Using Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) across different Research Phases – Cases, Potential and Risks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/cfasr.v15i3.157222Keywords:
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), Research Process, Potential, Risks, Research Integrity, Disciplinary differencesAbstract
This report examines the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) across the research process. Through a literature review and expert interviews, it examines GenAI applications in five research phases: idea generation and funding, research design, data collection, data analysis, and scientific publishing. The findings reveal that while GenAI offers universal benefits for tasks like literature reviews, translation, and writing assistance, its utility for data collection and analysis varies significantly across disciplines based on methodological approaches and epistemic cultures. The report concludes that effective GenAI implementation requires discipline-specific strategies developed through collaborative efforts among researchers, funders, and publishers. It emphasizes balancing the increased speed of knowledge production with maintaining research quality and addressing resource implications of widespread GenAI adoption in academia.
References
Agathokleous, E., Rillig, M. C., Peñuelas, J. and Yu, Z. (2024). One hundred important questions facing plant science derived using a large language model. Trends in Plant Science, vol. 29, iss. 2, pp. 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.008
Ali, I., Greifeneder, F., Stamenkovic, J. et al. (2015). Review of Machine Learning Approaches for Biomass and Soil Moisture Retrievals from Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sens, 7(12), pp. 16398-16421. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71215841
Aliaga, D. and Niyogi, D. (2024). Digitizing cities for urban weather: representing realistic cities for weather and climate simulations using computer graphics and artificial intelligence. Computational Urban Science, vol. 4, no. 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43762-023-00111-z
Altmäe, S., Sola-Leyva, A. and Salumets, A. (2023). Artificial intelligence in scientific writing: a friend or a foe? Reproductive BioMedicine Online, vol. 47, iss. 1, pp. 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.04.009
Amano, T., Ramírez-Castañeda, V., Berdejo-Espinola, V., et al. (2023). The manifold costs of being a non-native English speaker in science. PLoS Biology, 21(7): e3002184. https://doi.org/10.1371/jour-nal.pbio.3002184
Andersen, J. P., Degn, L., Fishberg, R. et al. (2024). Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in the research process - a survey of researchers' practices and perceptions. http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/83whe
Bai, X., Xie, Y., Han, H. and Li, J-R. (2024). Evaluation of Open-Source Large Language Models for Metal-Organic Frameworks Research. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, vol. 64, iss. 13, pp. 4958-4965. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00065
Bano, M., Hoda, R., Zowghi, D. and Treude, C. (2024). Large language models for qualitative research in software engineering: exploring opportunities and challenges. Automated Software Engineering, vol. 31, no. 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-023-00407-8
Bengesi, S., El-Sayed, H., Sarker, K. et al. (2024). Advancements in Generative AI: A Comprehensive Review of GANs, GPT, Autoencoders, Diffusion Model, and Transformers. IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 69812-69837. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3397775
Bhayana, R. (2024). Chatbots and Large Language Models in Radiology: A Practical Primer for Clinical and Research Applications, Radiology 2024; 310(1). https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.232756
Boiko, D. A., MacKnight, R., Kline, B. and Gomes, G. (2023). Autonomous chemical research with large language models. Nature, 624, pp. 570-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06792-0
Bojic, S., Radovanovic, N., Radovic, M., and Stamenkovic, D. (2024). Could generative artificial intelligence replace fieldwork in pain research? Scandinavian Journal of Pain, vol. 24, no. 1. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/sjpain-2023-0136
Bol, T., de Vaan, M. and van de Rijt, A. (2018). The Matthew effect in science funding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/nur8p
Bonnechère, B. (2024). Unlocking the Black Box? A Comprehensive Exploration of Large Language Models in Rehabilitation. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 103(6), pp. 532-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000002440
Cao, Y., Li, S., Liu, Y. et al. (2023). A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.04226.
