Linguistic features in depression: a meta-analysis
Keywords:
Depression, Meta-analysis, First-person singular pronouns, Negative emotion words, Positive emotion wordsAbstract
Recent research on depression suggests that speech can reveal underlying processes in the mind of the depressed. This paper systematically reviews the literature on linguistic features in depression. A corpus of 26 papers investigating the relation between depression and one of the three linguistic features, first-person singular pronouns, positive emotion words, or negative emotion words, were analysed. Three meta-analyses were performed on the three linguistic features. The meta-analyses identify differences in first-person singular pronoun use, negative emotion word use, and positive emotion word use between depressed individuals and healthy controls (Cohen’s d of 0.44, 0.72 and -0.38). Furthermore, the meta-analyses identify correlations for severity of depression and first-person singular pronoun use, negative emotion word use, and positive emotion word use (Pearson’s r of 0.19, 0.12 and -0.21). All three linguistic features produced small to medium effect sizes thus suggesting a relation between the use of the linguistic features and depression. The effect was not moderated by age or type of task the respondents completed.
References
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Fried, E. I. (2017). The 52 symptoms of major depression: Lack of content overlap among seven common depression scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.019
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
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Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Choi, P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Maternal depressive symptoms, self-focus, and caregiving behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.072
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Lester, D. (2010). The Final Hours: A Linguistic Analysis of the Final Words of a Suicide. Psychological Reports, 106(3), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.791-797
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Molendijk, Marc L., Bamelis, L., van Emmerik, A. A. P., Arntz, A., Haringsma, R., & Spinhoven, P. (2010). Word use of outpatients with a personality disorder and concurrent or previous major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.007
Moore, E., Clements, M. A., Peifer, J. W., & Weisser, L. (2008). Critical analysis of the impact of glottal features in the classification of clinical depression in speech. IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, 55(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2007.900562
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2019-12-15
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Tølbøll, K. B. (2019). Linguistic features in depression: a meta-analysis. Journal of Language Works - Sprogvidenskabeligt Studentertidsskrift, 4(2), 39–59. Retrieved from https://tidsskrift.dk/lwo/article/view/117798
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