Borgerløn: Kan det nu betale sig?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v21i3.113011Nøgleord:
Borgerløn, Arbejdsmarked, UlighedResumé
The idea of basic income has been revitalized in the international debate as a solution to certain problematic trends, including labor market polarization or segmentation. This paper discusses two dominant issues in the debate, namely financing a basic income, and its ability to alleviate labor market segmentation. This means that the normative logics behind basic income with regard to justice, liberty and ecological sustainability will not be discussed. Following insights from the most recent international debate, the paper discusses the dilemma between the adequacy or generosity of basic income on the individual level, and its economic feasibility via taxation. A low or partial basic income model in combination with traditional income benefits could be feasible within the framework of existing tax levels. However, the paper also concludes that segmentation in terms of inequalities in exit and voice opportunities on the labor market is not solved by basic income by itself. Particularly low or partial basic income models may even support such inequalities.
Referencer
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Christensen, E. (2000). Borgerløn. Fortællinger om en politisk idé. Højbjerg: Hovedland.
Christensen, E. (2017). På vej til borgerløn – aktuel idédebat. Gjern: Hovedland.
Christensen, E. og Ydesen, C. (2007). Indledning. I: E. Christensen, K. Lieberkind og C. Ydesen, red., Retten til basisindkomst. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, s. 9-24
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https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123401000023
Gorz, A. (1992). On the Difference Between Society and Community and Why Basic Income Cannot by Itself Confer Full Membership. I: P. van Parijs, red., Arguing for Basic Income. London: Verso, s. 45-57
Gorz, A. (1997). Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-based Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Grace, K., Salvatier, J., Dafoe, A., Zhang, B. & Evans, O. (2017). When Will AI Exceed Human Intelligence? Evidence from AI Experts. Tilgængelig på: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.08807 [Tilgået d. 17 oktober 2017]
Handler, J. og Babcock, A.S. (2006). The Failure of Workfare: Another Reason for a Basic Income Guarantee. Basic Income Studies, årg. 1(1), s. 14-37. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1000
Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. og Hulme, D. (2010). Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South. Boulder: Kumarian Press.
Harvey, J.T. (2011). Money Growth Does Not Cause Inflation! Tilgængelig på: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2011/05/14/money-growth-does-not-cause-inflation/#58f7ec2542f5 [Tilgået d. 17. oktober 2017]
Höglund, M. (2007). Ekonomiska och politiska överväganden. I: E. Christensen, K. Lieberkind og C. Ydesen, red., Retten til basisindkomst. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, s. 355-378
IMF (2017). Fiscal Monitor October 2017: Tackling Inequality. Washington: IMF.
Jacobsen, M.H. og Petersen, A. (2017). Fagre nye arbejdsliv?. Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv, årg. 19(1), s. 10-28. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v19i1.109075
Kela (2016). From Idea to Experiment – Report on Universal Basic Income Experiment in Finland. Kela Working Papers no. 106, Helsinki: Kela.
Kela (2017). Basic Income Experiment 2017-2018. Tilgængelig på: https://www.kela.fi/web/en/basic-income-experiment-2017-2018 [Tilgået d. 19. oktober 2017]
Kamenica E. (2012). Behavioral Economics and Psychology of Incentives. Annual Review of Economics, årg. 4(1), s. 427-452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110909
Kongshøj, K. (2015). Den nordiske velfærdsmodel: Veje til og fra universalisme i Danmark, Finland, Norge og Sverige. I: C.A. Larsen og J.G. Andersen, red., Den universelle velfærdsstat. Funktionsmåde, folkelig opbakning og forandring. Frederiksberg: Frydenlund Academic, s. 159-178
Loftager, J. (1994). Citizens Income and the Crisis of the Welfare State. General Reflections and a Danish Perspective. Aarhus: Institut for Statskundskab.
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Wilmott, P. og Dewhurst, M. (2017). A Future that Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity. Bruxelles: McKinsey & Company.
