Media Ecology and the Blurring of Public and Private Practices: A Case from the Middle East
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i4.27633Resumé
This paper aims at posing the basis for a new conceptualization of the impact of ‘old’ and ‘new’ media in international politics by creating a dialogue between the practice theoretical approach in IR (Adler and Pouliot 2011) and the medium theory in media studies (Meyrowitz 1985). Building on these approaches, the paper argues that in order to understand the role of the media in international politics it is necessary to shift the focus from media outlets and organisations to the media as environments, and from media content to media ecology. In fact, the paper argues that changes in the media ecology can produce changes in the social settings where international practices develop. It particular, it argues that the media ecology can affect the articulation of public and private and lead to the emergence of international practices where appropriate and competent behaviour reconstitute the private in the public (and vice versa). To explore its theoretical claims further and clarify how useful this approach can be to understand the role of the media in the Middle East, the paper discusses how an Israeli/Iranian movement catalysed by a Facebook (FB) page attempts at fostering peace. It explains how such a group has developed a Transnational Activist Network (TAN) bringing people together through shared private experiences.Referencer
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Ammon, RJ 2001, Global Television and the Shaping of World Politics: CNN, Teledi-plomacy and Foreign Policy, McFarland and Company, New York.
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Anderson, MS 1993, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450-1919, Longman, London.
Ang, I 1991, Desperately Seeking the Audience, Routledge, London.
Aouragh, M and Alexander, A 2011, ‘The Egyptian Experience: Sense and Nonsense of the Internet Revolution’, International Journal of Communication, vol. 5, pp. 1344-1358.
Bahador, B 2007, CNN Effect In Action, Palgrave McMillan, New York.
Benkler, Y 2006, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Bilgin, P 2004, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspectives, Routledge, New York.
Bueger, C and Gadinger, F 2015, ‘The Play of International Practice’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 449–460.
Chadwick, A 2006, Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Tech-nologies, Oxford University Press, New York.
Coleman, G 2010, ‘Ethnographic Approaches to Digital Media’, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 39, pp. 487-505.
Cottle, S 2006, Mediatized conflict: Developments in media and conflict studies, Open University Press, Maidenhead.
Cohen, B 1994, ‘A View from the Academy, in: WL Bennet and DL Paletz (eds.), Tak-en by Storm, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
De Franco, C 2012, Media Power and the Transformation of War, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
Elgot, J (2012), ‘Israel Loves Iran: The Peace Campaign Against Middle East War That Began On Facebook, Huffington Post. Available at:
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/31/israel-loves-iran-facebook-ronny-edry_n_1846168.html? [Accessed 30 October 2016]
Elshtain, JB 1993, Public Man, Private Women. Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Entman, RM 2000, ‘Declaration of Independence. The Growth of Media Power after the Cold War’, in: BL Nacos; RY Shapiro and P Isernia (eds.), Decision Making in a Glass House. Mass media, Public Opinion, and American and European Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham.
Friis, SM 2015,’’Beyond anything we have ever seen’: beheading videos and the visi-bility of violence in the war against ISIS’, International Affairs, vol.91, no. 4, pp. 725-746.
Gilboa, E 2012, ‘Covering Gaza, 2008-2009: An Israeli View’, in: P Seib (eds.), Al-Jazeera English, Palgrave, New York: NY.
Gilboa, E 2002, ‘Global Communication and Foreign Policy’, Journal of Communica-tion, vol. 52, pp. 731 –748.
Hallin, DC 1989, The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam, University of Cali-fornia Press, Berkeley.
Halloran, R 1991, ‘Soldiers and Scribblers: A Common Mission, in: JM Lloyd (ed.), Newsmen & National Defence: is Conflict Inevitable?, Brassey’s, Washington.
Hansen, L 2016, ‘Reading comics for the field of International Relations: Theory, method and the Bosnian War’, European Journal of International Relations. Early View.
Hansen, L 2014, ‘How images make world politics: International icons and the case of Abu Ghraib’, Review of International Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 263-288.
