Lost in Transition: Puzzles of Reconciliation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/rc.1027240Resumé
This paper discusses reconciliation as a strategy to heal social wounds caused by dictatorial regimes or deep economic crises. The paper treats two such examples: The failed attempts of the Icelandic government to reach a deal with the UK and the Netherlands about the repayment of debts incurred by the bankrupt Landsbanki Íslands and the prosecution of Mr. Geir Haarde, formerly Prime Minister of Iceland. It is argued that although reconciliation strategies have in some cases been partially successful, it can be counterproductive to prefer moral aspirations or goals, such as rebuilding trust after serious political, social or economic disintegration, to strictly legal ways of dealing with individual cases. As the case with Mr. Haarde shows, the endeavor to achieve moral goals using legal means can backfire in unexpected ways.Referencer
Act 96/2009. Lög um heimild til handa fjármálaráðherra, fyrir hönd ríkissjóðs, til að ábyrgjast lán Tryggingarsjóðs innstæðueigenda og fjárfesta frá breska og hollenska ríkinu til að standa straum af greiðslum til innstæðueigenda hjá Landsbanka Íslands hf. Passed 2 September 2009. The documents pertaining to deliberations about the bill in parliament can be accessed (in Icelandic) at the Icelandic Parliament's website: http://www.althingi.is/thingstorf/thingmalalistar-eftir-thingum/ferill/?ltg=137&mnr=136.
Act 98/1999. Lög um innstæðutryggingar og tryggingakerfi fyrir fjárfesta. Passed 27 December 1999. Accessible at http://www.althingi.is/lagas/134/1999098.html.
Act 3/1963. Lög um landsdóm. Passed 19 February 1963.
Act 4/1963. Lög um ráðherrábyrgð. Passed 19 February 1963.
Árnason, Vilhjálmur, et al. (2010). “Siðferði og starfshættir í tengslum við fall íslensku bankanna 2008” [Ethical conduct and administrative practice in connection with the collapse of the Icelandic banks in 2008], Vol. 8 of Special Investigation Commission (2010). Reykjavík: Rannsóknarnefnd Alþingis.
Árnason, Vilhjálmur (2010). “Moral analysis of an economic collapse – an exercise in practical ethics”, Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 4(1), 101-123.
Backman, Þuríður (2013). Dissenting Opinion to the report Keeping political and criminal responsibility separate. Submitted to the European Council. Available at http://www.assembly.coe.int/Communication/21042013_BackmanDissentingOpinion_E.pdf.
Bergmann, Eirikur (2014). Iceland and the International Financial Crisis: Boom, Bust and Recovery. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bernburg, Jón Gunnar (2014). “Financial crisis and protest in Iceland, October 2008–January 2009”. CritCom A Forum for Research & Commentary on Europe. Appeared 22 May 2014. Available at http://councilforeuropeanstudies.org/critcom/financial-crisis-and-protest-in-iceland-october-2008-january-2009/.
Burnet, Jennie E. (2008). “The injustice of local justice: Truth, reconciliation, and revenge in Rwanda”, Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 3(2), 173-193 (Article 4). Available at http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss2/4.
Case E-16/11 - EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland. Delivered in open Court on 28 January 2013. Accessible at http://www.eftacourt.int/press-publications/detail/article/case-e-1611-efta-surveillance-authority-v-iceland/.
Comissao Nacional da Verdade (2014). Relatorio vol. 1-3. Brazil: CNV.
Cutter Patel, Ana (2009). “Transitional justice, DDR, and security sector reform”, Disarming the Past. Transitional Justice and Ex-Combatants. In Cutter Patel, Ana, et al. (eds.). Advancing Transitional Justice Series. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Philpott, Daniel (2012). Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Greiff, Pablo (ed.) (2006). The Handbook of Reparations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frímannsson, Guðmundur Heiðar (2009). “Álitsgerð um frumvarp um ábyrgð ríkisins á skuld Tryggingasjóðs innistæðueigenda og fjárfesta vegna Icesavereikninga Landsbanka Íslands” [Assessment of the bill on the State guarantee for the payment of the debt of the Insurance fund of account holders and investors because of Icesaveaccounts in Landsbanki Íslands]. Submitted to the Icealandic Parliament’s Finance Committee 17 July 2009.
Gylfason, Þorvaldur (2014). “Tvöfalt líf. Allir segjast vera saklausir. Samtal við Þráin Bertelsson” [A Double Life. Everone says they are innocent. A Conversation with Þráinn Bertelsson], Tímarit Máls og menningar 75(4).
