En moralfilosofisk undersøgelse af sporten
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/rc.1227254Resumé
Abstract: Sport er frugtbar jord for moralsk karakterdannelse. Den idé er lige så gammel som sporten selv. Og åbenlyst til gavn for sportens image… Men er den sand? Den empiriske forskning på området peger på det modsatte: Sport opfordrer til selviskhed – ikke moral. Konfronteret med den slags empiri lyder forsvaret at det bare er en ’måling’ af den forventelige korrumperende indflydelse fra medier, kommercielle interesser osv. Faktorer som ødelægger sporten udefra. Sporten selv, bygger på fairness og er ret beset et samarbejde mod et fælles mål - nemlig intense oplevelser og dygtighed, lyder påstanden. I denne artikel forsøger jeg at udvikle en sportsetisk teori som åbner for en ny forståelse af forholdet mellem sport og moral.
Referencer
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Bäck, Allan (2008): “The Paper World of Bernand Suits”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, Nr. 35, s. 156-174
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Bredemeier, Brenda L., Maureen R. Weiss, David L. Shields & Bruce Cooper (1986): ”The relationship of sport involvement with children’s moral reasoning and aggression tendencies”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, s. 304-318
Breivik, Gunnar (1979): Idrættens filosofi. Bd. 1-2, kompendium nr. 49, Norges Idrettshøgskole
Butcher, Robert & Angela Schneider (2007): “Fair Play As Respect for the Game”. I: William J. Morgan (red.): Ethics in Sport, 2nd Edition, Human Kinetics Publishers
Caillois, Roger (1955): Man, Play, and Games, The Free Press of Glencoe, New York
Coakley, Jay J. (1990): Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies, McGrawhill, New York
Christiansen, Ask V. (2005): Rene resultater – En analyse af cykelsporten. Ph.d.-afhandling, Syddansk Universitet, Odense
Digel, Helmuth (1991): Wettkampfsport. Wege zu einer besseren Praxis, Meyer & Meyer
Drexel, Gunnar (1994): “Sportiver Egoismus – Zur Ethik wettkampfsportlichen Handelns”, in T.L. Heck (Hrsg.): Das Princip Egoismus, Noûs-Verlag, Tübingen
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Hall, Elizabeth R. (1981): Moral Development Levels of Athletes in Sport-specific and General Social Situations, Texas Women’s University, Denton
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Jones, Carwyn & Mike McNamee (2003): “Moral Development and Sport: Character and Cognitive Developmentalism Contrasted”. I: Jan Boxill (ed.): Sports Ethics. An anthology, Blackwell Publishing
Kalliopuska, Mirja (1987): "Relation of empathy and self-esteem to activate participation in Finnish baseball”, Perceptual and Motor Skill, 65, s. 107-113
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Klausen, Søren Harnow (1991): ”Antik og moderne etik”, Filosofiske studier, Bd. 12, s. 47-81
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Kleiber, D.A. & G.C. Roberts (1981): ”The effects of sport experience in the development of social character: An exploratory investigation”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, s. 114-122
Köhler, Wolfgang (1939): The Place of Value in a World of Facts, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London
Lakie, W.L. (1964): ”Expressed attitudes of various groups of athletes toward athletic competition”, Research Quarterly, 35, s. 497-503
Loland, Sigmund (1998): ”Fair play: historical anachronism or topical ideal?” I: Mike McNamee, M.& Jim Parry (red.): Ethics & Sport, Taylor and Francis, New York, s. 79-103
Loland, Sigmund (2002): Fair play in sport. A moral norm system, Routledge, London & New York
McFee, Graham (2004): Sport, Rules and Values – Philosophical investigations into the nature of sport, Routledge, London
McNamee, Mike (2008): Sports, Virtues and Vices. Morality Plays, Routledge, London
Mill, John Stuart (1897/1861): Utilitarianism, Longmans, Green and Co., London
Meier, Klaus V. (1995): ”Triad Trickery: Playing With Sport and Games”. I: William J. Morgan & Klaus V. Meier: Philosophic Inquiry in Sport, Human Kinetics Publishers
Metheny, Eleanor (1965): Connotations of Movement in Sport and Dance, William C. Brown Co.
