Homosocial positionings and ambivalent participation
A qualitative analysis of young adults’ non-consensual sharing and viewing of privately produced sexual images
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v36i67.113976Keywords:
sexting, non-consensual, young adults, qualitative, nudes, authenticityAbstract
Although quantitative studies have found gender differences in the non-consensual sharing of privately produced sexual images, few studies have explored how these sharing practices are shaped by the gendered social interactions in which they take place. Drawing on qualitative data from seven same-sex focus group interviews, this study examines the non-consensual sharing and viewing of sexual images among young adults. The investigation shows how the non-consensual sharing and view- ing of sexting images is shaped by homosocial interactions and functions in gen- dered patterns of positioning, characterized by status enhancement among boys and visual gossiping among girls. However, the study also finds that young adults’ participation in these sharing practices is ambivalent, as they experience being both drawn to sexual images due to their private and authentic character, and repelled by them owing to the wrongfulness and illegality of sharing them. These findings are discussed in relation to research on youth sexting.
References
Aagaard, J., & Matthiesen, N. (2016). Methods of materiality: Participant observation and qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2015.1090510
Albury, K., & Crawford, K. (2012). Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond Megan's Story. Continuum, 26(3), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2012.665840
Barcan, R. (2002). In the raw: 'Home-made' porn and reality genres. Journal of Mundane Behavior, 3(1), 87-108.
Bates, S. (2017). Revenge Porn and Mental Health: A Qualitative Analysis of the Mental Health Effects of Revenge Porn on Female Survivors. Feminist Criminology, 12(1), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085116654565
Bird, S.R. (1996). Welcome to the men's club: Homosociality and the maintenance of hegemonic masculin- ity. Gender & society, 10(2), 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124396010002002
Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., & Robson, K. (2001). Focus groups in social research. London: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209175
Bordini, G.S., & Sperb, T.M. (2013). Sexual double standard: A review of the literature between 2001 and 2010. Sexuality & Culture, 17(4), 686-704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-012-9163-0
Burkett, M. (2015). Sex(t) Talk: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults’ Negotiations of the Pleasures and Perils of Sexting. Sexuality & Culture, 19(4), 835-863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-015-9295-0
Clancy, E.M., Klettke, B., & Hallford, D. J. (2019). The dark side of sexting – Factors predicting the dissemi- nation of sexts. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.023
Dahl, K., Henze-Pedersen, S., Østergaard, S., & Østergaard, J. (2018). Unges opfattelser af køn, krop og sek- sualitet. Retrieved from VIVE, The Danish Center for Social Science Research: https://pure.vive.dk/ws/files/1765711/100739_Unges_opfattelser_af_k_n.pdf
Davies, B., & Harré, R. (1990). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the theory of social behaviour, 20(1), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
DeKeseredy, W.S., & Schwartz, M.D. (2016). Thinking Sociologically About Image-Based Sexual Abuse. Sexualization, Media, & Society, 2(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374623816684692
Farvid, P., Braun, V., & Rowney, C. (2017). ‘No girl wants to be called a slut!’: Women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(5), 544-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1150818
Fjær, E.G., Pedersen, W., & Sandberg, S. (2015). “I’m Not One of Those Girls” Boundary-Work and the Sexual Double Standard in a Liberal Hookup Context. Gender & Society, 29(6), 960-981. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215602107
Flood, M. (2008). Men, sex, and homosociality: How bonds between men shape their sexual relations with women. Men and Masculinities, 10(3), 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x06287761
García-Gómez, A. (2017). Teen girls and sexual agency: exploring the intrapersonal and intergroup dimensions of sexting. Media, Culture and Society, 39(3), 391-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716683789
Hall, M., & Hearn, J. (2019). Revenge pornography and manhood acts: a discourse analysis of perpetrators’ accounts. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(2), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1417117
Hammarén, N., & Johansson, T. (2014). Homosociality: In Between Power and Intimacy. Sage Open, 4(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013518057
Harré, R., Moghaddam, F.M., Cairnie, T.P., Rothbart, D., & Sabat, S.R. (2009). Recent Advances in Positioning Theory. Theory & Psychology, 19(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308101417
Harvey, L., & Ringrose, J. (2015). Sexting, Ratings and (Mis)Recognition: Teen Boys Performing Classed and Racialized Masculinities in Digitally Networked Publics. In E. Renold, J. Ringrose, & R.D. Egan (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (pp. 352-367). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137353399_22
Hasinoff, A.A. (2015). Sexting Panic: Rethinking Criminalization, Privacy, and Consent. Champaign: Univer- sity of Illinois Press. https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038983.001.0001
Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2019). Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Online Distribution Channels and Illicit Communities of Support. Violence Against Women, 25(16), 1932-1955. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219863881
Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2019). Image-based sexual abuse: Victims and perpetrators. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice,(572), 1-18.
