The Absent Algorithm
Communicating around artificial intelligence in enterprise social media
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/mk.v40i76.143577Keywords:
Enterprise social media, algorithms, artificial intelligence, human-machine communication, organizational studies, MetaAbstract
If your medium is shaped by an algorithm, then what reason would you have to hide it? This article explores the topic of how the algorithmic shaping of communication on enterprise social media (ESM) is in turn communicated by platform developers to potential customer organizations. Specifically, the article analyzes how this topic is usually not discussed and why. As a case study, the author performs a qualitative analysis of the corporate communication surrounding the ESM Workplace from Meta, analyzing the 23 podcast episodes and 123 online videos produced by Meta on this topic. The case is selected due to the prolific discussion of algorithmic curation in other Meta products, and the presence of such algorithmic underpinnings on Workplace itself. Despite this, Meta’s emphasis is usually on more explicit examples of artificial intelligence in the form of communicative bots, and especially on how these may circumvent algorithmically curated or individualized communication patterns of employees. Drawing on critical management and organizational studies, the author discusses possible explanations relating to the distribution of power between organizations and platforms.
References
Alvesson, M., & Kärreman, D. (2011). Qualitative Research and Theory Development: Mystery as Method. SAGE.
Anderson, E. (2017). Private Government. In Private Government. Princeton University Press. https://doi/10.1515/9781400887781/html
Andrejevic, M. (2019). Automated Media. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429242595
Andrijasevic, R., Chen, Y., Gregg, M., & Steinberg, M. (2021). Media and management.
Assenmacher, D., Clever, L., Frischlich, L., Quandt, T., Trautmann, H., & Grimme, C. (2020). Demystifying Social Bots: On the Intelligence of Automated Social Media Actors. Social Media + Society, 6(3), 2056305120939264. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120939264
Bagger, C. (2021). An organisational cultivation of digital resignation?: Enterprise social media, privacy and autonomy. N O R D I C O M Review, 42(Special Issue 4), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0049
Bagger, C. (2022). The Medium in The Middle: Workplace from Meta, Enterprise Social Media and the Intersection of the Personal and the Professional [PhD Thesis]. 10.13140/RG.2.2.19576.01287
Bagger, C. (2023). Professional Transmedia Selves: Finding a Place for Enterprise Social Media. In Transmedia Selves (pp. 39–51). Routledge.
Bagger, C., & Lomborg, S. (2021). Overcoming Forced Disconnection: Disentangling the Professional and the Personal in Pandemic Times. In A. Chia, A. Jorge, & T. Karppi (Eds.), Reckoning with Social Media (pp. 167–188). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Barbrook, R., & Cameron, A. (1996). The Californian ideology. Science as Culture, 6(1), 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505439609526455
Bareis, J., & Katzenbach, C. (2022). Talking AI into Being: The Narratives and Imaginaries of National AI Strategies and Their Performative Politics. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 47(5), 855–881. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211030007
Baym, N. K. (2015). Personal connections in the digital age. John Wiley & Sons.
Beyes, T., Chun, W. H. K., Clarke, J., Flyverbom, M., & Holt, R. (2022). Ten Theses on Technology and Organization: Introduction to the Special Issue. Organization Studies, 43(7), 1001–1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406221100028
Bishop, S. (2023). Influencer creep: How artists strategically navigate the platformisation of art worlds. New Media & Society, 14614448231206090. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231206090
Bonini, T., & Trere, E. (2024). Algorithms of Resistance: The Everyday Fight against Platform Power. MIT Press.
Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media & Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159
Bucher, T. (2020). Nothing to disconnect from? Being singular plural in an age of machine learning. Media, Culture & Society, 42(4), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720914028
Bucher, T. (2021). Facebook. John Wiley & Sons.
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory. SAGE.
Clegg, N. (2021, March 31). You and the Algorithm: It Takes Two to Tango. Medium. https://nickclegg.medium.com/you-and-the-algorithm-it-takes-two-to-tango-7722b19aa1c2
Collier, A. (1994). Critical realism: An introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s philosophy (1. publ). Verso.
Crawford, K. (2021). The Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press.
Czarniawska-Joerges, B. (1999). Writing Management: Organization Theory as a Literary Genre. Oxford University Press.
Deutsch, D. (2011). The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World. Viking Group.
Dourish, P. (2016). Algorithms and their others: Algorithmic culture in context. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716665128
Egliston, B., & Carter, M. (2022). ‘The metaverse and how we’ll build it’: The political economy of Meta’s Reality Labs. New Media & Society, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221119785
Fast, K. (2018). A Discursive Approach to Mediatisation: Corporate Technology Discourse and the Trope of Media Indispensability. Media and Communication, 6(2), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i2.1311
Fernández-Aller, C., & Peña-Acuña, B. (2022). Facebook and Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Good Practices. In M. C. Ketteman (Ed.), How Platforms Respond to Human Rights Conflicts Online: Best Practices in Weighing Rights and Obligations in Hybrid Online Orders. Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.81872
Fleming, P. (2019). Robots and Organization Studies: Why Robots Might Not Want to Steal Your Job. Organization Studies, 40(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840618765568
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245.