Martinelli, L og de Wispelaere, J. (2017). A New Universalism? Varieties of Basic In-come and Welfare State Reform. Konferencepaper præsenteret ved ESPAnet 2017, Lissabon.
Major, A. (2016). Affording Utopia: The Economic Viability of a “Capitalist Road to Communism. Basic Income Studies, årg. 11(2), s. 75-95. https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0023
McFarland, K. (2017). Current Basic Income Experiments (and Those So Called): An Overview. Tilgængelig på: http://basicincome.org/news/2017/05/basic-income-experiments-and-those-so-called-early-2017-updates/ [Tilgået d. 5. november 2017]
Miller, A. (2017) A Basic Income Handbook. Edinburgh: Luath Press.
Meyer, N.I., Petersen, K. H. og Sørensen, V. (1978). Oprør fra midten. København: Gyldendal.
OECD (2017). Policy Brief on the Future of Work - Basic Income as a Policy Option. Can it Add Up? Paris: OECD Publishing.
Petit, P. (2007). A Republican Right to Basic Income?. Basic Income Studies, årg. 2(2), s. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1082
Rasmussen, S., Larsen, T.P. og Andersen, P.T. (2017). Det prekære arbejdsliv – en indledning. Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv, årg. 19(1), s. 5-9. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v19i1.109074
Rasmussen, S. og Madsen, P.K. (2017). Platformsøkonomien og prekariatet. Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv, årg. 19(1), s. 46-62. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v19i1.109077
Rankin, K. (2012). New Zealand: Prospects for Basic Income Reform. I: M.C. Murray & C. Pateman, red., Basic Income Worldwide. Horizons of Reform. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, s. 200-226
Reed, H. og Lansley, S. (2016). Universal Basic Income: An Idea Whose Time Has Come? London: Compass.
Rhodes, C. (2017). Funding Basic Income through Data Mining. Tilgængelig på: http://basicincome.org/news/2017/01/funding-basic-income-data-mining/ [Tilgået d. 18. oktober 2017]
Rommetvedt, H. (2017). Scandinavian Corporatism in Decline. I: O. Knutsen, red., The Nordic Models in Political Science. Challenged, But Still Viable? Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, s. 171-192
Rothstein, B. (2017). Solidarity, Diversity, and the Quality of Government. I: K. Banting og W. Kymlicka, red., The Strains of Commitment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s. 300-326
Smith, A. og Andersen, J. (2014). AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs. Washington: Pew Research Center.
Standing, G. (2014). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Standing, G. (2017). Basic Income, and How We Can Make it Happen. London: Pelican.
Tiessalo, R. (2017). Free Money Provokes Some Finns to Slam Basic Income as ‘Useless’. Tilgængelig på: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-08/-useless-basic-income-trial-fails-test-at-biggest-finnish-union [Tilgået d. 30. oktober 2017]
Zucman, G. (2017). How Corporations and the Wealthy Avoid Taxes (and How to Stop Them).Tilgængelig på: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/10/opinion/gabriel-zucman-paradise-papers-tax-evasion.html [Tilgået d. 17. november 2017]
Vanderborght, Y. (2006). Why Trade Unions Oppose Basic Income. Basic Income Studies, årg. 1(1), s. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1002
van Parijs, P. (1990). The Second Marriage of Justice and Efficiency. Journal of Social Policy, 19 (1), s. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400017827
van Parijs, P (1997). Real Freedom for All: What (if Anything) Can Justify Capitalism?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widerquist, K. (1999). Reciprocity and the Guaranteed Income. Politics and Society, årg. 27(3), s. 386-401
Widerquist, K. (2005). A Failure to Communicate: What (If Anything) Can We Learn from the Negative Income Tax Experiments? Journal of Socio-Economics, årg. 34(1), s. 49-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.050
