On political activism in digital games

Authors

  • Daniel Cermak-Sassenrath ITU, Copenhagen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v34i64.96924

Abstract

This project investigates how players of digital games apply their own play with the intent to transmit political messages to other players. Acts of activism are collected from a sample of commercial multiplayer online games; three taxonomies are proposed of which one is used to present the findings, and popular patterns or structures of activism are identified. It is found that in-game activism often takes its cue from activism in everyday life, but that some original topics emerge, for example, the ownership of virtual worlds and practices of in-game political activism such as novel forms of rallies. Current political activism often appears to utilize generic and widely-shared game mechanics, rather than mechanics specific to individual games or genres. Games are therefore selected for their topics, availability, and costs, and popularity with the target audience

References

12 Most Controversial Video Games (controversial games) - ODDEE. Oddee. Retrieved from www.oddee.com/item_96977.aspx (May 26, 2017).

ADLmostwanted (2007, 4 April). World of Warcraft white nationalist guild. Thread on Stormfront Canada. Retrieved from https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t377747 (Jun 24, 2017).

Akrich, M. & Latour, B. A Summary of a Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Non-Human Assemblies. In W. E. Bijker & J. Law (Eds.), Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (pp. 259–64). Cambridge: MIT Pr.

Badash (2005, 7 April). Warcraft account suspended for 'Racial Character Naming'. Post in thread on Stormfront Canada. Retrieved from https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t196695 (Jun 25, 2017).

Balka, E. & Wagner, I. (2006). Making things work: Dimensions of configurability as appropriation work. Proc. of CSCW (pp. 229–38). ACM Pr.

BCSBuster (2013). Let's Play Final Fantasy 7 - #8: Cross-Dressing Cloud. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-S7KNTfXwI (Aug 24, 2017).

Best, J. (1998). Too much fun: Toys as social problems and the interpretation of culture. Symbolic Interaction, 21(2), 197–212.

Bogost, I. (2010). Persuasive Games. The Expressive Power of Videogames. Cambridge: MIT Pr.

BootsandBracers (2007, 9 April). World of Warcraft white nationalist guild. Post in thread on Stormfront Canada. Retrieved from https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t377747 (Jun 24, 2017).

Brown, B. A. T. & Perry, M. (2000). Why don't telephones have off switches? Understanding the use of everyday technologies. Interacting with Computers, 12(6), 623–34.

Carroll, J. (2004). Completing Design in Use: Closing the Appropriation Cycle, Proc. ECIS 2004, paper 44.

cartmantul (2009a). Second Life Hippo Terror Attack. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Dw-nQSTeQw (Aug 21, 2017).

cartmantul (2009b). Second Life Nazi Attack. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWc1fp1wIvA (Sep 1, 2017).

ChronosPallas (2015). Minecraft Apocalypse - S03E04 - "Political Posture". Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1PleEHjXeU (Aug 24, 2017).

Cleptar (2016). Trump Supporter in Second Life. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD7JrYjtC9c (Jun 10–11, 2017).

ComradeMikey (2017). A Party Political Minecraft on behalf of the Labour Party. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giFkbgmJD9c (Jun 24, 2017).

Cool Gaming, Bros (2015). Dark Souls 2: A Blind Playthrough 11, "The Gender Bender". Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCGt-TGe_dM (Jun 21, 2017).

Corentin (2005, 14 April). Warcraft account suspended for 'Racial Character Naming'. Post in thread on Stormfront Canada. Retrieved from https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t196695 (Jun 25, 2017).

Csskitty (2015). Gender Bend Gerard Way - Speed Skin. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s44fRye6mzg (Jun 21, 2017).

De Certeau, M. (1984). The Practice of Everyday Life. London: Univ. of Calif. Pr. DeLappe, J. (2001). Howl: Elite Force Voyager Online - Gaming Performance. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4J9i6jQXUg (Jun 10–11, 2017) (Aug 23, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2007). dead-in-iraq. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTnuUMM7frk (Aug 23, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2010a). gg hootenanny! gandhi's release party and global gaming singalong. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6hLz00SL_U (Jun 10–11, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2010b). All You Need is Love gg hootenanny!.mov. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axENnLf3ipg (Jun 10–11, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2011). Self Portrait as Monster Truck. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0b6MXeHV0I (Jun 10–11, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2012). Quake Friends - Performance Art. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4dJFaGRVFk (Aug 23, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2017a). Self Portrait as Monster Truck : Joseph DeLappe. Retrieved from www.delappe.net/project/self-portrait-as-monster-truck (Jun 10–11, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2017b). Howl: Elite Force Voyager Online : Joseph DeLappe. Retrieved from www.delappe.net/play/howl-elite-force-voyager-online (Aug 23, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2017c). Twitter Torture/MGandhi in Prison : Joseph DeLappe. Retrieved from www.delappe.net/project/twitter-torturegandhi-in-prison (Aug 21, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2017d). The Great Debates : Joseph DeLappe. Retrieved from www.delappe.net/play/the-great-debates (Aug 23, 2017).