Cao, X., Xu, W., Zhao, J. et al. (2024). Research on Large Language Model for Coal Mine Equipment Mainte-nance Based on Multi-Source Text. Applied Sciences, vol. 14, iss. 7, 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072946
Cappelli, O., Aliberti, M., and Praino, R. (2024). The 'Implicit Intelligence' of artificial intelligence. Investi-gating the potential of large language models in social science research. Political Research Exchange, vol. 6, iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2024.2351794
Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharya, M., Pal, S. et al. (2023). ChatGPT and large language models in orthopedics: from education and surgery to research. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, vol. 10, iss. 1, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-023-00700-1
Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Xu, C. et al. (2024). Research on seawater dissolved oxygen prediction model based on improved generative adversarial networks. Ocean Modelling, vol. 191, 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102404
Chui, K. T., Liu, R. W., Zhao, M., and Pablos, P. O. D. (2020). Predicting Students' Performance With School and Family Tutoring Using Generative Adversarial Network-Based Deep Support Vector Machine. IEEE Ac-cess, 8, pp. 86745-86752. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992869
Cole, V. and Boutet, M. (2023). ResearchRabbit. The Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association, 44(2), pp. 43-47. https://doi.org/10.29173%2Fjchla29699
Cornell University Taskforce (2023). Generative AI in Academic Research: Perspectives & Cultural Norms. https://it.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/itc-drupal10-files/Generative%20AI%20in%20Re-search_%20Cornell%20Task%20Force%20Report-Dec2023.pdf
Coskun, A. (2024). AI supercharges data center energy use - straining the grid and slowing sustainability efforts. The Conversation. 15th of July 2024. https://theconversation.com/ai-supercharges-data-center-energy-use-straining-the-grid-and-slowing-sustainability-efforts-232697 (Accessed 18/09-24)
Courtenay, L. A. and González-Aguilera, D. (2020). Geometric Morphometric Data Augmentation Using Generative Computational Learning Algorithms. Applied Sciences, 10(24), 9133. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249133
Cui, W., Xiao, M., Wang, L. et al. (2024). Automated taxonomy alignment via large language models: bridg-ing the gap between knowledge domains. Scientometrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-024-05111-2
Dashkevych, O. and Portnov, B. A. (2024). How can generative AI help in different parts of research? An experiment study on smart cities' definitions and characteristics. Technology in Society, vol. 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102555
Dauvergne, P. (2020). Is artificial intelligence greening global supply chains? Exposing the political econ-omy of environmental costs. Review of International Political Economy, vol. 29, iss. 3, pp. 696-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1814381
DeepMind (2024): https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/alphaproteo-generates-novel-proteins-for-bi-ology-and-health-research/ (Accessed 23/09-24)
Dengel, A., Gehrlein, R., Fernes, D. et al. (2023). Qualitative Research Methods for Large Language Models: Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews with ChatGPT and BARD on Computer Science Education. Infor-matics, vol. 10, iss. 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10040078
Erler, A. (2023). Publish with AUTOGEN or Perish? Some Pitfalls to Avoid in the Pursuit of Academic En-hancement via Personalized Large Language Models. The American Journal of Bioethics, 23(10), pp. 94-96.https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2023.2250291
Esteva, A., Kuprel, B., Novoa, R. et al. (2017). Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 542, pp. 115-118. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21056
Formanek, M. (2024). Exploring the potential of large language models and generative artificial intelli-gence (GPT): Applications in Library and Information Science. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006241241066
García-Peñalvo, F. and Vázquez-Ingelmo, A. (2023). What do we mean by GenAI? A systematic mapping of the evolution, trends, and techniques involved in Generative AI. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2023.07.006
Giuffrè, M. and Shung, D. L. (2023). Harnessing the power of synthetic data in healthcare: innovation, application, and privacy. npj Digital Medicine, 6(1), 186. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00927-3