Widerquist, K. og Sheahen, A. (2012). The United States: The Basic Income Guarantee – Past Experience, Current Proposals. I: M.C. Murray og C. Pateman, red.,
Basic Income Worldwide. Horizons of Reform. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, s. 11-32
Widerquist, K., Vanderourght, Y., Noguera, J.A. og de Wispelaere, J. (2013). Introduction: The Idea of an Unconditional Income for Everyone. I: K. Widerquist, J.A. Noguera, Y. Vanderbourght og J. de Wispelaere, red., Basic Income. An Anthology of Contemporary Research. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, s. xiii-xxv
Andersson, J.O. (2009). Basic Income from an Ecological Perspective, Basic Income Studies, årg. 4(2), s. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1180
Arbejderbevægelsens Erhvervsråd (2018). 160.000 personer er ikke i job eller uddannelse og får ikke understøttelse. København: Arbejderbevægelsens Erhvervsråd
Atkinson, A. (1996). The Case for a Participation Income. Political Quarterly, årg. 27(1), s. 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1996.tb01568.x
Acarons, J., Pañella, D.R. og Mèlich, L.T (2014). Feasibility of Financing a Basic In-come. Basic Income Studies, årg. 9(1), s. 79-93 https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2014-0005
Arntz, M., Gregory, T. og Zierahn, U. (2016). The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers no. 189. https://doi.org/10.1787/1815199X
Barry, B. (2001). UBI and the Work Ethic. I: P. Van Parijs, ed., What’s Wrong With a Free Lunch? Boston: Beacon Press, s. 24-55
BIEN Danmark (2017). Finansiering af basisindkomst. Tilgængelig på: http://basisindkomst.dk/finansiering-af-basisindkomst/ [Tilgået d. 20. december 2017]
Birnbaum S. og de Wispelaere, J. (2016). Basic Income in the Capitalist Economy: The Mirage of Exit from Employment. Basic Income Studies, årg. 11(1), s. 61-74. https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2016-0013
CESifo (2003). CESifo DICE Report 4/2003 (Winter). München: CESifo.
Christensen, E. (2000). Borgerløn. Fortællinger om en politisk idé. Højbjerg: Hovedland.
Christensen, E. (2017). På vej til borgerløn – aktuel idédebat. Gjern: Hovedland.
Christensen, E. og Ydesen, C. (2007). Indledning. I: E. Christensen, K. Lieberkind og C. Ydesen, red., Retten til basisindkomst. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, s. 9-24
Danmarks Statistik (2017). Person- og familieindkomster. Tilgængelig på: http://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/emner/arbejde-indkomst-og-formue/indkomster/person-og-familieindkomster [Tilgået d. 20. december 2017]
Dohmen, T. (2014). Behavioral Labor Economics: Advances and Future Directions. Labor Economics, årg. 30, s. 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.06.008
Dølvik, J. E.; Andersen, J.G. og Vartiainen, J. (2017). The Nordic Social Models in Turbulent Times: Consolidation and Flexible Adaptation. I: J.E. Dølvik og A. Martin, red., European Social Models from Crisis to Crisis. Employment and Inequality in the Era of Monetary Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s. 246-286
The Economist (2017a). The “Free” Economy Comes at a Cost. The Economist, årg. 424 (9055), s. 63.
The Economist (2017b). Why Taxing Robots is Not a Good Idea. The Economist, årg. 424(9057), s. 59
Emmenegger, P., Hausermann, S., Palier, B. og Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2012). How We Grow Unequal. I: P. Emmenegger, S. Hausermann, B. Palier og M. Seeleib-Kaiser, red., The Age of Dualization. The Changing Face of Inequality in Dein-dustrializing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s. 3-26
Larsen, R. E. (2002). Forord. I: R.E. Larsen, red., Oprør fra bredden. Fra velfærdsstat til borgerløn. København: Tiderne Skifter, s. 7-14
Flassbeck, H. (2017). Universal Basic Income Financing and Income Distribution – The Questions Left Unanswered by Proponents. Intereconomics, årg. 52(2), s. 80-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-0650-2
Frey, C.B. og Osborne, M. (2013). The Future of Employment. Working Paper. Oxford: Oxford Martin School.
