Baked bunnies, couple selfies, and video-call gardening
Visual communication in couple relationships during COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/mk.v38i73.130783Keywords:
Visual communication, couple relationships, relationship stability, communication stability, turning points, COVID-19Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has had manifold societal implications. This paper reflects on the role of visual communication for maintaining relationship stability in couple relationships during the first wave of the pandemic, which we understand as a circumstantial turning point. The analysis is based on qualitative interviews with couples before, during, and after the first wave of COVID-19 in Switzerland, complemented by creative visual methods, follow-up surveys, and video calls. Our results show that visual practices are embedded in rather stable communication repertoires of couples during their relationship maintenance phase. Our study also points to the simultaneous use of a variety of visual practices, which led to a high “visual saturation”. These visual practices were found to contribute to relationship stability by reinforcing intimacy, a key factor in couple relationships, thereby shielding the relationships from circumstantial change.
References
Acedera, K. A., & Yeoh, S. A. B. (2018). Facebook, long-distance marriages, and the mediation of intimacies. International Journal of Communication, 12, 4123–4142.
Aiello, G., & Parry, K. (2020). Visual communication: Understanding images in media culture (1st ed.). SAGE.
Andreas, M., Kasprowicz, D., & Rieger, S. (2016). Technik | Intimität. Einleitung in den Schwerpunkt. Zeitschrift für Medienwissenschaft, 8(2), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.25969/MEDIAREP/1870
Andreassen, R., Nebeling Petersen, M., Harrison, K., & Raun, T. (Eds.). (2018). Mediated intimacies: Connectivities, relationalities and proximities. Routledge.
Awan, F., & Gaunlett, D. (2011). Creative and visual methods in audience research. In V. Nightingale (Ed.), The handbook of media audiences (pp. 360–379). Wiley-Blackwell.
Barker, M.-J., Gill, R., & Harvey, L. (2018). Mediated intimacy: Sex advice in media culture. Polity.
Baxter, L. A., Braithwaite, D. O., & Nicholson, J. H. (1999). Turning points in the development of blended families. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16(3), 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407599163002
Baxter, L. A., & Bullis, C. (1986). Turning points in developing romantic relationships. Human Communication Research, 12(4), 469–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00088.x
Baxter, L. A., & Pittman, G. (2001). Communicatively remembering turning points of relational development in heterosexual romantic relationships. Communication Reports, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210109367732
Baym, N. (2010). Personal connections in the digital age. Polity Press.
Berger, P. L., & Kellner, H. (1964). Marriage and the construction of reality: An exercise in the microsociology of knowledge. Diogenes, 12(46), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/039219216401204601
Broadbent, S., & Bauwens, V. (2008). Understanding convergence. Interactions: Toward a Model of Innovation, 15(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/1330526.1330536
Buneviciene, I., Bunevicius, R., Bagdonas, S., & Bunevicius, A. (2021). COVID-19 media fatigue: Predictors of decreasing interest and avoidance of COVID-19–related news. Public Health, 196, 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.024
Cabrera García, V., & Aya Gómez, V. (2014). Limitations of evolutionary theory in explaining marital satisfaction and stability of couple relationships. International Journal of Psychological Research, 7(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.669
Caughlin, J. P., & Sharabi, L. L. (2013). A communicative interdependence perspective of close relationships: The connections between mediated and unmediated interactions matter. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12046
Cefai, S., & Couldry, N. (2019). Mediating the presence of others: Reconceptualising co-presence as mediated intimacy. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417743040
Chambers, D. (2013). Social media and personal relationships. Palgrave Macmillan.
Collier, J. (1957). Photography in anthropology: A report on two experiments. American Anthropologist, 59(5), 843–859. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1957.59.5.02a00100
Couldry, N. (2011). The necessary future of the audience… and how to research it. In V. Nightingale (Ed.), The handbook of media audiences (pp. 213–229). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444340525.ch10
Couldry, N. (2012). Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity.
Diefenbach, S., & Christoforakos, L. (2017). The selfie paradox: Nobody seems to like them yet everyone has reasons to take them. An exploration of psychological functions of selfies in self-presentation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00007
Duck, S. (2003). Relationships as unfinished business: Out of the frying pan and into the 1990s. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590071001
Duck, S., & Mc Mahan, D. T. (2015). Communication in everyday life: A survey of communication. Sage.
