The Characteristics of Recruitment and Assistance Among Peers in Social Virtual Reality Gameplay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v8i2.142277Keywords:
assistance, conversation analysis, fragmented interaction, recruitment, social virtual realityAbstract
This study illustrates how recruitment and assistance unfold in social virtual reality. Using conversation analysis, the study examines audio-visual data of peer interaction on the social VR platform Rec Room. Novice users’ actions are examined as they familiarise themselves with the virtual environment and seek assistance from their peers. The findings show that participants orient to explicit requests as recruitment and respond to them with advice, whereas embodied trouble displays do not elicit assistance from the recipient. In turn, the examined advice turns show how participants avoid taking an expert position, and their turns are framed as suggestions. Recruitment and assistance make visible asymmetries of access to virtual and physical interactional resources and different perspectives in social VR.
References
Badem-Korkmaz, F., Ekin, S., & Balaman, U. (2022). Pre-service language teachers' resistance to teacher trainer advice on task design for video-mediated L2 interaction. Classroom discourse, 13(2), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2021.2020144
Boudouraki, A., Fischer, J. E., Reeves, S., & Rintel, S. (2021). “I can’t get round”: Recruiting assistance in Mobile Robotic Telepresence. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction, 4(CSCW3), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432947
Butler, C. W., Potter, J., Danby, S., Emmison, M., & Hepburn, A. (2010). Advice-implicative interrogatives: Building “client-centered” support in a children’s helpline. Social Psychology Quarterly 73(3), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272510379838
Couper-Kuhlen, E., & Thompson, S. A. (2022). Action ascription and deonticity in everyday advice-giving sequences. In A. Deppermann & M. Haugh (Eds.), Action ascription in interaction (pp. 183–207). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1017/9781108673419.010
Dalmaijer, E., Pas, B., Spooren, W., & Stommel, W. (2023). How technology shapes advice: Professional–parent interaction in a digital pediatric treatment. Frontiers in communication, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1205883
Davidsen, J., Larsen, D. V., Paulsen, L., & Rasmussen, S. (2022). 360VR PBL: A new format of digital cases in clinical medicine. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 10(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v10i1.7097
Due, B. (2015). The social construction of a Glasshole: Google Glass and multiactivity in social interaction. PsychNology Journal, 13(2–3), 149–178.
Due, B. L., Lange, S. B., Nielsen, M. F., & Jarlskov, C. (2019). Mimicable embodied demonstration in a decomposed sequence: Two aspects of recipient design in professionals' video-mediated encounters. Journal of pragmatics, 152, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.07.015
Due, B., & Lüchow, L. (2023). The intelligibility of haptic perception in instructional sequences: When visually impaired people achieve object understanding. Human Studies, 46, 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-023-09664-8
Drew, P., & Kendrick, K. H. (2018). Searching for trouble: Recruiting assistance through embodied action. Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v1i1.105496
Goodwin, C. (2018). Why multimodality? Why co-operative action? (transcribed by J. Philipsen). Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v1i2.110039
Gudmundsen, J. (2023). "Can you write it": A longitudinal study of mobilizing the chat in video-mediated L2 interaction. Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v6i2.132542
Haddington, P., Kohonen-Aho, L., Tuncer, S., & Spets, H. (2023). Openings of interactions in immersive virtual reality: Identifying and recognising prospective participants. In P. Haddington, T. Eilitta, A. Kamunen, L. Kohonen-Aho, I. Rautiainen and A. Vatanen (Eds.), Complexity of Interaction: Studies in Multimodal Conversation Analysis (pp. 423–456). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30727-0_12
Hansen, J. P. B. (2022). Recruiting repair: Making sense of interpreters’ embodied actions in a video-mediated environment. Discourse Studies, 24(6), 719-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456221112261
Heath, C., & Luff, P. (1992). Media space and communicative asymmetries: Preliminary observations of video-mediated interaction. Human–Computer Interaction, 7(3), 315–346. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0703_3
Heritage, J., & Lindström, A. (2012). Advice giving – terminable and interminable: The case of British health visitors. In H. Limberg & M. A. Locher (Eds.), Advice in discourse (pp. 169–194). John Benjamins. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.221.11her
Heritage, J., & Sefi, S. (1992). Dilemmas of advice: Aspects of the delivery and reception of advice in interactions between Health Visitors and first-time mothers. P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings (pp. 359–417). Cambridge University Press.