DeLappe, J. (2017e). Quake/Friends : Joseph DeLappe. Retrieved from www.delappe.net/game-art/quakefriends (Aug 23, 2017).

Derboven, J., Geerts, D., & De Grooff, D. (2016). The tactics of everyday practice: A semiotic approach to appropriation. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal – IxD&A, (29), 99–120.

DeSanctis, G. & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity of advanced technology use: Adaptive structuration theory. Organization Science, 5(2), 121–47.

Despres, D. (2007). Virtual Guantanamo. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QT7p231Cfxk (Jun 10–11, 2017).

Dix, A. (2007). Designing for appropriation. Proc. 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference (HCI 2007), (2), 27–30.

Dourish, P. (1999). Evolution in the Adoption and Use of Collaborative Technologies. Proc. ECSCW 1999 Workshop on Evolving Use of Groupware.

Dourish, P. (2003). The appropriation of interactive technologies: Some lessons from placeless documents. Journal of Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 12(4), 465–90.

Dourish, P. (2004). What we talk about when we talk about context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 8(1), 19–30.

Dyer-Witheford, N. & de Peuter, G. (2009). Games of Empire. Global Capitalism and Video Games. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Pr.

ediblefeet (2006). Reservoir Fox - Second life terror attack. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23C-tpfhcfU (Aug 21, 2017).

ediblefeet (2007). The end of Le Pen. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqVnAW_IJ3g (Jun 21, 2017).

Emillie (2016). NAZIS IN CLUB PENGUIN?! Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJpbwEtDh20 (Jun 24, 2017).

Evans-Thirlwell, E. (2015, 19 January). Face-Stabbing and Cop-Killing: Inside 2015's Most Controversial Video Game. Waypoint. Retrieved from https://waypoint.vice.com/en_us/article/face-stabbing-and-cop-killing-inside-2015s-most-controversial-video-game (May 26, 2017).

Galloway, A. R. (2006). Gaming. Essays on Algorithmic Culture. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Pr.

GiaNtakos (2008). Second life: Solidarity for Greek Protesters (R.I.P. Alexis Grigoropoulos). Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBegf0y81aE (Sep 1, 2017).

Grau, O. (2003). Virtual Art. From Illusion to Immersion (Trans. Gloria Custance). Cambridge: MIT Pr. gymnast86 (2017). Breath of the Wild Any% Speedrun in 41:59. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baJBYEKf60Y (Sep 1, 2017).

Hine, C. (2015). Ethnography for the Internet. Embedded, Embodied and Everyday. London: Bloomsbury.

idccom (2008). Anti-Israeli demonstration in Second Life. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8RClweJ9bI (Jun 21, 2017).

Ihde, D. (1979). Technics & Praxis. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

InfestedChris (2011). Insurgency Half-Life 2 mod. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILDaf5Ay4qU (Jun 24, 2017).

Kersten-van Dijk, E. T. & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2016). Design Beyond the Numbers: Sharing, Comparing, Storytelling and the Need for a Quantified Us. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal – IxD&A, (29), 121–35.

knightgraymon (2014). gender bender DNA twister extreme yael part 1. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0BgmO6QG5o (Sep 1, 2017).

Kotaku (2016). An Anti-Trump Rally in Second Life. Also An Anti-Perpendicular Wizard Ral. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9WFWxaYs8s (Jun 21, 2017).

Kotaku (2017). The Trump Inauguration Party In Second Life. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2I7cHaugGZ0 (Jun 21, 2017).

Machinima (2008). Election Duel! Obama V. McCain - Who Get's Pwned? (World of Warcraft Machinima). Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5Kg-K7em20 (Aug 24, 2017).

mattr0x (2007). Protesting the ban on gambling in Second Life. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE_5rD_4Smg (Jun 21, 2017).