Duguay, S., Dietzel, C., & Myles, D. (2022). The year of the “virtual date”: Reimagining dating app affordances during the COVID-19 pandemic. New Media & Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211072257
Edwards, E. (2012). Objects of affect: Photography beyond the image. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41, 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145708
Farci, M., Rossi, L., Artieri, G. B., & Giglietto, F. (2017). Networked intimacy: Intimacy and friendship among Italian Facebook users. Information, Communication & Society, 20(5), 784–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1203970
Finn, M. D. (2012). The psychological architecture of the stable couple relationship. Theory & Psychology, 22(5), 607–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354312451957
Gabbiadini, A., Baldissarri, C., Durante, F., Valtorta, R. R., De Rosa, M., & Gallucci, M. (2020). Together apart: The mitigating role of digital communication technologies on negative affect during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 554678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554678
Gan, Y. (2021). Capturing love at a distance: Multisensoriality in intimate video calls between migrant parents and their left-behind children. Social Interactio:. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v4i3.128148
Garfin, D. R. (2020). Technology as a coping tool during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress and Health, 36(4), 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2975
Giddens, A. (1992). The transformation of intimacy: Sexuality, love and eroticism in modern societies. Stanford University Press.
Gómez Cruz, E., & Miguel, C. (2014). I’m doing this right now and it’s for you: The role of images in sexual ambient intimacy. In M. Berry, & M. Schleser (Eds.), Mobile media making in an age of smartphones (Vol. 1) (pp. 139–147). Palgrave Macmillan
Hampton, A. J., Rawlings, J., Treger, S., & Sprecher, S. (2018). Channels of computer-mediated communication and satisfaction in long-distance relationships. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 11(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v11i2.273
Hand, M. M., Thomas, D., Buboltz, W. C., Deemer, E. D., & Buyanjargal, M. (2013). Facebook and romantic relationships: Intimacy and couple satisfaction associated with online social network use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0038
Hardey, M. (2004). Mediated relationships. Information, Communication & Society, 7(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118042000232657
Hargittai, E., & Nguyen, M. H. (2020, June 19). How Switzerland kept in touch during Covid-19 [News-Platform of SRG]. SwissInfo.Ch. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/how-people-communicated-duringcovid-19-in-switzerland/45848330
Harper, D. (1986). Meaning and work: A study in photo elicitation. Current Sociology, 34(3), 24–46.
Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: A case for photo-elicitation. Visual Studies, 34(3), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860220137345
Hasebrink, U. (2015). Kommunikationsrepertoires und digitale Öffentlichkeiten. Communicative Figurations. Working Papers, 8, 35–49.
Hasebrink, U., & Hepp, A. (2017). How to research cross-media practices? Investigating media repertoires and media ensembles. Convergence, 23(4), 362–377. https://doi.org/0.1177/1354856517700384
Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and internet connectivity effects. Information, Communication & Society, 8(2), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180500146185
Hepp, A. (2010). Researching ‘mediatised worlds’: Non-mediacentric media and communication research as a challenge. In B. Cammaerts, N. Carpentier, I. Tomanic Trivundža, P. Pruulmann-Venerfeldt, E. Sundin, T. Olsson, R. Kilborn, & H. Nieminen (Eds.), Media and communication studies, interventions and intersections: The intellectual work of the 2010 ECREA european media and communication doctoral summer school (pp. 37–48). University of Tartu Press.
Hepp, A., Roitsch, C., & Berg, M. (2016). Investigating communication networks contextually: Qualitative network analysis as cross media research. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 32(60), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v32i60.21614
Hertlein, K. M., & Chan, D. (2020). The rationale behind texting, Videoconferencing, and mobile phones in couple relationships. Marriage & Family Review, 56(8), 739–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2020.1737624
Jamieson, L. (1999). Intimacy transformed? A critical look at the “pure relationship.” Sociology, 33(3), 477–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/S0038038599000310
Jiang, L. C., & Hancock, J. T. (2013). Absence makes the communication grow fonder: Geographic separation, interpersonal media, and intimacy in dating relationships: Long-distance intimacy process. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 556–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12029
Kahlow, J. A., Coker, M. C., & Richards, R. (2020). The multimodal nature of Snapchat in close relationships: Toward a social presence based theoretical framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106409
Katz, J. E., & Aakhus, M. (2002). Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance. Cambridge University Press.