Morgan, William J. (1987): ”The logical incompatibility thesis and rules: a reconsidertation of formalism as an account of games”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 14, s. 1-20
Morgan William J. (1994): Leftist Theories of Sport – A Critique and Reconstruction, University of Illinois Press, Urbana
Morgan, William J. (2008): ”Some Further Words on Suits on Play”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, Nr. 35, s. 120-141
Møller, Rasmus Bysted (2010): ”Et forsvar for kvantitativ hedonisme”, Res Cogitans, No 7, Vol. 1, s. 129-169
Møller, Rasmus Bysted (2011): ”Moral og Frihed – Skitse til en ny teori om viljens frihed”, Res Cogitans, Vol 2, s. 115-166
Møller, Verner (2010): The ethics of doping and antidoping – redeeming the soul of sport?, Routledge, London
Pearson, Kathleen M. (1995): ”Deception, Sportsmanship, and Ethics”. I: William J. Morgan and Klaus V. Meier (red.): Philosophical Inquiry in Sport, Human Kinetics Publishers
Rand, Ayn (1964): The Virtue of Selfishness, Penguin Books Ltd.
Richardson, Deane E. (1962): ”Ethical conduct in sport situations”, Annual Proceedings of the National College Physical Education Association for Men, 66, s. 98-103
Royce, Richard (2011): “Suits, Autotelicity and Defining ‘Play’”, Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, Nr. 5, s. 93-109
Russell, J. S. (1999): ”Are Rules All an Umpire Has to Work With?”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, No. 26, 1, s. 27-49
Schmidt, Stephen E. (2011): “Beyond Autotelic Play”, Journal of the philosophy of Sport, No. 38, s. 149-166
Sherif, Muzafer (1967): Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology, Routledge & Keegan Paul, London
Shields, David L. L. & Brenda J.L. Bredemeier (1995): Character Development and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics Publishers
Suits, Bernard (1988): "Tricky Triad: Games, Play, and Sports", Journal of the Philosophy of Sport no.15, s. 1-9
Suits, Bernard (1978): The Grasshopper. Games, Life and Utopia, University of Toronto Press
Suits, Bernard (2007): “The Element of Sport”. I: William J. Morgan (ed.): Ethics in Sport, 2nd Edition, Human Kinetics Publishers, s. 9-20
Tamburrini, Claudio (2010): ”The ”Hand of God”?” I: Mike McNamee (ed.): The Ethics of Sports – A Reader, Routledge, London
Trulson, Michael E. (1986): ”Martial arts training: A novel “cure” for juvenile delinquency”, Human Relations, No. 39, s. 1131-1140
Waddington, Ivan (2000): Sport, Health and Drugs: A Critical Sociological Perspective, Taylor & Francis, London
Weiss, Paul (1969): Sport. A Philosophical Inquiry, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondal
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1958): Philosophical Investigations, Basil Blackwell
Arnold, Peter (2003): ”Three Approaches Toward an Understanding of Sportsmanship”, in Jan Boxill (ed.): Sports Ethics. An anthology. Blackwell, Oxford
Bäck, Allan (2008): “The Paper World of Bernand Suits”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, Nr. 35, s. 156-174
Barnett, M. A., K. A. Matthews J. A. & Howard (1979): "Relationship between competitiveness and empathy in 6- and 7-year-olds”, Developmental Psychology, 15, s. 221-222
Bovyer, George G. (1963): ”Children’s concepts of sportsmanship in the 4th, 5th and 6th grade”, Research Quarterly, 34, s. 282-287
Boxill, Jan (2003): ”The Ethics of Competition”. I: Jan Boxill (ed.): Sport Ethics. An Anthology. Blackwell, Oxford
Bredemeier, Brenda L. & David L. Shields (1984): ”Divergence in moral reasoning about sport and life”, Sociology of Sport Journal, 1, s. 348-357
Bredemeier, Brenda L., Maureen R. Weiss, David L. Shields & Bruce Cooper (1986): ”The relationship of sport involvement with children’s moral reasoning and aggression tendencies”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, s. 304-318
Breivik, Gunnar (1979): Idrættens filosofi. Bd. 1-2, kompendium nr. 49, Norges Idrettshøgskole
Butcher, Robert & Angela Schneider (2007): “Fair Play As Respect for the Game”. I: William J. Morgan (red.): Ethics in Sport, 2nd Edition, Human Kinetics Publishers