Gillespie, T. (2010). The politics of ‘platforms.’ New Media & Society, 12(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342738
Glatt, Z. (2023). The intimacy triple bind: Structural inequalities and relational labour in the influencer industry. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494231194156
Grandinetti, J. (2023). Examining embedded apparatuses of AI in Facebook and TikTok. AI & SOCIETY, 38(4), 1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01270-5
Hall, S. (1980). Encoding-decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, Media, Language. Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (pp. 128–138). Hutchinson.
Hansen, S. S. (2022). Public AI imaginaries: How the debate on artificial intelligence was covered in Danish newspapers and magazines 1956–2021. Nordicom Review, 43(1), 56–78. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2022-0004
Hepp, A. (2020). Artificial companions, social bots and work bots: Communicative robots as research objects of media and communication studies. Media, Culture & Society, 42(7–8), 1410–1426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720916412
Hoffmann, A. L., Proferes, N., & Zimmer, M. (2018). “Making the world more open and connected”: Mark Zuckerberg and the discursive construction of Facebook and its users. New Media & Society, 20(1), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816660784
Horwitz, J. (2023). Broken code: Inside Facebook and the fight to expose its harmful secrets (First edition). Doubleday.
Jensen, K. B. (Ed.). (2021). A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies (Third Edition). Routledge.
Jordan, J. M. (2016). Robots. MIT Press.
Katzenbach, C. (2021). “AI will fix this” – The Technical, Discursive, and Political Turn to AI in Governing Communication. Big Data & Society, 8(2), 205395172110461. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211046182
Kelleher, J. D. (2019). Deep Learning. MIT Press.
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0174
Kopf, S. (2020). “Rewarding Good Creators”: Corporate Social Media Discourse on Monetization Schemes for Content Creators. Social Media + Society, 6(4), 2056305120969877. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120969877
Lagerkvist, A. (2020). Digital Limit Situations: Anticipatory Media Beyond 'The New AI Era' Journal of Digital Social Research (JDSR), 2(3), 16–41.
Larsen, R. (2022). ‘Information Pressures’ and the Facebook Files: Navigating Questions around Leaked Platform Data. Digital Journalism, 10(9), 1591–1603. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2087099
Leonardi, P. M., Huysman, M., & Steinfield, C. (2013). Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12029
Lindgren, S. (2023). Critical theory of AI. Polity Press.
Locke, K., Golden-Biddle, K., & Feldman, M. S. (2008a). Perspective—Making Doubt Generative: Rethinking the Role of Doubt in the Research Process. Organization Science, 19(6), 907–918. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0398
Locke, K., Golden-Biddle, K., & Feldman, M. S. (2008b). Perspective—Making Doubt Generative: Rethinking the Role of Doubt in the Research Process. Organization Science, 19(6), 907–918. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0398
Lomborg, S. (2014). Social media, social genres: Making sense of the ordinary. Routledge.
Lomborg, S. (2017). A state of flux: Histories of social media research. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682807
Lunden, I., & Constine, J. (2018, October 9). Facebook Workplace adds algorithmic feed, Safety Check and enhanced chat. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/09/facebook-workplace-conference/
Lunze, T. (2014). Recommendation in Enterprise 2.0 Social Media Streams [Technical University of Dresden]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236371746.pdf
Maas, M. (2023). AI is Like… A literature review of AI metaphors and why they matter for policy. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12693.91366
Madsen, V. T., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2016). Self-censorship on internal social media: A case study of coworker communication behavior in a Danish bank. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 10(5), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2016.1220010
Marwick, A. E., & boyd, danah. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313
McLuhan, M. (2010). Understanding media: The extensions of man (Repr). Routledge.
Meta for Work (Director). (2018a, October 25). Walmart x Workplace webinar 10/23/18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOCnS4W4OTQ
Meta for Work (Director). (2018b, November 22). Walmart and Clarins: How to Unlock Human Potential in Business at Flow 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y9go58RbZY
Mettler, T. (2023). The connected workplace: Characteristics and social consequences of work surveillance in the age of datification, sensorization, and artificial intelligence. Journal of Information Technology, 02683962231202535. https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962231202535
Mueller, G. (2021). Breaking Things at Work: The Luddites Are Right about Why You Hate Your Job. Verso Books.
Munn, L. (2022). Automation Is a Myth. Stanford University Press.
Napoli, P., & Caplan, R. (2017). Why media companies insist they’re not media companies, why they’re wrong, and why it matters. First Monday, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i5.7051
Natale, S. (2021a). Communicating Through or Communicating with: Approaching Artificial Intelligence from a Communication and Media Studies Perspective. Communication Theory, 31(4), 905–910. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa022
Natale, S. (2021b). Deceitful Media: Artificial Intelligence and Social Life after the Turing Test. Oxford University Press.