Gylfason, Þorvaldur (2013). “From Collapse to Constitution.” In Paganetto, L. (ed.). Public Debt, Global Governance and Economic Dynamism. Milano: Springer Milan, 379-417.
Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. (2009). Hrunið: Ísland á barmi gjaldþrotsog upplausnar [The Collapse. Iceland on the verge of bankruptcy and disintegration]. Reykjavík: JPV.
Landsdómur 2012. Dómur 23.04.2012 í landsdómsmálinu nr. 3/2011: Alþingi gegn Geir Hilmari Haarde. Accessible at http://www.landsdómur.is/domar-og-urskurdir/nr/77.
Málshöfðun gegn ráðherrum 706. mál, 138. session 2009–2010. The discussions can be accessed (in Icelandic) at the Icelandic Parliament's website: http://www.althingi.is/thingstorf/thingmalalistar-eftir-thingum/ferill/?ltg=138&mnr=706Árnason, Vilhjálmur (2010).
Mochulsky, Fyodor (2010). Gulag Boss. A Soviet Memoir. (Deborah Kaple ed. and transl.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ólafsson, Jón (2009). “Innri þroski, ímynd og samfélagssáttmáli – Gagnrýni á tímum góðæris og samstöðu” [Inner growth, image and a social contract – Social criticism in times of wealth and solidarity], Tímarit Máls og menningar 70(4).
Omzigt, Pieter (2013). Keeping political and criminal responsibility separate. Report for the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights. European Council, Stras-bourg. Available at http://www.assembly.coe.int/Communication/ajdoc15_2013.pdf.
Oppenheimer, Joshua (Dir.) (2012). The Act of Killing (Film). Final Cut for Real.
Pankhurst, Donna (1999). “Issues of justice and reconciliation in complex political emergencies: Conceptualising reconciliation, justice and peace”, Third World Quarterly 20(1), Complex Political Emergencies (Feb. 1999), 239-256.
Skýrsla þingmannanefndar til að fjalla um skýrslu rannsóknarnefndar Alþingis [Report of a Parliamentarians’ Committee to review the Special Investigation Committee Report] (2010). 138. löggjafarþing 2009-2010. Þskj. 1501 — 705. mál.
Special Investigation Commission (2010). Aðdragandi og orsakir falls íslensku bankanna [Causes and effects of the fall of the Icelandic banks]. Reykjavik: Rannsóknarnefnd Alþingis.
Lambourne, Wendy (2004). “Post-conflict peacebuilding: Meeting human needs for justice and reconciliation”, Peace, Conflict and Development #4 (April). Available at http://www.brad.ac.uk/ssis/peace-conflict-and-development/issue-4/PostConflictPeacebuilding.pdf.
Act 98/1999. Lög um innstæðutryggingar og tryggingakerfi fyrir fjárfesta. Passed 27 December 1999. Accessible at http://www.althingi.is/lagas/134/1999098.html.
Act 3/1963. Lög um landsdóm. Passed 19 February 1963.
Act 4/1963. Lög um ráðherrábyrgð. Passed 19 February 1963.
Árnason, Vilhjálmur, et al. (2010). “Siðferði og starfshættir í tengslum við fall íslensku bankanna 2008” [Ethical conduct and administrative practice in connection with the collapse of the Icelandic banks in 2008], Vol. 8 of Special Investigation Commission (2010). Reykjavík: Rannsóknarnefnd Alþingis.
Árnason, Vilhjálmur (2010). “Moral analysis of an economic collapse – an exercise in practical ethics”, Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 4(1), 101-123.
Backman, Þuríður (2013). Dissenting Opinion to the report Keeping political and criminal responsibility separate. Submitted to the European Council. Available at http://www.assembly.coe.int/Communication/21042013_BackmanDissentingOpinion_E.pdf.
Bergmann, Eirikur (2014). Iceland and the International Financial Crisis: Boom, Bust and Recovery. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bernburg, Jón Gunnar (2014). “Financial crisis and protest in Iceland, October 2008–January 2009”. CritCom A Forum for Research & Commentary on Europe. Appeared 22 May 2014. Available at http://councilforeuropeanstudies.org/critcom/financial-crisis-and-protest-in-iceland-october-2008-january-2009/.