Hansen, L 2011, ‘Theorizing the Image for Security Studies: Visual Securitization and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 51-74.
Herman, ES and Chomsky, N 1988, Manufacturing Consent. The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Phanteon Books, New York.
Hindman, M 2009, The Myth of Digital Democracy, Princeton University Press, Prince-ton.
Hjarvard, S 2004, ‘From Bricks to Bytes: the mediatization of a global toy industry’, in: I Bondebjerg and P. Golding (eds.), European Culture and the Media, Intellect Books, Bristol.
Horowitz, MJ 1982, ‘The History of the Pulic/Private Distinction’, University of Penn-sylvania Law Review, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 1423-1428.
Hoskins, A and O’Loughlin, B 2015, ‘Arrested war: the third phase of mediatization’, Information, Communication & Society, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1320–1338.
Hoskins, A and O’Loughlin, B 2010, War and Media: The Emergence of Diffused War, Polity, Cambridge.
Jakobsen, VJ 2000, ‘Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible and Indirect’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 131-143.
Jansson, A 2002, ‘The Mediatization of Consumption: Towards an analytical frame-work of image culture’, Journal of Consumer Culture, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 5-31.
Johnson, TJ and Kaye, BK 2004, ‘Wag the Blog: How Reliance on Traditional Media and the Internet Influence Credibility Perceptions of Weblogs Among blog Users’, Journalism & Mass Communications Quarterly, vol. 81 no. 3, pp. 622–642.
Livingstone, S and Riley J 1999, ‘Television Picture in Multilateral Policy Decision Making’, British International Studies Conference. Unpublished paper
Katz, E; Dayan, D and Motyl, P 1984, ‘Television Diplomacy: Sadat in Jerusalem’, in: G Gerbner and M Siefert (eds.), World Communication Handbook, Longman, New York.
Keck, ME and Sikkink. K 1999, ‘Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics’, International Social Science Journal, vol. 51, no. 159: pp. 89-101.
Kennan, GF 1993, ‘Somalia Through a Glass Darkly’. The New York Times, 30 Sep-tember 1993.
Kirkpatrick, E 2015, ‘Visuality, photography, and media in international relations theo-ry: A review’, Media, War & Conflict, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 199-212.
Kratochwil, F 2011, The Puzzle of Politics. Inquires into the genesis and transformation of international relations, Routledge, New York.
Lull, J 1990, Inside Family Viewing: Ethnographic Research on Television Audiences, Routledge, London.
Mandelbaum, M 1994, ‘The Reluctance to Intervene’, Foreign Policy, vol. 95, summer, pp. 3-18.
Matheson, D 2004, ‘Weblogs and the Epistemology of the News: Some Trends in Online Journalism’, New Media Society, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.443–468.
Mazzoleni, G and Schulz, W 1999, ‘‘Mediatization’ of Politics: A Challenge for De-mocracy?’, Political Communication, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 247-261.
McLuhan, M 1964, Understanding Media. The Extension of Man, McGraw-Hill, New York.
McNair, B 1999, An Introduction to Political Communication, Routledge, London.
Melki, J 2014, ‘The interplay of politics, economics and culture in news framing of Middle East wars’, Media, War & Conflict, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165-186.
Meyrowitz, J 1985, No Sense of Place. The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Be-haviour, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Milberry, K 2012, ‘Media Ecology’, in: P Moy (ed.) Communication, Oxford Universi-ty Press, Oxford. Available at: http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/obo/9780199756841-0054 [Accessed 4 October 2016]
Mossberger, K; Tolbert, CJ and McNeal, RS 2008, Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Murthy, D 2011, ‘Emergent digital ethnographic methods for social research’, in: S Hesse-Biber (ed.), Handbook of Emergent Technologies in Social Research, Oxford University Press, New York.
Nye, J 1999, ‘Ridefinire la Missione della NATO nell’Era dell’Informazione’, Rivista Della NATO, vol. 4, pp. 12-15.