Caillois, Roger (1955): Man, Play, and Games, The Free Press of Glencoe, New York
Coakley, Jay J. (1990): Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies, McGrawhill, New York
Christiansen, Ask V. (2005): Rene resultater – En analyse af cykelsporten. Ph.d.-afhandling, Syddansk Universitet, Odense
Digel, Helmuth (1991): Wettkampfsport. Wege zu einer besseren Praxis, Meyer & Meyer
Drexel, Gunnar (1994): “Sportiver Egoismus – Zur Ethik wettkampfsportlichen Handelns”, in T.L. Heck (Hrsg.): Das Princip Egoismus, Noûs-Verlag, Tübingen
Drexel, Gunnar (1996): ”Sportiver Egoismus – Eine Partikular-Ethik wettkampfsportlicher Interaktion”. I: A. Conzelmann, H. Gabler, W. Schlicht (Hrsg.): Soziale Interaktionen und Gruppen im Sport – Bericht über die Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie vom 25. bis 27. Mai 1995 in Tübingen, Köln
Feezell, R. M. (2007): ”Sportsmanship”. I: William J. Morgan (ed.): Ethics in Sport, Human Kinetics Publishers
Franke, Elk (1987): ”Ethische Fragen im Sport”. I: Peter Schwenkmezger (Hrsg.): Sportpsychologische Diagnostik, Intervention und Verantwortung, bps, Köln, s. 40-65
Guivernau, Marta & Joan L. Duda, (2002): ”Moral atmosphere and athletic aggressive tendencies in young soccer players”, Journal of Moral Education, 13 (1), s. 67-85
Güldenpfennig, Sven (1996): Sport: Autonomie und Krise. Soziologie der Texte und Kontexte des Sports, Academia, St. Augustin
Hall, Elizabeth R. (1981): Moral Development Levels of Athletes in Sport-specific and General Social Situations, Texas Women’s University, Denton
Hebor, Jens (2009): “Demarkationsproblemet: Faldgruber og Muligheder”, Res Cogitans 2009, No. 6, Vol. 1, s. 97-216
Heinemann, Klaus (1990): Einführung in die Soziologie des Sports, Schorndorf
Jones, Carwyn & Mike McNamee (2003): “Moral Development and Sport: Character and Cognitive Developmentalism Contrasted”. I: Jan Boxill (ed.): Sports Ethics. An anthology, Blackwell Publishing
Kalliopuska, Mirja (1987): "Relation of empathy and self-esteem to activate participation in Finnish baseball”, Perceptual and Motor Skill, 65, s. 107-113
Kappel, Klemens (2004): ”Begrebsanalyse i filosofi: pointe, metodologiske antagelser og kritik”, Filosofiske studier, Bd. 23, s. 131-147
Keating, James W. (1978): Competition and Playful Activities, Rowman & Littlefield, Washington
Kistler, J.W. (1957): “Attitudes expressed about behavior demonstrated in specific situations occurring in sports”, Annual Proceedings of the National College Physical Education Association for Men, 60, s. 55-58
Klausen, Søren Harnow (1991): ”Antik og moderne etik”, Filosofiske studier, Bd. 12, s. 47-81
Klawonn, Erich (1996): Udkast til en teori om moralens grundlag, Odense Universitetsforlag
Kleiber, D.A. & G.C. Roberts (1981): ”The effects of sport experience in the development of social character: An exploratory investigation”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, s. 114-122
Köhler, Wolfgang (1939): The Place of Value in a World of Facts, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London
Lakie, W.L. (1964): ”Expressed attitudes of various groups of athletes toward athletic competition”, Research Quarterly, 35, s. 497-503
Loland, Sigmund (1998): ”Fair play: historical anachronism or topical ideal?” I: Mike McNamee, M.& Jim Parry (red.): Ethics & Sport, Taylor and Francis, New York, s. 79-103
Loland, Sigmund (2002): Fair play in sport. A moral norm system, Routledge, London & New York
McFee, Graham (2004): Sport, Rules and Values – Philosophical investigations into the nature of sport, Routledge, London
McNamee, Mike (2008): Sports, Virtues and Vices. Morality Plays, Routledge, London
Mill, John Stuart (1897/1861): Utilitarianism, Longmans, Green and Co., London
Meier, Klaus V. (1995): ”Triad Trickery: Playing With Sport and Games”. I: William J. Morgan & Klaus V. Meier: Philosophic Inquiry in Sport, Human Kinetics Publishers
Metheny, Eleanor (1965): Connotations of Movement in Sport and Dance, William C. Brown Co.