Burnet, Jennie E. (2008). “The injustice of local justice: Truth, reconciliation, and revenge in Rwanda”, Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 3(2), 173-193 (Article 4). Available at http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss2/4.
Case E-16/11 - EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland. Delivered in open Court on 28 January 2013. Accessible at http://www.eftacourt.int/press-publications/detail/article/case-e-1611-efta-surveillance-authority-v-iceland/.
Comissao Nacional da Verdade (2014). Relatorio vol. 1-3. Brazil: CNV.
Cutter Patel, Ana (2009). “Transitional justice, DDR, and security sector reform”, Disarming the Past. Transitional Justice and Ex-Combatants. In Cutter Patel, Ana, et al. (eds.). Advancing Transitional Justice Series. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Philpott, Daniel (2012). Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Greiff, Pablo (ed.) (2006). The Handbook of Reparations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frímannsson, Guðmundur Heiðar (2009). “Álitsgerð um frumvarp um ábyrgð ríkisins á skuld Tryggingasjóðs innistæðueigenda og fjárfesta vegna Icesavereikninga Landsbanka Íslands” [Assessment of the bill on the State guarantee for the payment of the debt of the Insurance fund of account holders and investors because of Icesaveaccounts in Landsbanki Íslands]. Submitted to the Icealandic Parliament’s Finance Committee 17 July 2009.
Gylfason, Þorvaldur (2014). “Tvöfalt líf. Allir segjast vera saklausir. Samtal við Þráin Bertelsson” [A Double Life. Everone says they are innocent. A Conversation with Þráinn Bertelsson], Tímarit Máls og menningar 75(4).
Gylfason, Þorvaldur (2013). “From Collapse to Constitution.” In Paganetto, L. (ed.). Public Debt, Global Governance and Economic Dynamism. Milano: Springer Milan, 379-417.
Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. (2009). Hrunið: Ísland á barmi gjaldþrotsog upplausnar [The Collapse. Iceland on the verge of bankruptcy and disintegration]. Reykjavík: JPV.
Landsdómur 2012. Dómur 23.04.2012 í landsdómsmálinu nr. 3/2011: Alþingi gegn Geir Hilmari Haarde. Accessible at http://www.landsdómur.is/domar-og-urskurdir/nr/77.
Málshöfðun gegn ráðherrum 706. mál, 138. session 2009–2010. The discussions can be accessed (in Icelandic) at the Icelandic Parliament's website: http://www.althingi.is/thingstorf/thingmalalistar-eftir-thingum/ferill/?ltg=138&mnr=706Árnason, Vilhjálmur (2010).
Mochulsky, Fyodor (2010). Gulag Boss. A Soviet Memoir. (Deborah Kaple ed. and transl.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ólafsson, Jón (2009). “Innri þroski, ímynd og samfélagssáttmáli – Gagnrýni á tímum góðæris og samstöðu” [Inner growth, image and a social contract – Social criticism in times of wealth and solidarity], Tímarit Máls og menningar 70(4).
Omzigt, Pieter (2013). Keeping political and criminal responsibility separate. Report for the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights. European Council, Stras-bourg. Available at http://www.assembly.coe.int/Communication/ajdoc15_2013.pdf.
Oppenheimer, Joshua (Dir.) (2012). The Act of Killing (Film). Final Cut for Real.
Pankhurst, Donna (1999). “Issues of justice and reconciliation in complex political emergencies: Conceptualising reconciliation, justice and peace”, Third World Quarterly 20(1), Complex Political Emergencies (Feb. 1999), 239-256.
Skýrsla þingmannanefndar til að fjalla um skýrslu rannsóknarnefndar Alþingis [Report of a Parliamentarians’ Committee to review the Special Investigation Committee Report] (2010). 138. löggjafarþing 2009-2010. Þskj. 1501 — 705. mál.
Special Investigation Commission (2010). Aðdragandi og orsakir falls íslensku bankanna [Causes and effects of the fall of the Icelandic banks]. Reykjavik: Rannsóknarnefnd Alþingis.
Lambourne, Wendy (2004). “Post-conflict peacebuilding: Meeting human needs for justice and reconciliation”, Peace, Conflict and Development #4 (April). Available at http://www.brad.ac.uk/ssis/peace-conflict-and-development/issue-4/PostConflictPeacebuilding.pdf.
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2015-01-21
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Ólafsson, J. (2015). Lost in Transition: Puzzles of Reconciliation. Res Cogitans, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/rc.1027240
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