Mellem underholdende kedsomhed og bedøvende overstimulering

Affektive rytmer i oplevelsen af hashtag-fænomenet #ProudBoys på Twitter

Authors

  • Joachim Aagaard Friis Norwegian University of Science and Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/mk.v38i72.125739

Keywords:

#ProudBoys, affect theory, autoethnography, hashtag-phenomena, minor feelings, Twitter

Abstract

This article explores what role minor and ambivalent feelings play in the experi- ence of hashtag phenomena on social media. The case study is the hashtag-flooding phenomenon that happened on Twitter in the autumn of 2020, where a group of homosexual men and supporters started using the hashtag #ProudBoys to change its connotation to the eponymous far-right group. With an affect-driven autoethnographic analysis, I explore how minor feelings are engendered in the experience of the #ProudBoys-phenomenon and how they are part of the affective public that is created in the activity of producing a new context for the hashtag. I conclude with the proposition that minor feelings had a significant effect on how my attention was kept while engaging in the #ProudBoys-phenomenon on Twitter. Furthermore, I propose that the phenomenon is an example of hashtag activism that is characterized more by everyday collective identity-building than acute urgency around a public matter.

References

Beckett, S. (1964). How it is. Grove.

Boehme, H.M., & Scott, D.A. I. (2020). Alt-white? A gendered look at “victim” ideology and the alt-right. Victims & Offenders, 15(2), 174-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1679308

Boellstorff, T., Nardi, B., Pearce, C., & Taylor, T.L. (2012). Ethnography and virtual worlds: A handbook of method. Princeton University Press. Bokhari, A., & Yiannopoulos. M. (2016, March 29). An establishment conservative’s guide to the alt-right. Breitbart. https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/03/29/an-establishment-conservatives-guide-to-the-alt-right/

Bolt, M., & Sharma, D. (2016). Kritikkens fortsættelse – Interview med Sianne Ngai. Kultur og Klasse, 122, 5-10. https://doi.org/10.7146/kok.v44i122.25048

Bryden, J., & Silverman, E. (2019). Underlying socio-political processes behind the 2016 US election. PloS ONE, 14(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214854

Bødker, M., & Chamberlain, A. (2016). Affect theory and autoethnography in ordinary information systems. Research Papers, 178. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2016_rp/178

Caldeira, S.P., De Ridder, S., & Van Bauwel, S. (2020). Between the mundane and the political: Women’s selfrepresentations on Instagram. Social Media + Society, (July-September), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120940802

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d). Stupefied. In Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus. Retrieved December 12, 2021, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/stupefied

Campbell, S.W., & Kwak, N. (2010). Mobile communication and civic life: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 536-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01496.x

Carissimo, J. (2017, February 2). Reddit shuts down two popular alt right subreddits. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/reddit-shuts-down-two-popular-alt-right-subreddits-a7558481.html

Dahlgren, P. (2018) Media, knowledge and trust: The deepening epistemic crisis of democracy. Journal of the European Institute of Communication and Culture, 25(1-2), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418819

Daniszewski, J. (2016, November 28). Writing about the “alt-right”. Associated Press. https://blog.ap.org/_70e

Dean, J. (2010). Affective networks. Mediatropes, 2(2), 19-44.

DeCook, J. (2018). Memes and symbolic violence: #proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1544149

Deleuze, G. (1995). Negotiations, 1972-1990 (M. Joughin, Trans.). Columbia University Press.

Descartes, R. (1644). Principia philosophiae. Ludovicum Elzevirium.

de Zúñiga, H.G., Molyneux, G., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103

Earl, J., Hurwitz, H.M., Mesinas, A.M., Tolan, M., & Arlotti, A. (2013). This protest will be tweeted: Twitter and protest policing during the Pittsburgh G20. Information, Communication & Society, 16(4), 459-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.777756

Elassar, A. (2020, October 4). Gay men have taken over the Proud Boys Twitter hashtag. CNN. https://lite.cnn.com/en/article/h_cc7024535acb2ef3b8abbf7409e0781f

Forscher, P.S., & Kteily, N.S. (2020). A psychological profile of the alt-right. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 90-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619868208

Gallaher, C. (2021). Mainstreaming white supremacy: a twitter analysis of the American ‘alt-right’. Gender, Place & Culture, 28(2), 224-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2019.1710472

Gallucci, N. (2020, December 30). 2020 was the year activists mastered hashtag flooding. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/hashtag-flooding-activism

Ganesh, B. (2020). Weaponizing white thymos: flows of rage in the online audiences of the alt-right. Cultural Studies, 34(6), 892-924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1714687

Hawley, G. (2017). Making sense of the alt-right. Columbia University Press.