Goodin, R.E. (2001). Work and Welfare. Towards a Post-productivist Welfare Regime. British Journal of Political Science, årg. 31(1), s. 13-39.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123401000023
Gorz, A. (1992). On the Difference Between Society and Community and Why Basic Income Cannot by Itself Confer Full Membership. I: P. van Parijs, red., Arguing for Basic Income. London: Verso, s. 45-57
Gorz, A. (1997). Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-based Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Grace, K., Salvatier, J., Dafoe, A., Zhang, B. & Evans, O. (2017). When Will AI Exceed Human Intelligence? Evidence from AI Experts. Tilgængelig på: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.08807 [Tilgået d. 17 oktober 2017]
Handler, J. og Babcock, A.S. (2006). The Failure of Workfare: Another Reason for a Basic Income Guarantee. Basic Income Studies, årg. 1(1), s. 14-37. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1000
Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. og Hulme, D. (2010). Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South. Boulder: Kumarian Press.
Harvey, J.T. (2011). Money Growth Does Not Cause Inflation! Tilgængelig på: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2011/05/14/money-growth-does-not-cause-inflation/#58f7ec2542f5 [Tilgået d. 17. oktober 2017]
Höglund, M. (2007). Ekonomiska och politiska överväganden. I: E. Christensen, K. Lieberkind og C. Ydesen, red., Retten til basisindkomst. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, s. 355-378
IMF (2017). Fiscal Monitor October 2017: Tackling Inequality. Washington: IMF.
Jacobsen, M.H. og Petersen, A. (2017). Fagre nye arbejdsliv?. Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv, årg. 19(1), s. 10-28. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v19i1.109075
Kela (2016). From Idea to Experiment – Report on Universal Basic Income Experiment in Finland. Kela Working Papers no. 106, Helsinki: Kela.
Kela (2017). Basic Income Experiment 2017-2018. Tilgængelig på: https://www.kela.fi/web/en/basic-income-experiment-2017-2018 [Tilgået d. 19. oktober 2017]
Kamenica E. (2012). Behavioral Economics and Psychology of Incentives. Annual Review of Economics, årg. 4(1), s. 427-452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110909
Kongshøj, K. (2015). Den nordiske velfærdsmodel: Veje til og fra universalisme i Danmark, Finland, Norge og Sverige. I: C.A. Larsen og J.G. Andersen, red., Den universelle velfærdsstat. Funktionsmåde, folkelig opbakning og forandring. Frederiksberg: Frydenlund Academic, s. 159-178
Loftager, J. (1994). Citizens Income and the Crisis of the Welfare State. General Reflections and a Danish Perspective. Aarhus: Institut for Statskundskab.
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Wilmott, P. og Dewhurst, M. (2017). A Future that Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity. Bruxelles: McKinsey & Company.
Martinelli, L og de Wispelaere, J. (2017). A New Universalism? Varieties of Basic In-come and Welfare State Reform. Konferencepaper præsenteret ved ESPAnet 2017, Lissabon.
Major, A. (2016). Affording Utopia: The Economic Viability of a “Capitalist Road to Communism. Basic Income Studies, årg. 11(2), s. 75-95. https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0023
McFarland, K. (2017). Current Basic Income Experiments (and Those So Called): An Overview. Tilgængelig på: http://basicincome.org/news/2017/05/basic-income-experiments-and-those-so-called-early-2017-updates/ [Tilgået d. 5. november 2017]
Miller, A. (2017) A Basic Income Handbook. Edinburgh: Luath Press.
Meyer, N.I., Petersen, K. H. og Sørensen, V. (1978). Oprør fra midten. København: Gyldendal.
OECD (2017). Policy Brief on the Future of Work - Basic Income as a Policy Option. Can it Add Up? Paris: OECD Publishing.