Hindmarsh, J., Heath, C., & Fraser, M. (2006). (Im)materiality, virtual reality and interaction: Grounding the ‘virtual’ in studies of technology in action. The Sociological Review 54(4), 795–817. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-954X.2006.00672.x
Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13–31). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.125
Keevallik, L. (2018) Sequence initiation or self-talk? Commenting on the surroundings while mucking out a sheep stable. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 51(3), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2018.1485233
Kendrick, K. H. (2017). Using Conversation Analysis in the Lab. Research on language and social interaction, 50(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2017.1267911
Kendrick, K. H. (2021). The ‘Other’ side of recruitment: Methods of assistance in social interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 178, 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.015
Kendrick, K. H., & Drew, P. (2016). Recruitment: Offers, requests, and the organization of assistance in Interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 49(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2016.1126436
Klowait, N. (2023). On the multimodal resolution of a search sequence in virtual reality. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8417012
Klowait, N. O., & Erofeeva, M. (2023). Halting the Decay of Talk: How Atypical Interactants Adapt their Virtual Worlds. Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v6i1.136903
Kohonen-Aho, L. & Haddington, P. (2023). From distributed ecologies to distributed bodies in interaction: Capturing and analysing ‘dual embodiment’ in virtual environments. In P. Haddington, T. Eilitta, A. Kamunen, L. Kohonen-Aho, T. Oittinen, I. Rautiainen, & A. Vatanen (Eds.), Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis in Motion: Emerging Methods and Technologies (pp. 111–131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003424888-8
Kärkkäinen, E. (2003). Epistemic stance in English conversation: A description of its interactional functions, with a focus on 'I think'. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Lindwall, O., & Ekström, A. (2012). Instruction-in-interaction: The teaching and learning of a manual skill. Human Studies, 35(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-012-9213-5
Lindwall, O., Lymer, G., & Greiffenhagen, C. (2015). The sequential analysis of instruction. In N. Markee (Ed.), The handbook of classroom discourse and interaction (pp. 142–157). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118531242.ch9
Locher, M. A., Jucker, A. H., & Berger, M. (2015). Negotiation of space in Second Life newbie interaction. Discourse, Context & Media, 9, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2015.06.002
Luff, P., Heath, C., Kuzuoka, H., Hindmarsh, J., Yamazaki, K., & Oyama, S. (2003). Fractured ecologies: Creating environments for collaboration. Human-Computer Interaction, 18, 51–84. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327051HCI1812_3
McVeigh-Schultz, J., Márquez Segura, E., Merrill, N., & Isbister, K. (2018). What’s it mean to “be social” in VR?: Mapping the social VR design ecology. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems, 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1145/3197391.3205451
Mlynář, J. (2023). Lifting the pen and the gaze: embodied recruitment in collaborative writing. Text & Talk, 43(1), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2020-0148
Mondada, L. (2014). The local constitution of multimodal resources for social interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 65, 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.04.004
Mondada, L. (2016). Challenges of multimodality: Language and the body in social interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 20(3), 336–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.1_12177
Mondada, L. (2018). Multiple Temporalities of Language and Body in Interaction: Challenges for Transcribing Multimodality, Research on Language and Social Interaction, 51(1), 85-106.
Mondada, L. (2022). Conventions for transcribing multimodality. Version 6.0.1. Available from: https://www.lorenzamondada.net/multimodal-transcription.