O’Heffernan, P 1993, ‘Sobering Thoughts on Sound Bites Seen ‘Round the World’, in: BS Greenberg and W Gantz (eds.), Desert Storm and the Mass
Media, Hampton Press, Cresskill, N.J.
Owens, P 2015, Economy of force: counterinsurgency and the historical rise of the so-cial, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Postman, N 2000, ‘The humanism of media ecology’, in Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association, vol. 1, pp. 10– 16.
Robinson, P 2002, The CNN Effect: the Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention, Routledge, London; New York.
Rose, M General Sir 2000, ‘The Media and International Security’, in: S Badsey (ed.), The Media and International Security, Frank Cass, London.
Scott, E 2004, ‘”Big Media” Meets the “Blogger”: coverage of Trent Lott’s Remarks at Strom Thurmond’s Birthday Party’. Kennedy School of Government Case Pro-gram. Case 1731.
Seib, P 1997, Headline diplomacy: How news coverage affects foreign policy, Praeger, Westport.
Seib, P (ed.), 2007, New Media and the New Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Silverstone, R 1990, ‘Television and Everyday Life: Towards and Anthropology of the Television Audience’, in: M Ferguson (ed.), Public Communication: The New Im-peratives, Future Directions for Media Research, Sage, London.
Strobel, WP 1997, Late-breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s Influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C.
Strömbäck, J 2008, ‘Four Phases of Mediatization: an analysis of the mediatization of politics’, International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 228-246.
Sunstein, CR 2007, Republic.com 2.0, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Trippi, J 2004, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the Overthrow of Everything, Harper Collins, New York, NY.
Yaron, O 2013, ‘Israel Loves Iran’ initiative takes off on Facebook’, Haaretz. Available at: http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-loves-iran-initiative-takes-off-on-facebook-1.419384 [Accessed March 2014]
Williams, MC 2003, ‘Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Poli-tics’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 511-531.
Wolfsfeld, G 1997, The Media and Political Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wolfsfeld, G; Segev, E and Sheafer, T 2013, ‘Social Media and the Arab Spring. Poli-tics Comes First’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 115-137.
http://www.isanet.org/Publications/ISQ/Posts/ID/4959/Whats-the-Theory-in-International-Practice-Theory [Accessed 4 October 2016].
Abrahamsen, R and Williams, MC 2011, ‘Privatization in Practice: power and capital in the field of global security’, in: E Adler and V Pouliot (eds.), International Practic-es, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Adler, E and Pouliot, V (eds.) 2011, International Practices, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ammon, RJ 2001, Global Television and the Shaping of World Politics: CNN, Teledi-plomacy and Foreign Policy, McFarland and Company, New York.
Anderson, L 2011, ‘Demystifying the Arab Spring. Parsing the Differences Between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya’, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2011. Available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67693/lisa-anderson/demystifying-the-arab- spring [Accessed March 2013].
Anderson, MS 1993, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450-1919, Longman, London.
Ang, I 1991, Desperately Seeking the Audience, Routledge, London.
Aouragh, M and Alexander, A 2011, ‘The Egyptian Experience: Sense and Nonsense of the Internet Revolution’, International Journal of Communication, vol. 5, pp. 1344-1358.
Bahador, B 2007, CNN Effect In Action, Palgrave McMillan, New York.
Benkler, Y 2006, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Bilgin, P 2004, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspectives, Routledge, New York.
Bueger, C and Gadinger, F 2015, ‘The Play of International Practice’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 449–460.
Chadwick, A 2006, Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Tech-nologies, Oxford University Press, New York.
Coleman, G 2010, ‘Ethnographic Approaches to Digital Media’, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 39, pp. 487-505.
Cottle, S 2006, Mediatized conflict: Developments in media and conflict studies, Open University Press, Maidenhead.
