Multimodal Word-Search Trajectories in L2 Interaction

The Use of Gesture and how it Changes over Time

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v5i2.130867

Keywords:

word searches, gestures, social interaction, L2 French, development

Abstract

This paper investigates the temporal dynamics of bodily and vocal conduct in the course of L2 word searches. Based on a longitudinal dataset of L2 French conversations, we first identify a recurrent multimodal search-trajectory involving specific simultaneous and successive assemblies of hand movements/holds with gaze, and (para)verbal displays of ongoing search. We interpret these Gestalt-like trajectories as part of methodic practices through which speakers both account for breaks in progressivity and display their search as “solitary”, preempting recipient’s entry into the turn-in-progress. We then put our findings into a longitudinal perspective, showing how features of these assemblies change over time in the developmental trajectories of L2 speakers.

References

Brouwer, C. E. (2003). Word searches in NNS-NS interaction: Opportunities for language learning? The Modern Language Journal, 87(4), 534 –545.

Deppermann, A., & Pekarek Doehler, S. (2021). Longitudinal Conversation Analysis. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2021.1899707.

Dressel, D. (2020). Multimodal word searches in collaborative storytelling: On the local mobilization and negotiation of coparticipation. Journal of Pragmatics, 170, 37–54.

Eskildsen, S. W., & Wagner, J. (2015). Embodied L2 construction learning. Language Learning, 65(2), 268–297.

Eskildsen, S. W., & Wagner, J. (2018). From trouble in the talk to new resources: The interplay of bodily and linguistic resources in the talk of a speaker of English as a second language. In S. Pekarek Doehler, E. González-Martínez & J. Wagner (Eds.), Documenting change across time: Longitudinal studies on the organization of social interaction (pp. 143–171). Palgrave Macmillan.

Fasel Lauzon, V., & Pekarek Doehler, S. (2013). Focus on form as a joint accomplishment: An attempt to bridge the gap between focus on form research and conversation analytic research on SLA. IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 51(4), 323–351.

Goodwin, C. (2000). Action and embodiment within situated human interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 1489–1522.

Goodwin, C. (2003). The body in action. In J. Coupland & R. Gwyn (Eds.), Discourse, the body and identity (pp. 19–42). Palgrave Macmillan.

Goodwin, C. (2013). The co-operative, transformative organization of human action and knowledge. Journal of Pragmatics, 46, 8–23.

Goodwin, M. H. (1983). Searching for a word as an interactive activity. In J. N. Deely & Margot D. Lenhart (Eds.), Semiotics (pp. 129–137). Plenum Press.

Goodwin, M. H., & Goodwin, C. (1986). Gesture and coparticipation in the activity of searching for a word. Semiotica, 62(1-2), 51–75.

Graziano, M. & Gullberg, M. (2018). When speech stops, gesture stops: Evidence from developmental and crosslinguistic comparisons. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 879. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00879

Gullberg, M. (2011). Multilingual multimodality: Communicative difficulties and their solution in second-language use. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin & C. LeBaron (Eds.), Embodied interaction: Language and body in the material world (pp. 137–151). Cambridge University Press.

Hayashi, M. (2003). Language and the body as resources for collaborative action: A study of word searches in Japanese conversation. Research on language and social interaction, 36(2), 109–141.

Hellermann, J. (2009). Looking for evidence of language learning in practices for repair: A case study of self-initiated self‐repair by an adult learner of English. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 53(2), 113–132.

Hosoda, Y. (2006). Repair and relevance of differential language expertise in second language conversations. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 25–50.

Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge University Press.

Koshik, I., & Seo, M. S. (2012). Word (and other) search sequences initiated by language learners. Text & Talk, 32(2), 167–189.

Kurhila, S. (2006). Second language interaction. John Benjamins.

Lerner, G. H. (1996). On the “semi-permeable” character of grammatical units in conversation: Conditional entry into the turn space of another speaker. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff & S A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar (pp. 238–276). Cambridge University Press.

Lilja, N., & Piirainen-Marsh, A. (2019). How hand gestures contribute to action ascription. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 52(4), 343–364.

McCafferty, S. G. (2006). Gesture and the materialization of second language prosody. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 44, 195–207.

Mondada, L. (2014). The local constitution of multimodal resources for social interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 65, 137–156.

Mondada, L. (2018). Multiple temporalities of language and body in interaction: Challenges for transcribing multimodality. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 51(1), 85–106.

Pekarek Doehler, S. & Balaman, U. (2021). The routinization of grammar as a social action format: A longitudinal study of video-mediated interactions. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2021.1899710.

Pekarek Doehler, S., & Berger, E. (2019). On the reflexive relation between developing L2 interactional competence and evolving social relationships: A longitudinal study of word-searches in the ‘wild’. In J. Hellermann, S. W. Eskildsen, S. Pekarek Doehler & A. Piirainen-Marsh (Eds.), Conversation analytic research on learning-in-action: The complex ecology of L2 interaction in the wild (pp. 51–75). Springer.

Pekarek Doehler, S., & Skogmyr Marian, K. (2022/in press). On the progressive routinization of L2 grammar-for-interaction: A longitudinal study of comment on dit ‘how do you say’. The Modern Language Journal, 106, S1.

Rydell, M. (2019). Negotiating co-participation: Embodied word searching sequences in paired L2 speaking tests. Journal of Pragmatics, 149, 60–77.

Sacks, H., & Schegloff, E. A. (1979). Two preferences in the organization of reference to persons in conversation and their interaction. In G. Psathas (Ed.), Everyday language. Studies in ethnomethodology (pp. 15–21). Halsted Press.

Schegloff, E. A. (1979). The relevance of repair to syntax-for-conversation. In T. Givón (Ed.), Syntax and semantics, Vol. 12: Discourse and syntax (pp. 261–286). Academic Press.

Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence organization: A primer in conversation analysis. Cambridge University Press.

Schegloff, E. A., Sacks, H., & Jefferson, G. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language, 53(2), 361–382.

Steinbach-Kohler, F., & Thorne, S. L. (2011). The social life of self-directed talk: A sequential phenomenon. In J. K. Hall, J. Hellermann & S. Pekarek Doehler (Eds.), L2 interactional competence and development (pp. 66–92). Multilingual Matters.

Streeck, J. (2006). Gestures: Pragmatic aspects. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 2nd edition (pp. 71–76). Elsevier.

Streeck, J. (2009a). Forward-gesturing. Discourse Processes, 46(2-3), 161–179.

Streeck, J. (2009b). Gesturecraft: The manu-facture of meaning. John Benjamins Publishing.

Wagner, J., & Gardner, R. (2004). Introduction. In R. Gardner & J. Wagner (Eds.), Second language conversations (pp. 1–17). Continuum.

Wagner, J., Pekarek Doehler, S., & González-Martínez, E. (2018). Longitudinal research on the organization of social interaction: Current developments and methodological challenges. In S. Pekarek Doehler, J. Wagner & E. González-Martínez (Eds.), Longitudinal studies on the organization of social interaction (pp. 3–35). Springer.

Downloads

Published

2022-02-21

How to Cite

Skogmyr Marian, K., & Pekarek Doehler, S. (2022). Multimodal Word-Search Trajectories in L2 Interaction: The Use of Gesture and how it Changes over Time. Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/si.v5i2.130867