McElroy, J. (2008, 16 October). Obama ads not just in Burnout Paradise. Engadget. Retrieved from https://www.engadget.com/2008/10/16/obama-ads-not-just-in-burnout-paradise/ (Aug 21, 2017).

McGamer, D. (2015). Fallout 4 Sex Change How to Change Gender. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OEzXNC47aU (Jun 21, 2017).

nathaaan90 (2010, 11 June). Top 12 Most Controversial Games. Listverse. Retrieved from listverse.com/2010/06/11/top-12-most-controversial-games (May 26, 2017).

Norman, D. (1988). The Psychology of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books. Nornsonur, H. (2012). The FurNation Gamma Incident. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwWlUVe0dGc (Aug 24, 2017).

Overdijk, M., van Diggelen, W., Kirschner, P. A., & Baker, M. (2012). Connecting agents and artefacts: Towards a rationale of mutual shaping. International Journal of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, 7, 193–210.

Overdijk, M., van Diggelen, W., Andriessen, J., & Kirschner, P. A. (2014). How to bring a technical artifact into use: A micro-developmental perspective. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 9(3), 283–303.

Panganiban, R. (2011a). Anti-Mubarak demonstrations in Second Life (HD version). Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2-DqVYcrao (Jun 21, 2017).

Panganiban, R. (2011b). Avatars against the War: a Second Life Demonstration for Peace. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaiGV_Hd0O8 (Jun 21, 2017).

PCLScripters (2008). Clubpenguin Bots: Swastika Bots. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cxrtAVbohg (Jun 24, 2017).

piercep (2006). The Protest. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfV1DrrY2r4 (Jun 21, 2017).

Pipek, V. (2005). From tailoring to appropriation support: Negotiating groupware usage. Doctoral thesis, Oulu Univ. Pr., Oulu.

PISTOLcm (2013). RON PAUL'S WORLD OF WARCRAFT MARCH TO FREEDOM. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDyheKhwWf8 (Jun 22, 2017).

Plombon, J. (2008, 17 December). The 6 Most Politically Incorrect Video Game Moments. Cracked. Retrieved from www.cracked.com/article_16885_the-6-most-politically-incorrect-video-game-moments.html (May 26, 2017).

Poremba, C. (2003). Patches of peace: Tiny signs of agency in digital games. DiGRA International Conference: Level Up (n.p.).

rabidns (2005, 7 April). Warcraft account suspended for 'Racial Character Naming'. Post in thread on Stormfront.org. Retrieved from https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t196695 (Jun 25, 2017).

Raworth, K. (2017, 21 July). Monopoly was invented to demonstrate the evils of capitalism. Aeon. Retrieved from https://aeon.co/ideas/monopoly-was-invented-to-demonstrate-the-evils-of-capitalism (Aug 21, 2017).

Richard, G. T., & Hoadley, C. M. (2013). Investigating a supportive online gaming community as a means of reducing stereotype threat vulnerability across gender. Proceedings of Games, Learning & Society 9.0, 261-6.

RoxyPox (2012). Fem Fortress- The Consequences of Gender-Bending. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8J1LfcvqhcQ (Aug 24, 2017).

Salovaara, A. (2012). Repurposive Appropriation and Creative Technology Use in Human-Computer Interaction, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Helsinki.

Silverstone, R., Hirsch, E., & Morley, D. (1992). Information and communication technologies and the moral economy of the household. In R. Silverstone & E. Hirsch (Eds.), Consuming Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces (pp. 15–31), New York: Routledge.

Sinclair, B. (2008, 16 October). Obama campaigns in Burnout, 17 other games. Game Spot. Retrieved from https://www.gamespot.com/articles/obama-campaigns-in-burnout-17-other-games/1100-6199379/ (Aug 21, 2017).

Smith, G. (2014). Sims 3 gender change with cheats. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksOon4S3ImA (Jun 21, 2017).

Stortz (2006). ring attack 11-19-2006. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5H8hNXWgOoE (Aug 22, 2017).

Stuart, K. (2006, 26 October). The 10 political games everyone should play. The Guardian, Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2006/oct/26/tenseriousgam (May 26, 2017).

Sutton-Smith, B. (1986). Toys as Culture. New York: Gardner Pr.