Petit, P. (2007). A Republican Right to Basic Income?. Basic Income Studies, årg. 2(2), s. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1082
Rasmussen, S., Larsen, T.P. og Andersen, P.T. (2017). Det prekære arbejdsliv – en indledning. Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv, årg. 19(1), s. 5-9. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v19i1.109074
Rasmussen, S. og Madsen, P.K. (2017). Platformsøkonomien og prekariatet. Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv, årg. 19(1), s. 46-62. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v19i1.109077
Rankin, K. (2012). New Zealand: Prospects for Basic Income Reform. I: M.C. Murray & C. Pateman, red., Basic Income Worldwide. Horizons of Reform. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, s. 200-226
Reed, H. og Lansley, S. (2016). Universal Basic Income: An Idea Whose Time Has Come? London: Compass.
Rhodes, C. (2017). Funding Basic Income through Data Mining. Tilgængelig på: http://basicincome.org/news/2017/01/funding-basic-income-data-mining/ [Tilgået d. 18. oktober 2017]
Rommetvedt, H. (2017). Scandinavian Corporatism in Decline. I: O. Knutsen, red., The Nordic Models in Political Science. Challenged, But Still Viable? Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, s. 171-192
Rothstein, B. (2017). Solidarity, Diversity, and the Quality of Government. I: K. Banting og W. Kymlicka, red., The Strains of Commitment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s. 300-326
Smith, A. og Andersen, J. (2014). AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs. Washington: Pew Research Center.
Standing, G. (2014). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Standing, G. (2017). Basic Income, and How We Can Make it Happen. London: Pelican.
Tiessalo, R. (2017). Free Money Provokes Some Finns to Slam Basic Income as ‘Useless’. Tilgængelig på: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-08/-useless-basic-income-trial-fails-test-at-biggest-finnish-union [Tilgået d. 30. oktober 2017]
Zucman, G. (2017). How Corporations and the Wealthy Avoid Taxes (and How to Stop Them).Tilgængelig på: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/10/opinion/gabriel-zucman-paradise-papers-tax-evasion.html [Tilgået d. 17. november 2017]
Vanderborght, Y. (2006). Why Trade Unions Oppose Basic Income. Basic Income Studies, årg. 1(1), s. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1002
van Parijs, P. (1990). The Second Marriage of Justice and Efficiency. Journal of Social Policy, 19 (1), s. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400017827
van Parijs, P (1997). Real Freedom for All: What (if Anything) Can Justify Capitalism?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widerquist, K. (1999). Reciprocity and the Guaranteed Income. Politics and Society, årg. 27(3), s. 386-401
Widerquist, K. (2005). A Failure to Communicate: What (If Anything) Can We Learn from the Negative Income Tax Experiments? Journal of Socio-Economics, årg. 34(1), s. 49-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.050
Widerquist, K. og Sheahen, A. (2012). The United States: The Basic Income Guarantee – Past Experience, Current Proposals. I: M.C. Murray og C. Pateman, red.,
Basic Income Worldwide. Horizons of Reform. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, s. 11-32
Widerquist, K., Vanderourght, Y., Noguera, J.A. og de Wispelaere, J. (2013). Introduction: The Idea of an Unconditional Income for Everyone. I: K. Widerquist, J.A. Noguera, Y. Vanderbourght og J. de Wispelaere, red., Basic Income. An Anthology of Contemporary Research. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, s. xiii-xxv
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2019-03-14
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Kongshøj, K. (2019). Borgerløn: Kan det nu betale sig?. Politik, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v21i3.113011
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- Forfattere bevarer deres ophavsret og giver tidsskriftet ret til første publicering, samtidigt med at værket er omfattet af en Creative Commons Attribution-licens, der giver andre ret til at dele værket med en anerkendelse af værkets forfatter og første publicering i nærværende tidsskrift.
- Forfattere kan indgå flere separate kontraktlige aftaler om ikke-eksklusiv distribution af tidsskriftets publicerede version af værket (f.eks. sende det til et institutionslager eller udgive det i en bog), med en anerkendelse af værkets første publicering i nærværende tidsskrift.
- Forfattere har ret til og opfordres til at publicere deres værker online (f.eks. i institutionslagre eller på deres websted) forud for og under manuskriptprocessen, da dette kan føre til produktive udvekslinger, samt tidligere og større citater fra publicerede værker (se The Effect of Open Access).
