Synthetic Reality and Blind Flight: The Operationalization of Perception
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i1.27643Resumé
In our contribution we trace the emergence of human perception as an actual object of design and engineering in the early history of aviation through the postwar rise of human factors studies, and into military research and its respective industries today. In this survey, (perceptual) engineering and high-technology weapons such as remote- controlled or (partially) automated drones blend into a military policy that distances human operators from the ‘theater of war.’ As we argue, this new form of warfare with its visual technologies (‘Synthetic Vision Systems’) and mental ecologies (Situational Awareness) is aligned with a ‘logic of simulation,’ as discusses by Jacques Rancière in his political theory of in/visibility.
Referencer
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Benjamin, W 1991, ‘Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit’, in Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 1.2, R Tiedemann & H Schweppenhäuser (red.), Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M.
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Calhoun, G L & Draper M H 2010, ‘Synthetic Vision for Improving Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator Situational Awareness,’ in Human-Robot Interaction in Future Military Operations. Human Factors in Defense, M Barnes & F Jentsch (red.), Burlington, pp. 229-249.
Chapanis, A; Garner W R & Morgan C T 1949, Applied Experimental Psychology: Human Factors in Engineering Design, pp. 434, Hoboken. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11152-000.
Cosenzo, K A & Barnes M 2012, ‘Who Needs an Operator When the Robot is Autonomous? The Challenges and Advantages of Robots as Team Members’, in Designing Soldier Systems. Current Issues in Human Factors. Human Factors in Defense, P Savage-Knepshield et al. (red.), CRC Press, Florida.
Endsley, M 1987, ‘The Application of Human Factors to the Development of Expert Systems for Advanced Cockpits’, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society - 31st Annual Meeting.
Endsley, M 1993, ‘A Survey of Situation Awareness in Air-to-Air Combat Fighters’, The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, vol. 3. no. 2, pp. 57-168.
Eschenbach, W 1941, ‘Eine Fliegerdrehkammer als psychotechnisches Forschungsgerät’, Industrielle Psychotechnik vol. 18, no.1, pp. 24–28.
Foster, H 1988, Vision and Visuality, Bay Press, Seattle.
Franz, N 2015, ‘Leise, unsichtbar und autonom’, in taz, 14./15. March 2015, pp. 25-27.
General Atomics Aeronautical (2016), Advanced Cockpit GCS. Available at: http://www.ga-asi.com/advanced-cockpit-gcs (Accessed 1 May 2016).
Gundlach, H 1996, ‘Faktor Mensch im Krieg. Der Eintritt der Psychologie und Psychotechnik in den Krieg, ’ Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, vol. 19, Wiley, Weinheim.
Hunter, W S 1946, ‘Psychology in the War,’ American Psychologist, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 479-492.
Kracheel, K 1993, Flugführungssysteme – Blindfluginstrumente, Autopiloten, Flugsteuerungen, Bernhard und Graefe, Bonn.
Kronfeld, A 1919, ‘Über eine experimentell-psychologische Tauglichkeitsprüfung zum Flugdienst’, in Untersuchungen über die psychische Eignung zum Flugdienst, O Lipmann & W Stern (red.), Barth, Leipzig.
Lenoir, T 2006, ‘Haptic Vision. Computation, Media, and Embodiment in Mark Hansen’s New Phenomenology’, in New Philosophy for New Media, M B N Hansen (red.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Manovich, L 2001, The Language of New Media, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Moede , W 1919, Die Experimentalpsychologie im Dienste des Wirtschaftslebens, Springer, Berlin.
Münnich, K 1937, ‘Der Mensch als Unfallursache bei Flugzeugabstürzen’, Industrielle Psychotechnik, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 140–147.
Nanz, T 2003, ‘Blindflug: Psychotechniken des Piloten’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 29–49.
Rancière J 1999, Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy, Trans. J Rose, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Siegert, B 1992, ‘Luftwaffe Fotografie. Luftkrieg als Bildverarbeitungssystem 1911-1921’, Fotogeschichte. Beiträge zur
Geschichte und Ästhetik der Fotografie, vol. 12, no. 45/46, pp. 41-54.
Somaini A 2016, ‘Walter Benjamin’s Media Theory: The Medium and the Apparat’, Grey Room, vol. 62, pp. 6-41.
Suchman L 2015, ‘Situational Awareness: Deadly Bioconvergence at the Boundaries of Bodies and Machines’, MediaTropes eJournal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
Van Creveld, J 2011, The Age of Airpower, Public Affairs, New York.
Virilio, P 1989, War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, Trans. P Camiller, Verso, London/New York.
Badke-Schaub, P 2008, Human Factors: Psychologie sicheren Handelns in Risikobranchen, in G Hofinger & K Lauche (red.), Springer, Heidelberg.