Swarm TV (2013). Fable 2 Episode 61: Gender Bender 5000. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kta--dU0BP4 (Jun 21, 2017).

Sørensen, K. H. (2006). Domestication: The enactment of technology. In T. Berker, M. Hartman, P. Yves, & W. Katie (Eds), Domestication of Media and Technology (40–61). Open Univ. Pr.

theDeModcracy (2016). Dark Souls 3 Speedrun in 1:16.44 (All Bosses) with Walkthrough Commentary. 2016. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0izRQ2p7bs (Jun 22–24, 2017).

TheSims2MovieGirl1 (2012). Gender Bender The Sims 2. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qRGhwD-UFs (Aug 24, 2017).

TiffyKishman (unknown). Tiffy's Second Life ; Trump Rally Place. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIrck34pEFc (Jun 2017).

Top 10 Most Controversial Moments in Video Games. Cheat Code Central. Retrieved from lists.cheatcc.com/lists/6 (May 26, 2017).

TOP 15 LIST: The 15 Most Controversial Video Games of All Time. HNGN. Retrieved from www.hngn.com/articles/49259/20141112/top-15-list-the-15-most-controversial-video-games-of-all-time.htm (May 26, 2017).

Tran, C., Smørda, O., & Conley, A. (2016). The interaction between design features and learners’ goals: A case study of a science museum game. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal – IxD&A, (29), 24–51.

Ventä-Olkkonen, L., Iivari, N., Lanamäki, A., Jurmu, M., Kukkam, H., Kuutti, K. (2016). People lining up to use a cool new gadget in the city? Surprise and variety in technology appropriation of multipurpose public displays. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal – IxD&A, (29), 136–58.

Verbeek, P.-P. (2005). What Things Do. Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design. University Park: Penn State Pr.

Weebhut Jr (2017). The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild | Part 1 | VEGAN PLAYTHROUGH!! Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-b3py7vUpk (Jun 23, 2017).

Weird_Stealth. This Spartan Life Episode 1 Module 1. 2006. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcDYwU0CX2Q (Sep 1, 2017).

wew lad (2017). NAKED + VEGAN ZELDA: Breath of the Wild LIVE| | No Armor or Meat Run [Part 1]. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwnddQW9vHI (Jun 23, 2017).

White, M. (2008). Second Life Protest Regatta (2008). Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duM2ttpqT5Q (Jun 21, 2017).

White Youth (2005, 7 April). Warcraft account suspended for 'Racial Character Naming'. Post in thread on Stormfront Canada. Retrieved from https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t196695 (Jun 25, 2017).

Wikipedia (2017a). List of controversial video games. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_controversial_video_games (May 26, 2017).

Wikipedia (2017b). Club Penguin. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Penguin (Jun 24, 2017).

WoWProgress.com (2017a). WoW Guild Fascist Pigs @ Illidan :: WoWProgress - World of Warcraft Rankings. Retrieved from https://www.wowprogress.com/guild/us/illidan/Fascist+Pigs (Jun 24–25, 2017).

WoWProgress.com (2017b). WoW Guild Fascist Duelists @ Illidan :: WoWProgress - World of Warcraft Rankings. Retrieved from https://www.wowprogress.com/guild/us/illidan/Fascist+Duelists (Jun 24–25, 2017).

xxyxs (2008). World of Warcraft Ron Paul March! Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4szfw73b-lY (Jun 22, 2017).

XYZ Exhibition (2002). Velvet Strike. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2z_J7KNs8I (Jun 10–11, 2017).

Zak, R. (2016, 15 August). The most controversial games in PC history. PC Games. Retrieved from https://www.pcgamesn.com/most-controversial-games-on-pc (May 26, 2017).

Zakalwe, C. (2011, 31 July). Breivik's World of Warcraft History. Islam versus Europe. Retrieved from islamversuseurope.blogspot.dk/2011/07/breiviks-world-of-warcraft-history.html (Jun 24, 2017).

zero696696 (2008). Ron Paul WoW Rally. Video on YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJBucpgzHvU (Jun 22, 2017).

Zerxes (2012, 9 April). Any radical leftist political guild? Post in thread on Stormfront Canada. Retrieved from https://us.battle.net/forums/en/wow/topic/4362521063 (Jun 24, 2017).

Downloads

Published

2018-06-14

How to Cite

Cermak-Sassenrath, D. (2018). On political activism in digital games. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 34(64), 29 p. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v34i64.96924