Godwin, R., DeBerry, J. J., Wagener, B. M. et al. (2024). Grant drafting support with guided generative AI software. SoftwareX, vol. 27, 101784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2024.101784
Gray, A. (2024). ChatGPT "contamination": estimating the prevalence of LLMs in the scholarly literature. arXiv preprint arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.16887
Grimaldi, G. and Ehrler, B. (2023). AI et al.: Machines Are About to Change Scientific Publishing Forever. ACS Energy Letters, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 878-880. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02828
Guo, D., Yue, A., Ning, F. et al. (2023). A Study Case of Automatic Archival Research and Compilation using Large Language Models. IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph, pp. 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICKG59574.2023.00012
Guo, M., Wu, F., Jiang, J., et al., (2023). Investigations on Scientific Literature Meta Information Extraction Using Large Language Models. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG), (pp. 249-254). IEEE. https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICKG59574.2023.00036
Hämäläinen, P., Tavast, M., and Kunnari, A. (2023). Evaluating Large Language Models in Generating Syn-thetic HCI Research Data: a Case Study. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580688
Hicks, M.T., Humphries, J. and Slater, J. (2024). ChatGPT is bullshit. Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 26, no. 38. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5
Hirosawa, T. and Shimizu, T., (2024). Enhancing English Presentation Skills with Generative Artificial Intel-ligence: A Guide for Non-native Researchers. Medical Science Educator. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-024-02078-w
Hosseini, M. and Horbach, S. P. J. M. (2023). Fighting reviewer fatigue or amplifying bias? Considerations and recommendations for use of ChatGPT and other large language models in scholarly peer review. Re-search Integrity and Peer Review, 8(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-023-00133-5
Hosseini, M., Horbach, S. P. J. M., Holmes, K. L. and Ross-Hellauer, T. (2024). Open Science at the Genera-tive AI Turn: An Exploratory Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/zns7g
Hu, Y., Mai, G., Cundy, C. et al. (2023). Geo-knowledge-guided GPT models improve the extraction of lo-cation descriptions from disaster-related social media messages. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol. 37, iss. 11, pp. 2289-2318. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2023.2266495
Hwang, S., Lim, J. S., Lee, R. W. et al. (2023). Is ChatGPT a "Fire of Prometheus" for Non-Native English-Speaking Researchers in Academic Writing? Korean Journal of Radiology, 24(10), pp. 952-959. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2023.0773
International Energy Agency (2024). "Electricity 2024. Analysis and forecast to 2026". https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18f3ed24-4b26-4c83-a3d2-8a1be51c8cc8/Electricity2024-Analysisandforecastto2026.pdf (Accessed 18/09-24)
Islam, S., Javeed, D., Saeed, M. S. et al. (2024). Generative AI and Cognitive Computing-Driven Intrusion Detection System in Industrial CPS. Cognitive Computation, vol. 16, pp. 2611-2625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10309-w
Jeong, C-H. and Yi, M. Y. (2023). Correcting rainfall forecasts of a numerical weather prediction model using generative adversarial networks. The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 79, 1289-1317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04686-y
Jiang, S., Evans-Yamamoto, D., Bersenev, D. et al. (2024). ProtoCode: Leveraging large language models (LLMs) for automated generation of machine-readable PCR protocols from scientific publications. Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening Technology, vol. 29, iss. 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.slast.2024.100134
Karagiorgi, G., Kasieczka, G., Kravitz, S. et al. (2022). Machine learning in the search for new fundamental physics. Nature Review Physics, 4, pp. 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-022-00455-1
Khoshkebari, M. P. (2023). How 'Attention is All You Need' Changed The Course Of Generative AI. https://medium.com/@pasha.khoshkeba/how-attention-is-all-you-need-changed-the-course-of-genera-tive-ai-25b8c24ca430 (Accessed 26/08-24)
Kim, J., Suh, S., Chilton, L. B. and Xia, H. (2023). Metaphorian: Leveraging Large Language Models to Sup-port Extended Metaphor Creation for Science Writing. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3595996