Kellas, J. K., Bean, D., Cunningham, C., & Ka Yun Cheng. (2008). The ex-files: Trajectories, turning points, and adjustment in the development of post-dissolutional relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(1), 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507086804
Kemp, S. (2020, April 24). Report: Most important data on digital audiences during coronavirus. Tnw. https://thenextweb.com/news/report-most-important-data-on-digital-audiences-during-coronavirus
Kofoed, J. (2018). Temporal ephemerality, persistent affectivity: Circulation of intimacies on Snapchat. In R. Andreassen, M. Nebeling Petersen, K. Harrison, & T. Raun (Eds.), Mediated intimacies: Connectivities, relationalities and proxemities (pp. 117–129). Routledge.
Kofoed, J., & Larsen, M. C. (2016). A snap of intimacy: Photo-sharing practices among young people on social media. First Monday, 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.6905
Kolb, B. (2008). Involving, sharing, analysing—Potential of the participatory photo interview. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(3), 25.
Krotz, F. (2014). Intimate communication on the internet: How digital media are changing our lives at the microlevel. In E. L. Wyss (Ed.), Communication of love: Mediatized intimacy from love letters to SMS (pp. 79–92). transcript.
Krueger, K. L., & Forest, A. L. (2020). Communicating commitment: A relationship-protection account of dyadic displays on social media. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(7), 1059–1073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219893998
Kuckartz, U. (2014). Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice and using software. SAGE Publications.
Lamnek, S. (2010). Qualitative Sozialforschung (überarbeitete Auflage). Beltz.
Lapenta, F. (2012). Some theoretical and methodological views on photo-elicitation. In E. Margolis, & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The Sage handbook of visual research methods (pp. 201–213). Sage.
Lasén, A. (2015). Digital self-portraits, exposure and the modulation of intimacy. In J. R. Carvalheiro, & A. Serrano Tellería (Eds.), Mobile and digital communication: Approaches to public and private (pp. 61–78). Livros LabCom.
Lee, J. H., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A. A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2022). Perceived changes in social contact during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Personal Relationships, 29(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12413
Leswing, K. (2021, February 25). Why we’re experiencing “Zoom fatigue” and how to fix it. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/25/zoom-fatigue-why-we-have-it-how-to-fix-it.html
Licoppe, C. (2004). “Connected” presence: The emergence of a new repertoire for managing social relationships in a changing communication technoscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22(1), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1068/d323t
Licoppe, C., & Morel, J. (2012). Video-in-interaction: “Talking heads” and the multimodal organization of mobile and Skype video calls. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 45(4), 399–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2012.724996
Linke, C. (2011). Being a couple in a media world: The mediatization of everyday communication in couple relationships. Communications, 36(1), 91–111.
Lloyd, S. A., & Cate, R. M. (1985). Attributions associated with significant turning points in premarital relationship development and dissolution. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407585024003
Lobinger, K. (2016a). ‘Creative’ and participatory visual approaches in audience research. In S. Kubitschko, & A. Kaun (Eds.), Innovative methods in media and communication research (pp. 293–309). Palgrave Macmillan.
Lobinger, K. (2016b). Photographs as things—Photographs of things: A texto-material perspective on photo-sharing practices. Information, Communication & Society, 19(4), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1077262
Lobinger, K. (2022). Datenvielfalt in der qualitativen Multimethodenforschung: Überlegungen zur Integration verbaler und visueller Daten. In C. Lohmeier, & T. Wiedemann (Eds.), Datenvielfalt in kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Forschungskontexten: Potenziale und Herausforderungen (pp. 39–60). Springer VS.
Lobinger, K., Venema, R., Tarnutzer, S., & Lucchesi, F. (2021). What is visual intimacy? Mapping a complex phenomenon. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 37(70), 151–176. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v37i70.119750
Madianou, M. (2016). Ambient co-presence: Transnational family practices in polymedia environments. Global Networks, 16(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12105
Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2013). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486
Marar, Z. (2012). Intimacy. Routledge.
