
Wood, G., Wilkinson, A. and Harcourt, M. (2008), Age discrimination and working life: Perspectives and contestations – a review of the contemporary literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 10, pp. 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00236.x
Zschirnt, E. and Ruedin, D. (2016). Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 42(7), pp. 1115-1134. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279
Ypi, L. (2018). Borders of Class: Migration and Citizenship in the Capitalist State. Ethics and international Affairs, vol. 32(2), pp. 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679418000278
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2020-05-27
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Jensen, K. K., & Nielsen, L. (2020). Fairness og statsborgerskab. Politik, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v23i1.120314
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