Kitchin, R. (2014). The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Conse-quences. SAGE Publications, Limited. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/asb/detail.action?do-cID=1712661 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473909472
Kitchin, R. (2021). Data lives: How data are made and shape our world. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215144.001.0001
Klinger, J., Mateos-Garcia, J. and Stathoulopoulos, K. (2022). A narrowing of AI research? arXiv preprint arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2009.10385
Kobak, D., Márquez, R. G., Horvát, E. Á. and Lause, J. (2024). Delving into ChatGPT usage in academic writing through excess vocabulary. arXiv preprint arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.07016
Latona, G. R., Ribeiro, M. H., Davidson, T. R. et al. (2024). The AI Review Lottery: Widespread AI-Assisted Peer Reviews Boost Paper Scores and Acceptance Rates. arXiv preprint arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.02150
Laudel, G. (2024). Where do field-specific notions of research quality come from? Research Evaluation, vol. 33, iss. 1, rvae027. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvae027
Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M. A., and Ren, S. (2023). Making ai less" thirsty": Uncovering and addressing the secret water footprint of ai models. arXiv preprint, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.03271
Li, X., Huang, T., Cheng, K., Qiu, Z. and Sichao, T. (2022). Research on anomaly detection method of nuclear power plant operation state based on unsupervised deep generative model. Annals of Nuclear Energy, vol. 167, 108785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108785
Linegar, M., Kocielnik, R. and Alvarez, R. M. (2023). Large language models and political science. Frontiers in Political Science, vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1257092
Lissak, S., Ophir, Y., Tikochinski, R. et al. (2024). Bored to death: Artificial Intelligence research reveals the role of boredom in suicide behavior. Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1328122
Liu, J., Xia, X., Peng, X. et al. (2022). Research on ECG Signal Classification Based on Data Enhancement of Generative Adversarial Network. Artificial Intelligence and Security, vol. 13338, Springer, pp. 405-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06794-5_33
Lozano, A., Fleming, S. L., Chiang, C-C. and Shah, N. (2023). Clinfo.ai: An Open-Source Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model System for Answering Medical Questions using Scientific Literature. Biocomputing, pp. 8-23. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811286421_0002
MacNeil, S., Tran, A., Hellas, A. et al. (2023). Experiences from Using Code Explanations Generated by Large Language Models in a Web Software Development E-Book. Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1, pp. 931-937. https://doi.org/10.1145/3545945.3569785
Mann, S. P., Earp, B. D., Møller, N. et al. (2023). AUTOGEN: A Personalized Large Language Model for Academic Enhancement-Ethics and Proof of Principle. The American Journal of Bioethics, 23(10), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2023.2233356
Moon, J., Lee, U., Koh, J. et al. (2024). Generative Artificial Intelligence in Educational Game Design: Nu-anced Challenges, Design Implications, and Future Research. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10758-024-09756-z
Moussad, B., Roche, R. and Bhattacharya, D. (2023). The transformative power of transformers in protein structure prediction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 120, no. 32. e2303499120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2303499120
Muhammad, A., Salman, Z., Lee, K. and Han, D. (2023). Harnessing the power of diffusion models for plant disease image augmentation. Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1280496
Muldoon, J. and Wu, B. A. (2023) Artificial Intelligence in the Colonial Matrix of Power. Philosophy and Technology, vol. 36, no 80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00687-8
OSF (Open Science Framework) (2024). https://osf.io/6htfs/ (Accessed 24/09-24)
Pang, S. M., Cao, J. X., Jian, M. Y. et al. (2022). BR-GAN: A Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction Model Com-bined With Behavior Recognition. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 23, iss. 12, pp. 24609-24620. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3193442
Park, Y. J., Kaplan, D., Ren, Z. et al. (2024). Can ChatGPT be used to generate scientific hypotheses? Journal of Materiomics, vol. 10, iss. 3, pp. 578-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2023.08.007