Marzouki, Y., Aldossari, F. S., & Veltri, G. A. (2021). Understanding the buffering effect of social media use on anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(47), 10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00724-x
Mosier, W. (2006). Intimacy: The key to a healthy relationship. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 9(1), 34–36.
Müller, K. F., & Röser, J. (2017). Convergence in domestic media use? The interplay of old and new media at home. In S. Sparviero, C. Peil, & G. Balbi (Eds.), Media convergence and deconvergence (pp. 55–74). Palgrave Macmillan.
Müller, M. G. (2007). What is visual communication? Past and future of an emerging field of communication research. Studies in Communication Sciences, 7(2), 7–34.
Müller, M. G., & Kappas, A. (2010). Visual emotions – emotional visuals: Emotions, pathos formulae, and their relevance for communication research. In K. Döveling, C. von Scheve, & E. A. Konijn (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of emotions and mass media (pp. 324–345). Routledge.
Murez, C. (2021, September 2). Got “Zoom fatigue”? Taking breaks from the camera can help. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-09-02/got-zoom-fatiguetaking-breaks-from-the-camera-can-help
Myles, D., Duguay, S., & Dietzel, C. (2021). #DatingWhileDistancing: Dating apps as digital health technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic. In D. Lupton, & K. Willis (Eds.), The COVID-19 crisis: Social perspectives (pp. 79–89). Routledge.
Neustaedter, C., & Greenberg, S. (2012). Intimacy in long-distance relationships over video chat. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 753–762. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2207785
Nguyen, M. H., Gruber, J., Marler, W., Hunsaker, A., & Hargittai, E. (2020). Changes in digital communication during the COVID-19 global pandemic: Implications for digital inequality and future research. Social Media + Society, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120948255
Nöth, W. (2011). Visual semiotics: Key features and an application to picture ads. In E. Margolis, & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (pp. 298–316). Sage.
Ovide, S. (2020, April 1). Why a pandemic is bringing out our best online. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/technology/coronavirus-living-online.html
Papp, L. M., Danielewicz, J., & Cayemberg, C. (2012). “Are we Facebook official?” Implications of dating partners’ Facebook use and profiles for intimate relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0291
Park, Y. W., & Lee, A. R. (2019). The moderating role of communication contexts: How do media synchronicity and behavioral characteristics of mobile messenger applications affect social intimacy and fatigue? Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.020
Paul, K., & Cantor, M. (2021, December 27). The people who picked up new digital habits during the pandemic—and kept them. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/27/thepeople- who-picked-up-new-digital-habits-during-the-pandemic-and-kept-them
Portolan, L., & McAlister, J. (2022). Jagged love: Narratives of romance on dating apps during COVID-19. Sexuality & Culture, 26(1), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09896-9
Prieto-Blanco, P. (2016). (Digital) photography, experience and space in transnational families: A case study of Spanish-Irish families living in Ireland. In E. Gómez Cruz, & A. Lehmuskallio (Eds.), Digital photography and everyday life: Empirical studies on material visual practices (pp. 122–141). Routledge.
Radley, A., Hodgetts, D., & Cullen, A. (2005). Visualizing homelessness: A study in photography and estrangement. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15(4), 273–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.825
Reckwitz, A. (2003). Grundelemente einer Theorie sozialer Praktiken. Eine sozialtheoretische Perspektive. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 32(4), 282–301. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2003-0401
Rice, R. E. (1992). Task analyzability, use of new media, and effectiveness: A multi-site exploration of media richness. Organization Science, 3(4), 475–500. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.4.475
Riedl, R. (2022). On the stress potential of videoconferencing: Definition and root causes of Zoom fatigue. Electronic Markets, 32(1), 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-021-00501-3
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
Roose, K. (2020, March 17). The coronavirus crisis is showing us how to live online. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/technology/coronavirus-how-to-live-online.html
Rose, G. (2010). Doing family photography: The domestic, the public and the politics of sentiment. Ashgate Publishing.