Cohen, B 1994, ‘A View from the Academy, in: WL Bennet and DL Paletz (eds.), Tak-en by Storm, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
De Franco, C 2012, Media Power and the Transformation of War, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
Elgot, J (2012), ‘Israel Loves Iran: The Peace Campaign Against Middle East War That Began On Facebook, Huffington Post. Available at:
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/31/israel-loves-iran-facebook-ronny-edry_n_1846168.html? [Accessed 30 October 2016]
Elshtain, JB 1993, Public Man, Private Women. Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Entman, RM 2000, ‘Declaration of Independence. The Growth of Media Power after the Cold War’, in: BL Nacos; RY Shapiro and P Isernia (eds.), Decision Making in a Glass House. Mass media, Public Opinion, and American and European Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham.
Friis, SM 2015,’’Beyond anything we have ever seen’: beheading videos and the visi-bility of violence in the war against ISIS’, International Affairs, vol.91, no. 4, pp. 725-746.
Gilboa, E 2012, ‘Covering Gaza, 2008-2009: An Israeli View’, in: P Seib (eds.), Al-Jazeera English, Palgrave, New York: NY.
Gilboa, E 2002, ‘Global Communication and Foreign Policy’, Journal of Communica-tion, vol. 52, pp. 731 –748.
Hallin, DC 1989, The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam, University of Cali-fornia Press, Berkeley.
Halloran, R 1991, ‘Soldiers and Scribblers: A Common Mission, in: JM Lloyd (ed.), Newsmen & National Defence: is Conflict Inevitable?, Brassey’s, Washington.
Hansen, L 2016, ‘Reading comics for the field of International Relations: Theory, method and the Bosnian War’, European Journal of International Relations. Early View.
Hansen, L 2014, ‘How images make world politics: International icons and the case of Abu Ghraib’, Review of International Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 263-288.
Hansen, L 2011, ‘Theorizing the Image for Security Studies: Visual Securitization and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 51-74.
Herman, ES and Chomsky, N 1988, Manufacturing Consent. The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Phanteon Books, New York.
Hindman, M 2009, The Myth of Digital Democracy, Princeton University Press, Prince-ton.
Hjarvard, S 2004, ‘From Bricks to Bytes: the mediatization of a global toy industry’, in: I Bondebjerg and P. Golding (eds.), European Culture and the Media, Intellect Books, Bristol.
Horowitz, MJ 1982, ‘The History of the Pulic/Private Distinction’, University of Penn-sylvania Law Review, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 1423-1428.
Hoskins, A and O’Loughlin, B 2015, ‘Arrested war: the third phase of mediatization’, Information, Communication & Society, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1320–1338.
Hoskins, A and O’Loughlin, B 2010, War and Media: The Emergence of Diffused War, Polity, Cambridge.
Jakobsen, VJ 2000, ‘Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible and Indirect’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 131-143.
Jansson, A 2002, ‘The Mediatization of Consumption: Towards an analytical frame-work of image culture’, Journal of Consumer Culture, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 5-31.
Johnson, TJ and Kaye, BK 2004, ‘Wag the Blog: How Reliance on Traditional Media and the Internet Influence Credibility Perceptions of Weblogs Among blog Users’, Journalism & Mass Communications Quarterly, vol. 81 no. 3, pp. 622–642.
Livingstone, S and Riley J 1999, ‘Television Picture in Multilateral Policy Decision Making’, British International Studies Conference. Unpublished paper
Katz, E; Dayan, D and Motyl, P 1984, ‘Television Diplomacy: Sadat in Jerusalem’, in: G Gerbner and M Siefert (eds.), World Communication Handbook, Longman, New York.
Keck, ME and Sikkink. K 1999, ‘Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics’, International Social Science Journal, vol. 51, no. 159: pp. 89-101.
Kennan, GF 1993, ‘Somalia Through a Glass Darkly’. The New York Times, 30 Sep-tember 1993.
Kirkpatrick, E 2015, ‘Visuality, photography, and media in international relations theo-ry: A review’, Media, War & Conflict, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 199-212.