Baumgarten F 1928, Die Berufseignungsprüfungen, Francke, Bern.
Benary, W 1919a, ‘Kurzer Bericht über Arbeiten zu Eignungsprüfungen für Flieger-Beobachter. I. Mitteilung’, Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie, vol. 15, pp. 161-192.
Benary, W 1919b, ‘Kurzer Bericht über Arbeiten zu Eignungsprüfungen für Flieger-Beobachter. II. Mitteilung’, Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie, vol. 16, pp. 250-307.
Benjamin, W 1991, ‘Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit’, in Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 1.2, R Tiedemann & H Schweppenhäuser (red.), Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M.
Benjamin, W 2003, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility’, Trans. E Jephcot, in Selected Writings, vol. 4, H Eiland & M Jennings (red), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Calhoun, G L & Draper M H 2010, ‘Synthetic Vision for Improving Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator Situational Awareness,’ in Human-Robot Interaction in Future Military Operations. Human Factors in Defense, M Barnes & F Jentsch (red.), Burlington, pp. 229-249.
Chapanis, A; Garner W R & Morgan C T 1949, Applied Experimental Psychology: Human Factors in Engineering Design, pp. 434, Hoboken. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11152-000.
Cosenzo, K A & Barnes M 2012, ‘Who Needs an Operator When the Robot is Autonomous? The Challenges and Advantages of Robots as Team Members’, in Designing Soldier Systems. Current Issues in Human Factors. Human Factors in Defense, P Savage-Knepshield et al. (red.), CRC Press, Florida.
Endsley, M 1987, ‘The Application of Human Factors to the Development of Expert Systems for Advanced Cockpits’, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society - 31st Annual Meeting.
Endsley, M 1993, ‘A Survey of Situation Awareness in Air-to-Air Combat Fighters’, The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, vol. 3. no. 2, pp. 57-168.
Eschenbach, W 1941, ‘Eine Fliegerdrehkammer als psychotechnisches Forschungsgerät’, Industrielle Psychotechnik vol. 18, no.1, pp. 24–28.
Foster, H 1988, Vision and Visuality, Bay Press, Seattle.
Franz, N 2015, ‘Leise, unsichtbar und autonom’, in taz, 14./15. March 2015, pp. 25-27.
General Atomics Aeronautical (2016), Advanced Cockpit GCS. Available at: http://www.ga-asi.com/advanced-cockpit-gcs (Accessed 1 May 2016).
Gundlach, H 1996, ‘Faktor Mensch im Krieg. Der Eintritt der Psychologie und Psychotechnik in den Krieg, ’ Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, vol. 19, Wiley, Weinheim.
Hunter, W S 1946, ‘Psychology in the War,’ American Psychologist, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 479-492.
Kracheel, K 1993, Flugführungssysteme – Blindfluginstrumente, Autopiloten, Flugsteuerungen, Bernhard und Graefe, Bonn.
Kronfeld, A 1919, ‘Über eine experimentell-psychologische Tauglichkeitsprüfung zum Flugdienst’, in Untersuchungen über die psychische Eignung zum Flugdienst, O Lipmann & W Stern (red.), Barth, Leipzig.
Lenoir, T 2006, ‘Haptic Vision. Computation, Media, and Embodiment in Mark Hansen’s New Phenomenology’, in New Philosophy for New Media, M B N Hansen (red.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Manovich, L 2001, The Language of New Media, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Moede , W 1919, Die Experimentalpsychologie im Dienste des Wirtschaftslebens, Springer, Berlin.
Münnich, K 1937, ‘Der Mensch als Unfallursache bei Flugzeugabstürzen’, Industrielle Psychotechnik, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 140–147.
Nanz, T 2003, ‘Blindflug: Psychotechniken des Piloten’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 29–49.
Rancière J 1999, Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy, Trans. J Rose, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Siegert, B 1992, ‘Luftwaffe Fotografie. Luftkrieg als Bildverarbeitungssystem 1911-1921’, Fotogeschichte. Beiträge zur
Geschichte und Ästhetik der Fotografie, vol. 12, no. 45/46, pp. 41-54.
Somaini A 2016, ‘Walter Benjamin’s Media Theory: The Medium and the Apparat’, Grey Room, vol. 62, pp. 6-41.
Suchman L 2015, ‘Situational Awareness: Deadly Bioconvergence at the Boundaries of Bodies and Machines’, MediaTropes eJournal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
Van Creveld, J 2011, The Age of Airpower, Public Affairs, New York.
Virilio, P 1989, War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, Trans. P Camiller, Verso, London/New York.
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2017-03-01
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Franz, N., & Ladewig, R. (2017). Synthetic Reality and Blind Flight: The Operationalization of Perception. Politik, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i1.27643
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