Sanderson, C. A., Keiter, E. J., Miles, M. G., & Yopyk, D. J. A. (2007). The association between intimacy goals and plans for initiating dating relationships. Personal Relationships, 14(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00152.x
Schatzki, T. R. (2016). Praxistheorie als flache Ontologie. In H. Schäfer (Ed.), Praxistheorie: Ein soziologisches Forschungsprogramm. transcript.
Schönhuth, M., & Gamper, M. (2013). Visuelle Netzwerkforschung: Eine thematische Annäherung. In M. Schönhuth, M. Gamper, M. Kronenwett, & M. Stark (Eds.), Visuelle Netzwerkforschung: Qualitative, quantitative und partizipative Zugänge (pp. 9–32). transcript.
Schreiber, M. (2014). Varianten qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse: Ein Wegweiser im Dickicht der Begrifflichkeiten. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, 15(1), Art. 18.
Schwarz, O. (2010). Negotiating romance in front of the lens. Visual Communication, 9(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357210369982
Simonsen, L. M. (2021). Hybrid presence: Integrating interprofessional interactions with digital consultations. Nordicom Review, 42(S4), 22–44. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0039
Su, H. (2016). Constant connection as the media condition of love. Media, Culture & Society, 8(2), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715594037
Theiler, L. (2021, May 28). Die “Zoom-Fatigue” zieht durchs Land. SRF News. https://www.srf.ch/news/ wirtschaft/hadern-mit-dem-homeoffice-die-zoom-fatigue-zieht-durchs-land
Theiss, J. A., & Solomon, D. H. (2007). Communication and the emotional, cognitive, and relational consequences of first sexual encounters between partners. Communication Quarterly, 55(2), 179–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370601036663
Thorhauge, A. M., Demant, J. J., & Strøm Krogager, S. G. (2020). Intimacy and visual communication in social media. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 36(67), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v36i67.118198
Valacich, J. S., Paranka, D., George, J. F., & Nunamaker, Jr., J. F. (1993). Communication currency and the new media: A new dimension for media richness. Communication Research, 20(2), 249–276.
Van House, N. (2009). Collocated photo sharing, story-telling, and the performance of self. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 67(12), 1073–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.09.003
Van House, N., Davis, M., Takhteyev, Y., Good, N., Wilhelm, A., & Finn, M. (2004). From “what?” to “why?” The social uses of personal photos. CSCW’04.
Venema, R., & Lobinger, K. (2020). Visual bonding and intimacy: A repertoire-oriented study of photo-sharing in close personal relationships. In C. Thurlow, C. Dürscheid, & F. Diémoz (Eds.), Visualizing digital discourse (pp. 171–185). Mouton De Gruyter.
Villi, M. (2012). Visual chitchat: The use of camera phones in visual interpersonal communication. Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture, 3(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1386/iscc.3.1.39_1
Villi, M. (2015). “Hey, I’m here right now”: Camera phone photographs and mediated presence. Photographies, 8(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17540763.2014.968937
Villi, M. (2016). Photographs of place in phonespace: Camera phones as a location-aware mobile technology. In E. Gómez Cruz, & A. Lehmuskallio (Eds.), Digital photography and everyday life: Empirical studies on material visual practices (pp. 107–121). Routledge.
Weigel, D., & Murray, C. (2000). The paradox of stability and change in relationships: What does chaos theory offer for the study of romantic relationships? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(3), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500173006
Wiley, A. R. (2007). Connecting as a couple: Communication skills for healthy relationships. The Forum For Family and Consumer Issues, 12(1), 10.
Winn, L. L. (2007). Carpe diem: Relational scripts and “seizing the day” in the Hollywood romantic comedy. In M.-L. Galician, & D. L. Merskin (Eds.), Critical thinking about sex, love, and romance in the mass media: Media literacy applications (pp. 214–227). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Xiao, H., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2021). An investigation on information quality, media richness, and social media fatigue during the disruptions of COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02253-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 author and journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Author and Journal.
Articles published after January 1 2024 are licensed under CCBY 4.0.
Articles published until December 31 2023 are licensed under CCBYNCND.
Articles submitted to MedieKultur should not be submitted to or published in other journals.