Peng, C., Zhao, X. and Xia, G. (2023): Research on Colorization of Qinghai Farmer Painting Image Based on Generative Adversarial Networks. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1145/3590003.3590094
Pividori, M. and Greene, C. S. (2024). A publishing infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted academic authoring. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Volume 31, Issue 9, Sep-tember 2024, pp. 2103-2113. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae139
Potter, W. (2024). An academic publisher has struck an AI data deal with Microsoft - without their authors' knowledge. The Conversation. 23rd of July 2024. https://theconversation.com/an-academic-publisher-has-struck-an-ai-data-deal-with-microsoft-without-their-authors-knowledge-235203
Pride, D., Cancellieri, M. and Knoth, P. (2023). CORE-GPT: Combining Open Access Research and Large Language Models for Credible, Trustworthy Question Answering. Linking Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries, TPDL 2023, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 14241. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43849-3_13
Raja, H., Mumawar, A., Mylonas, N. et al. (2024). Automated Category and Trend Analysis of Scientific Articles on Ophthalmology Using Large Language Models: Development and Usability Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 8. https://doi.org/10.2196/52462
Ren, S. (2023): How much water does AI consume? The public deserves to know. https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/how-much-water-does-ai-consume (Accessed 19/09-24)
Rengers, T. A., Thiels, C. A. and Salehinejad, H. (2024). Academic Surgery in the Era of Large Language Models: A Review. JAMA Surgery. 159(4), pp. 445-450. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2023.6496
Resnik, D. B. and Hosseini, M. (2023). The Impact of AUTOGEN and Similar Fine-Tuned Large Language Models on the Integrity of Scholarly Writing. The American Journal of Bioethics, 23(10), pp. 50-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2023.2250276
Robson, J. F., Denholm, S. J. and Coffey, M. (2021). Automated Processing and Phenotype Extraction of Ovine Medical Images Using a Combined Generative Adversarial Network and Computer Vision Pipeline. Sensors, vol. 21, iss. 21, 7268. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217268
Romanelli, V., Cerchia, C. and Lavecchia, A. (2024). Unlocking the Potential of Generative Artificial Intelli-gence in Drug Discovery. Applications of Generative AI, pp. 37-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46238-2_3
Rowe, N. (2023). Millions of Workers Are Training AI Models for Pennies, Wired, Oct 16. https://www.wired.com/story/millions-of-workers-are-training-ai-models-for-pennies/ (Accessed 19/09-24)
Rui, J.and Qiang, N. (2022). Research on textile defects detection based on improved generative adver-sarial network. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, vol. 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250221101382
Schmidt, P., Arlt, S., Ruiz-Gonzales, C. et al. (2024). Virtual reality for understanding artificial-intelligence-driven scientific discovery with an application in quantum optics. Machine Learning: Science and Technol-ogy, vol. 5, no. 3. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2632-2153/ad5fdb https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ad5fdb
Sharma, A. (2024). https://medium.com/@akshitsharma105/celebrating-generative-ai-unveiling-its-core-and-primary-applications-a7cc59efd10a (Accessed 20/09-24)
Shriram, J. and Sreekala, S. P. K. (2023). ZINify: Transforming Research Papers into Engaging Zines with Large Language Models. Association for Computing Machinery, article 117, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1145/3586182.3625118
Shyr, C., Grout, R. W., Kennedy, N. et al. (2024). Leveraging artificial intelligence to summarize abstracts in lay language for increasing research accessibility and transparency. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 31, iss. 10, pp. 2294-2302. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae186
Sindhura, D. N., Pai, R. M., Bhat, S. N., and Pai, M. M. M. (2024). Deep learning-based automated spine fracture type identification with Clinically validated GAN generated CT images. Cogent Engineering, vol. 11, iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2023.2295645
Stefano, F. (2023): AI Evolution: From Basics. https://blog.stefanofilippone.com/ai-evolution-from-basics-3007caa76607 (Accessed 20/09-24)
Stock, K., Jones, C. B., Russell, S. et al. (2022). Detecting geospatial location descriptions in natural lan-guage text. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol. 36, iss. 3, pp. 547-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2021.1987441