Morgan, William J. (1987): ”The logical incompatibility thesis and rules: a reconsidertation of formalism as an account of games”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 14, s. 1-20
Morgan William J. (1994): Leftist Theories of Sport – A Critique and Reconstruction, University of Illinois Press, Urbana
Morgan, William J. (2008): ”Some Further Words on Suits on Play”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, Nr. 35, s. 120-141
Møller, Rasmus Bysted (2010): ”Et forsvar for kvantitativ hedonisme”, Res Cogitans, No 7, Vol. 1, s. 129-169
Møller, Rasmus Bysted (2011): ”Moral og Frihed – Skitse til en ny teori om viljens frihed”, Res Cogitans, Vol 2, s. 115-166
Møller, Verner (2010): The ethics of doping and antidoping – redeeming the soul of sport?, Routledge, London
Pearson, Kathleen M. (1995): ”Deception, Sportsmanship, and Ethics”. I: William J. Morgan and Klaus V. Meier (red.): Philosophical Inquiry in Sport, Human Kinetics Publishers
Rand, Ayn (1964): The Virtue of Selfishness, Penguin Books Ltd.
Richardson, Deane E. (1962): ”Ethical conduct in sport situations”, Annual Proceedings of the National College Physical Education Association for Men, 66, s. 98-103
Royce, Richard (2011): “Suits, Autotelicity and Defining ‘Play’”, Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, Nr. 5, s. 93-109
Russell, J. S. (1999): ”Are Rules All an Umpire Has to Work With?”, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, No. 26, 1, s. 27-49
Schmidt, Stephen E. (2011): “Beyond Autotelic Play”, Journal of the philosophy of Sport, No. 38, s. 149-166
Sherif, Muzafer (1967): Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology, Routledge & Keegan Paul, London
Shields, David L. L. & Brenda J.L. Bredemeier (1995): Character Development and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics Publishers
Suits, Bernard (1988): "Tricky Triad: Games, Play, and Sports", Journal of the Philosophy of Sport no.15, s. 1-9
Suits, Bernard (1978): The Grasshopper. Games, Life and Utopia, University of Toronto Press
Suits, Bernard (2007): “The Element of Sport”. I: William J. Morgan (ed.): Ethics in Sport, 2nd Edition, Human Kinetics Publishers, s. 9-20
Tamburrini, Claudio (2010): ”The ”Hand of God”?” I: Mike McNamee (ed.): The Ethics of Sports – A Reader, Routledge, London
Trulson, Michael E. (1986): ”Martial arts training: A novel “cure” for juvenile delinquency”, Human Relations, No. 39, s. 1131-1140
Waddington, Ivan (2000): Sport, Health and Drugs: A Critical Sociological Perspective, Taylor & Francis, London
Weiss, Paul (1969): Sport. A Philosophical Inquiry, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondal
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1958): Philosophical Investigations, Basil Blackwell
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2017-08-08
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Bysted Møller, R. (2017). En moralfilosofisk undersøgelse af sporten. Res Cogitans, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/rc.1227254
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