Haßler, J., Wurst, A., Jungblut, M., & Schlosser, K. (2021, June 28). Influence of the pandemic lockdown on Fridays for Future’s hashtag activism. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211026575

Hillis, K., Paasonen S., & Petit, M. (Eds.). (2015). Networked affect. MIT Press.

Hodge, E., & Hallgrimsdottir, H. (2020). Networks of hate: The alt-right, “troll culture”, and the cultural geography of social movement spaces online. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 35(4), 536-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2019.1571935

Hänska-Ahy, M.T., & Shapour, R. (2013). Who’s reporting the protests? Converging practices of citizen journalists and two BBC world service newsrooms, from Iran‘s election protests to the Arab uprisings. Journalism Studies, 14(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.657908

Isom, D.A., Boehme, H.M., Cann, D., & Wilson, A. (2021). The White right: A gendered look at the links between “victim” ideology and anti-Black Lives Matter sentiments in the era of Trump. Critical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205211020396

Jackson, S.J., Bailey M., & Welles, B.F. (2020). #HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press.

Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. New York University Press.

Karatzogianni, A., & Kuntsman, A. (2012). Digital cultures and the politics of emotion: Feelings, affect and technological change. Palgrave Macmillan.

Kelly, A. (2017). The alt-right: reactionary rehabilitation for white masculinity. Soundings, 66(11), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.3898/136266217821733688

Koller, A. (2010). The public sphere and comparative historical research: An introduction. Social Science History, 34(3), 261-290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200011263

Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Nouri, L. (2020). The discourse of the US alt-right online – a case study of the Tradition- alist Worker Party blog. Critical Discourse Studies, 18(4), 410-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1708763

Lyons, M. (2017). Ctrl-alt-delete: An antifascit report on the alternative right. Political Research Associates. https://www.politicalresearch.org/2017/01/20/ctrl-alt-delete-reporton-the-alternative-right#toc-part-3-relationship-with-donaldtrump

Ma, C. (2021). What is the “lite” in “alt-lite”? The discourse of white vulnerability and dominance among YouTube’s reactionaries. Social Media + Society, (July-September). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211036385

Massumi, B. (2002). Parables for the virtual: Movement, affect, sensation. Duke University Press.

Mutz, D.C. (2018, May). Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), E4330–E4339. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718155115

Nagle, A. (2017). Kill all normies: Online culture wars from 4chan and Tumbler to Trump and the alt-right. Zero Books.

Ngai, S. (2005). Ugly Feelings. Harvard University Press.

Ngai, S. (2015). Our aesthetic categories. Harvard University Press.

Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics and structures of storytelling: sentiment, events and mediality. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1109697

Reed-Danahay, D.E. (1997). Auto/ethnography: Rewriting the Self and the Social. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003136118

Seigworth, G.J., & Gregg, M. (2010). The affect theory reader. Duke University Press.

Sommer, W. (2017, February 5). The fratty Proud Boys are the alt right’s weirdest new phenomenon. https://medium.com/@willsommer/the-fratty-proud-boys-are-the-alt-rights-weirdest-new-phenomenon-7572b31e50f2

Southern Poverty Law Center. (n.d.). Alt-right. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/alt-right

Speakman, B. (2021). A knight in sheep’s clothing: Media framing of the alt-right can alter the image of racist groups. Journal of Creative Communications, 16(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258620977983

Spinoza, B. (1677). Ethics: On the correction of understanding (A. Boyle Trans.). Everyman’s Library. (Original work published 1952)

Sundén, J., & Paasonen, S. (2018). Shameless hags and tolerance whores: feminist resistance and the affective circuits of online hate. Feminist media studies, 18 (4), 643-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447427

Thorson, K., Driscoll, K., Ekdale, B., Edgerly, S., Thompson, L.G., Schrock, A., Swartz, L., Vraga, E.K., & Wells, C. (2013). YouTube, Twitter and the Occupy Movement: Connecting content and circulation practices. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 421-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.756051

Thrift, N. (2004). Intensities of feeling: Towards a spatial politics of affect. Geografiska Annaler, 86(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00154.x

van Dijk, J., & Poell, T. (2015). Social media and the transformation of public space. Social Media + Society, (July-December), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115622482

Wonneberger, A., Hellsten, I.R., & Jacobs, S.H.J. (2020). Hashtag activism and the configuration of counterpublics: Dutch animal welfare debates on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 24(12), 1694-1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1720770

Downloads

Published

2022-05-30

How to Cite

Friis, J. A. (2022). Mellem underholdende kedsomhed og bedøvende overstimulering: Affektive rytmer i oplevelsen af hashtag-fænomenet #ProudBoys på Twitter. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 38(72), 006–027. https://doi.org/10.7146/mk.v38i72.125739