Tang, Y., Moretti, R. and Meiler, J. (2024). Recent Advances in Automated Structure-Based De Novo Drug Design. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, vol. 64, iss. 6. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00247
The Royal Society (2024). Science in the age of AI. How artificial intelligence is changing the nature and method of scientific research. https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/science-in-the-age-of-ai/science-in-the-age-of-ai-report.pdf
Thelwall, M. (2024). Can ChatGPT evaluate research quality? Journal of Data and Information Science, vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2024-0013
Urooj, U., Al-Rimy, B. A. S., Zainal, A. B. et al. (2022). Addressing Behavioral Drift in Ransomware Early Detection Through Weighted Generative Adversarial Networks. IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 3910-3925. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3348451
Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N. et al. (2017). Attention Is All You Need. Advances in Neural Infor-mation Processing Systems. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1706.03762
Wallace, B., Nymoen, K., Torresen, J., and Martin, C. P. (2024). Breaking from realism: exploring the po-tential of glitch in AI-generated dance. Digital Creativity, 35(2), pp. 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/14626268.2024.2327006
Walton, R. O., and Watkins, D. V. (2024). The use of generative AI in research: a production management case study from the aviation industry. Journal of Marketing Analytics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-024-00317-y
Wang, H., Tao, G., Ma, J. et al. (2022). Predicting the Epidemics Trend of COVID-19 Using Epidemiological-Based Generative Adversarial Networks. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 16, iss. 2, pp. 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2022.3152375
Wang, S., Hu, T., Xiao, H. et al. (2024). GPT, large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelli-gence (GAI) models in geospatial science: a systematic review. International Journal of Digital Earth, vol. 17, iss. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2353122
Watson, J.L., Juergens, D., Bennett, N.R. et al. (2023). De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion. Nature, 620, pp. 1089-1100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06415-8
Whitfield, S. and Hofmann, M. A. (2023). Elicit: AI literature review research assistant. Public Services Quarterly, vol. 19, iss. 3, pp. 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228959.2023.2224125
Wollin-Giering, S., Hoffmann, M., Höfting, J., and Ventzke, C. (2024). Automatic Transcription of English and German Qualitative Interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Re-search, vol. 25, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-25.1.4129
Wu, H., He, W., Li, X. and Liang, Y. (2023). Research on Ethnic Pattern Generation Based on Generative Adversarial Networks. 15th International Conference on Advanced Computational Intelligence (ICACI), pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACI58115.2023.10146174
Yu, J., Xu, X., Gao, F. et al. (2021). Toward Realistic Face Photo-Sketch Synthesis via Composition-Aided GANs. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 4350-4362. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2020.2972944
Zenni, R. D. and Andrew, Nigel R. (2023). Artificial Intelligence text generators for overcoming language barriers in ecological research communication. Austral Ecology, 48, pp. 1225-1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13417
Zhang, Y., Sivarathri, S. S. and Calyam, P. (2020). ScholarFinder: Knowledge Embedding Based Recommen-dations using a Deep Generative Model. IEEE Sixth International Conference on Big Data Computing Ser-vice and Applications, pp. 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigDataService49289.2020.00021
Zhao, S., Chen, S., Zhou, J. et al. (2024). Potential to transform words to watts with large language models in battery research. Cell Reports Physical Science, vol. 5, iss. 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101844
Zheng, X., Li, J., Lu, M. and Wang, F-Y. (2024). New Paradigm for Economic and Financial Research With Generative AI: Impact and Perspective. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 3457-3467. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2023.3334306
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 CFA Scientific Reports

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
License terms apply for all publications unless specifically stated otherwise on the publication.