Olbertz-Siitonen, M., & Piirainen-Marsh, A. (2023). Bridging physical and virtual ecologies of action: giving and following instructions in co-located VR-gaming sessions. Prologi – Journal of Communication and Social Interaction, 19(3), 137-166. https://doi.org/10.33352/prlg.121525
Paulsen, L., Davidsen, J. G., & Steier, R. (2022). “Do you see what we see?” – Perspective-taking across realities. In A. Weinberger, W. Chen, D. Hernández-Leo, & B. Chen (Eds.), 15th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) (pp. 300–303). International Society of the Learning Sciences (ISLS). Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference, CSCL https://www.dropbox.com/s/9mwx6t8mi75op15/CSCL2022%20Proceedings.pdf?dl=0
Piirainen-Marsh, A., & Olbertz-Siitonen, M. (2024). Instructed perception and action: The mutual accomplishment of manual know-how in using VR games. Language & Communication, 99, 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2024.10.011
Rauniomaa, M., Haddington, P., Melander, H., Gazin, A., Broth, M., Cromdal, J., Levin, L., & McIlvenny, P. (2018). Parsing tasks for the mobile novice in real time: Orientation to the learner's actions and to spatial and temporal constraints in instructing-on-the-move. Journal of Pragmatics, 128, 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.01.005
Råman, J., & Oloff, F. (2022). Mobilizing assistance through complaints in digital skills courses for adults. AFinLAn vuosikirja [AFinLA Yearbook], 234–260. https://doi.org/10.30661/afinlavk.114591
Sacks, H. (1992). Lectures on conversation. Blackwell Publishers.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735. https://doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence organization in interaction: A primer in conversation analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Shaw, C., & Hepburn, A. (2013). Managing the moral implications of advice in informal interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 46(4), 344–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2013.839095
Shaw, C., Potter, J., & Hepburn, A. (2015). Advice-implicative actions: Using interrogatives and assessments to deliver advice in mundane conversation. Discourse Studies, 17(3), 317–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445615571199
Siitonen, P, Rauniomaa, M., & Keisanen, T. (2019). ”Kato. Hulluna puolukoita.” Kato vuorovaikutuksen resurssina luontoilussa. [Kato. An insane amount of lingonberries. Kato as an interactional resource in nature-related activities.] Virittäjä, 123(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.23982/vir.71162
Slater, M. (2018). Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality. British Journal of Psychology, 109(3), 431–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12305
Spets, H. (2023a). Intersubjective interaction during the word explanation activity in social virtual reality. In P. Haddington, T. Eilittä, A. Kamunen, L. Kohonen-Aho, I. Rautiainen and A. Vatanen (eds.), Complexity of Interaction: Studies in Multimodal Conversation Analysis (pp. 145–174). Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30727-0_5
Spets, H. (2023b). Environmentally coupled gestures as a communicative resource in the word explanation activity: A multimodal analysis of interaction in social VR. Prologi – Journal of Communication and Social Interaction, 20(1), 167-192. https://doi.org/10.33352/prlg.120936
Stivers, T. (2004). “No no no” and other types of multiple sayings in social interaction. Human Communication Research 30(2), 260–293. https://doi-org.pc124152.oulu.fi:9443/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00733.x
Stivers, T., & Rossano, F. (2010). Mobilizing Response. Research on language and social interaction, 43(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810903471258
Tuncer, S., Lindwall, O., & Brown, B. (2021). Making time: Pausing to coordinate video instructions and practical tasks. Symbolic Interaction, 44(3), 603–631. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.516
Vehviläinen, S. (2012). Question-prefaced advice in feedback sequences of Finnish academic supervisions. In H. Limberg & M. A. Locher (Eds.), Advice in discourse (pp. 31–52). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.221.04veh
Vänttinen, M. (2022). Eye gaze as a resource in handling trouble around mobile devices in EFL classroom interactions. In T. Seppälä, S. Lesonen & P. Iikkanen & S. D'hondt (Eds.), Kieli, muutos ja yhteiskunta – Language, Change and Society. AFinLA yearbook 2022 (pp. 395–413). Publications of the Finnish Association of Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.30661/afinlavk.114401
Waring, H. Z. (2017). Going general as a resource for doing advising in post-observation conferences in teacher training. Journal of Pragmatics, 110, 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.01.009
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Author and Journal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
We follow the Budapest Open Access Initiative's definition of Open Access.
The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions.
The journal allows software/spiders to automatically crawl the journal content (also known as text mining)
The journal provides article level metadata to DOAJ
The journal allows readers to read, download, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of its articles and allow readers to use them for any other lawful purpose.