Herriot, L., & Hiseler, L.E. (2015). Documentaries on the Sexualization of Girls: Examining Slut-shaming, Victim-blaming and What’s Being Left Off-screen. In E. Renold, J. Ringrose, & R.D. Egan (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (pp. 289-304). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137353399_18
Johansen, K.B.H., Pedersen, B.M. & Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T. (2019). Visual gossiping: non-consensual ‘nude’ sharing among young people in Denmark. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(9), 1029-1044. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1534140
Kandemir, A. & Budd, R. (2018). Using Vignettes to Explore Reality and Values With Young People. Paper presented at the Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(2).
Karaian, L. (2014). Policing ‘sexting’: Responsibilization, respectability and sexual subjectivity in child protection/crime prevention responses to teenagers’ digital sexual expression. Theoretical Criminology, 18(3), 282-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480613504331
Kimmel, M.S. (2005). Gender of Desire : Essays on Male Sexuality. Ithaca, NY: State University of New York Press.
Langlois, G., & Slane, A. (2017). Economies of reputation: the case of revenge porn. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 14(2), 120-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2016.1273534
Lippman, J.R., & Campbell, S. W. (2014). Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don't...If You're a Girl: Relational and Normative Contexts of Adolescent Sexting in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 8(4), 371-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2014.923009
Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C.L., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J.R. (2018). Prevalence of Multiple Forms of Sexting Behavior Among Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 172(4), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314
Mandau, M.B.H. (2020). ‘Directly in Your Face’: A Qualitative Study on the Sending and Receiving of Unsolicited ‘Dick Pics’ Among Young Adults. Sexuality & Culture, 24(1), 72-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09626-2
McGlynn, C., & Rackley, E. (2017). Image-Based Sexual Abuse. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 37(3), 534- 561. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqw033
Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2016). Not-allowed sharing of sexts and dating violence from the perpetrator's perspective: The moderation role of sexism. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.047
Palmer, D. (2012). iPhone photography: Mediating Visions of Social Space. In L. Hjorth, J. Burgess, & I. Richardson (Eds.), Studying Mobile Media (pp. 85-97). New York, NY: Routledge.
Phipps, A., & Young, I. (2015). ‘Lad culture’ in higher education: Agency in the sexualization debates. Sexualities, 18(4), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460714550909
Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2014). Blurred Lines? Responding to ‘Sexting’ and Gender-based Violence among Young People. Children Australia, 39(2), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.9
Powell, A., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2018). Image-based Sexual Abuse. In W. S. Keseredy & M. Dragiewicz (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology (2nd ed., pp. 305-315). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315622040-28
Ricciardelli, R., & Adorjan, M. (2019). ‘If a girl’s photo gets sent around, that’s a way bigger deal than if a guy’s photo gets sent around’: gender, sexting, and the teenage years. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(5), 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2018.1560245
Ringrose, J., & Harvey, L. (2015). Boobs, back-off, six packs and bits: Mediated body parts, gendered reward, and sexual shame in teens' sexting images. Continuum, 29(2), 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2015.1022952
Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen girls, sexual double standards and 'sexting': Gendered value in digital image exchange. Feminist Theory, 14(3), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700113499853
Ruvalcaba, Y., & Eaton, A.A. (2019). Nonconsensual pornography among US Adults: A sexual scripts framework on victimization, perpetration, and health correlates for women and men. Psychology of Violence, 10(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000233
Salter, M. (2016). Privates in the online public: Sex(ting) and reputation on social media. New Media & Society, 18(11), 2723-2739. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815604133
Short, E., Brown, A., Pitchford, M., & Barnes, J. (2017). Revenge Porn: Findings from the Harassment and Revenge Porn (HARP) Survey–Preliminary Results. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, 15, 161-166.
Van Doorn, N. (2010). Keeping it real: User-generated pornography, gender reification, and visual pleasure. Convergence, 16(4), 411-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856510375144
Van Ouytsel, J., Van Gool, E., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Peeters, E. (2017). Sexting: adolescents’ perceptions of the applications used for, motives for, and consequences of sexting. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(4), 446-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1241865
Van Royen, K., Poels, K., Vandebosch, H., & Walrave, M. (2018). Slut-Shaming 2.0. In M. Walrave, J. Van Ouytsel, K. Ponnet, & J. R. Temple (Eds.), Sexting : Motives and Risk in Online Sexual Self-Presentation (pp. 81-98). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71882-8_6
Walker, K., & Sleath, E. (2017). A systematic review of the current knowledge regarding revenge pornography and non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit media. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36, 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.010
Yeung, T.H., Horyniak, D.R., Vella, A.M., Hellard, M.E., & Lim, M.S. (2014). Prevalence, correlates and attitudes towards sexting among young people in Melbourne, Australia. Sex Health, 11(4), 332-339. https://doi.org/10.1071/sh14032
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Author and Journal.
Articles published after January 1 2024 are licensed under CCBY 4.0.
Articles published until December 31 2023 are licensed under CCBYNCND.
Articles submitted to MedieKultur should not be submitted to or published in other journals.