Nyman, S., Benfeldt, O., Gierlich-Joas, M., Bagger, C., Zambach, S., Blicher, A., Mazumdar, S., Nørbjerg, J., Bødker, M., Parra-Moyano, J., Jensen, T. B., & Clemmensen, T. (2024). From algorithmic management to data-driven labour organising: A trade union approach to workplace datafication. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems.
Nyman, S., Bødker, M., & Blegind Jensen, T. (2023). Reforming work patterns or negotiating workloads? Exploring alternative pathways for digital productivity assistants through a problematization lens. Journal of Information Technology, 02683962231181602. https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962231181602
Pasquale, F. (2016). The black box society: The secret algorithms that control money and information (First Harvard University Press paperback edition). Harvard University Press.
Peters, J. D. (1989). John Locke, the individual, and the origin of communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 75(4), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638909383886
Peters, J. D. (2015). The marvelous clouds. University of Chicago Press.
Peters, J. D. (2022). What is not a medium? Communication +1, 9(1), 1–4.
Popper, K. R. (2002). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. Routledge.
Qiu, J. L. (2018). Labor and Social Media: The Exploitation and Emancipation of (almost) Everyone Online. In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of social media. London, SAGE Publications (pp. 297–313). SAGE.
Radford, A., Kim, J. W., Xu, T., Brockman, G., McLeavey, C., & Sutskever, I. (2022). Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision (arXiv:2212.04356). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.04356
Rider, K., & Murakami Wood, D. (2019). Condemned to connection? Network communitarianism in Mark Zuckerberg’s “Facebook Manifesto.” New Media & Society, 21(3), 639–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818804772
Roberts, S. T. (2019). Behind the screen: Content moderation in the shadows of social media. Yale University Press.
Sanda, E. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and the Facebook Bubble. In A. M. Dima & V. M. Vargas (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences (pp. 559–570). Sciendo. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788367405072-051
Schaefer, S. M. (2023). The corporate social media creep. Culture and Organization, 29(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2022.2153129
Schwartz, S. A., & Mahnke, M. S. (2021). Facebook use as a communicative relation: Exploring the relation between Facebook users and the algorithmic news feed. Information, Communication & Society, 24(7), 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1718179
The Workplace Effect (Director). (2020, 26). Ep 1—Building an Inclusive Culture Using Bots: Honest Burgers. In The Workplace Effect. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-workplace-effect/id1542274846
The Workplace Effect (Director). (2021a, February 4). ep 2—Nurturing Culture & Community for Remote Workforces: Ennismore on Apple Podcasts (2). In The Workplace Effect. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/nurturing-culture-community-for-remote-workforces-ennismore/id1542274846?i=1000506903830
The Workplace Effect (Director). (2021b, March 18). ep 3—Connected Comms During Challenging Times: Virgin Atlantic on Apple Podcasts (3). In The Workplace Effect. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/connected-comms-during-challenging-times-virgin-atlantic/id1542274846?i=1000513542490
The Workplace Effect (Director). (2023, January 20). ep 23—Customer Success Story: North East Ambulance Service on Apple Podcasts. In The Workplace Effect. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/customer-success-story-north-east-ambulance-service/id1542274846?i=1000595721007
Turner, F. (2018). The arts at Facebook: An aesthetic infrastructure for surveillance capitalism. Poetics, 67, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2018.03.003
Walker, M., Fleming, P., & Berti, M. (2021). ‘You can’t pick up a phone and talk to someone’: How algorithms function as biopower in the gig economy. Organization, 28(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420978831
Weiss-Blatt, N. (2021). The techlash and tech crisis communication (First edition). Emerald Publishing.
Wiehn, T. (2022). Becoming intimate with algorithms: Towards a critical antagonism via algorithmic art. Media International Australia, 183(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221077844
Woodcock, J. (2021). The Limits of Algorithmic Management. South Atlantic Quarterly, 120(4), 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-9443266
Workplace from Meta (Director). (2017, October 23). Setting your Group up for Success. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WelvcqRXH0
Yates, J., & Orlikowski, W. (2007). The PowerPoint presentation and its corollaries: How genres shape communicative action in organizations. Communicative Practices in Workplaces and the Professions: Cultural Perspectives on the Regulation of Discourse and Organizations, 1, 67–92.
Ytre-Arne, B., & Moe, H. (2021a). Doomscrolling, Monitoring and Avoiding: News Use in COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. Journalism Studies, 22(13), 1739–1755. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1952475
Ytre-Arne, B., & Moe, H. (2021b). Folk theories of algorithms: Understanding digital irritation. Media, Culture & Society, 43(5), 807–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720972314
Zaveri, P. (2021, February 7). Facebook’s collaboration tool Workplace is dwarfed by competitors but beloved by customers like Starbucks and Walmart. Here are its biggest challenges ahead. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-enterprise-collaboration-tool-workplace-customers-competitors-2021-2
Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for the future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Author and journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Author and Journal.
Articles published after January 1 2024 are licensed under CCBY 4.0.
Articles published until December 31 2023 are licensed under CCBYNCND.
Articles submitted to MedieKultur should not be submitted to or published in other journals.