Kratochwil, F 2011, The Puzzle of Politics. Inquires into the genesis and transformation of international relations, Routledge, New York.
Lull, J 1990, Inside Family Viewing: Ethnographic Research on Television Audiences, Routledge, London.
Mandelbaum, M 1994, ‘The Reluctance to Intervene’, Foreign Policy, vol. 95, summer, pp. 3-18.
Matheson, D 2004, ‘Weblogs and the Epistemology of the News: Some Trends in Online Journalism’, New Media Society, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.443–468.
Mazzoleni, G and Schulz, W 1999, ‘‘Mediatization’ of Politics: A Challenge for De-mocracy?’, Political Communication, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 247-261.
McLuhan, M 1964, Understanding Media. The Extension of Man, McGraw-Hill, New York.
McNair, B 1999, An Introduction to Political Communication, Routledge, London.
Melki, J 2014, ‘The interplay of politics, economics and culture in news framing of Middle East wars’, Media, War & Conflict, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165-186.
Meyrowitz, J 1985, No Sense of Place. The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Be-haviour, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Milberry, K 2012, ‘Media Ecology’, in: P Moy (ed.) Communication, Oxford Universi-ty Press, Oxford. Available at: http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/obo/9780199756841-0054 [Accessed 4 October 2016]
Mossberger, K; Tolbert, CJ and McNeal, RS 2008, Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Murthy, D 2011, ‘Emergent digital ethnographic methods for social research’, in: S Hesse-Biber (ed.), Handbook of Emergent Technologies in Social Research, Oxford University Press, New York.
Nye, J 1999, ‘Ridefinire la Missione della NATO nell’Era dell’Informazione’, Rivista Della NATO, vol. 4, pp. 12-15.
O’Heffernan, P 1993, ‘Sobering Thoughts on Sound Bites Seen ‘Round the World’, in: BS Greenberg and W Gantz (eds.), Desert Storm and the Mass
Media, Hampton Press, Cresskill, N.J.
Owens, P 2015, Economy of force: counterinsurgency and the historical rise of the so-cial, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Postman, N 2000, ‘The humanism of media ecology’, in Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association, vol. 1, pp. 10– 16.
Robinson, P 2002, The CNN Effect: the Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention, Routledge, London; New York.
Rose, M General Sir 2000, ‘The Media and International Security’, in: S Badsey (ed.), The Media and International Security, Frank Cass, London.
Scott, E 2004, ‘”Big Media” Meets the “Blogger”: coverage of Trent Lott’s Remarks at Strom Thurmond’s Birthday Party’. Kennedy School of Government Case Pro-gram. Case 1731.
Seib, P 1997, Headline diplomacy: How news coverage affects foreign policy, Praeger, Westport.
Seib, P (ed.), 2007, New Media and the New Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Silverstone, R 1990, ‘Television and Everyday Life: Towards and Anthropology of the Television Audience’, in: M Ferguson (ed.), Public Communication: The New Im-peratives, Future Directions for Media Research, Sage, London.
Strobel, WP 1997, Late-breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s Influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C.
Strömbäck, J 2008, ‘Four Phases of Mediatization: an analysis of the mediatization of politics’, International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 228-246.
Sunstein, CR 2007, Republic.com 2.0, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Trippi, J 2004, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the Overthrow of Everything, Harper Collins, New York, NY.
Yaron, O 2013, ‘Israel Loves Iran’ initiative takes off on Facebook’, Haaretz. Available at: http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-loves-iran-initiative-takes-off-on-facebook-1.419384 [Accessed March 2014]
Williams, MC 2003, ‘Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Poli-tics’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 511-531.
Wolfsfeld, G 1997, The Media and Political Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wolfsfeld, G; Segev, E and Sheafer, T 2013, ‘Social Media and the Arab Spring. Poli-tics Comes First’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 115-137.
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2016-12-02
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de Franco, C. (2016). Media Ecology and the Blurring of Public and Private Practices: A Case from the Middle East. Politik, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i4.27633
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