Lige for lige? Kønssegregering i Folketingudvalg og i ledelsen af det private erhvervsliv
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i1.27425Resumé
In this article, we describe and discuss the vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the elites of Danish Parliamentary politics and private business. Our new data on the gender distribution on corporate boards of publicly traded firms show how women are absent among board chairs and CEOs and illustrates the low representation of women among board members. Among members of Parliamentary committees a more equal gender representation is found, however, there is a clear tendency toward a vertical and a horizontal segregation. Our findings show that women MPs are less represented in certain Parliamentary committees on foreign affairs, economy, finance, tax and transportation. This distribution mirrors other country studies on Parliamentary committees. We propose two hypotheses in order to explain our explorative study: a thesis on a gender bias of certain policy areas and a hypothesis on the significance of the ‘public eye’. Concerning the latter, our results illustrate how institutions subject to ‘the public eye’ have more balanced gender compositions than institutions with less public attention, like corporate boards.Referencer
Adams, B og Ferreira, D 2009, ‘Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance’, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 94, pp. 291–309.
Albrecht, J; Edin, PA; Sundström, M og Vroman, SB 1999, ‘Career interruptions and subsequent earnings: A reexamination using Swedish data’, Journal of human Re-sources, pp. 294-311.
Albrecht, J; Thoursie, PS og Vroman, S 2015, ‘Parental leave and the glass ceiling in Sweden’, Research in Labor Economics, vol. 41, pp. 89-114.
Baekgaard, M og Kjaer, U 2012, ‘The Gendered Division of Labor in Assignments to Political Committees: Discrimination or Self-selection in Danish Local Politics’, Politics & Gender, pp. 465-482.
Bergqvist, C (red.) 1999, Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Coun-tries, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.
Bolzendahl, C 2014, ’Opportunities and Expectations. The Gendered organization of Legislative Committees in Germany, Sweden, and the United States’, Gender & Society, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 847-876.
Christiansen, PM; Møller, B og Togeby, L 2001, Den danske elite, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.
Christiansen, PM, Møller, B og Togeby, L 2002, ’Køn og eliter’, i: A Borchorst (red.), Kønsmagt under forandring, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.
Dahlerup, D 1988, ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Poli-tics’, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 275-298.
Dahlerup, D 2011, ’Women in Nordic Politics – a Continuing Success Story?’, i: K Niskanen (red.), Gender and Power in the Nordic Countries – with focus on poli-tics and business, NIKK publications, vol. 1, pp. 59-86.
Dahlerup, D og Borchorst A (red.) 2015, Før og efter stemmeretten, Frydenlund Aca-demic, København.
Dale-Olsen, H; Schøne, P og Verner, M 2013, ‘Diversity among Directors – The Impact on Performance of a Quota for Women on Company Boards’, Feminist Economics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 110-135.
Dale-Olsen, H; Schøne, P og Verner, M 2012, ‘Women on Boards of Directors and Firm performance Evidence from Denmark and Norway’, Comparative Social Research, vol. 29, pp. 211-234.
Datta Gupta, N og Smith, N 2002,’ Children and Career Interruptions: The Family Gap in Denmark’, Economica, vol. 69, no. 276, pp. 609-629.
Datta Gupta, N; Smith, N og Verner, M 2008, ‘The impact of Nordic countries’ family friendly policies on employment, wages, and children’, Review of Economics of the Household, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65-89.
Dolado, JJ; Felgueroso, F og Jimeno, JF 2004, ‘Where Do Women Work?: Analysis Patterns of Occupational Segregation by Gender’, Annales d´Economie et de Statistique, vol. 71, pp. 293-315.
Elliott, JR og Smith, RA 2004, ‘Race, Gender, and Workplace Power’, American Socio-logical Review, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 365-386.
Fiig, C 2009a, ‘Women in Danish Politics: Challenges to the Notion of Gender Equali-ty’, i: J Gelb & ML Palley (red.), Women and Politics around the World: A Com-parative History and Survey, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.
Fiig, C 2009b, ’Køn og magt i dansk politik og centraladministration´, i K Niskanen og A Nyberg, (red.), Kön och makt i Norden: Del 1 landsrapporter, 2009-569 Nordisk Ministerråd, Nordic Council of Ministers, København.
Forstén, T (1999), ’Backgrounds of the Committee Chairpersons in the Finnish Eduskunta 1945-1994’, Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 417-435.
Göransson, A (red.) 2006, Maktens Kön. Kvinnor og män i den svenska makteliten på 2000-talet, Nya Doxa, Nora.
Göransson, A 2006, ’Makteliter och kön’, i: A Göransson, (red.), Maktens Kön. Kvinnor og män i den svenska makteliten på 2000-talet. Ny Doxa, Nora.
Gulbrandsen, T; Engelstad, F; Klausen, TB; Skjeie, H; Teigen, M og Østerud, Ø 2002, Norske makteliter. Makt og Demokratiutredningen. Gyldendal Akademisk, Oslo.
Hallberg, NC 2003, Kvinner i norsk topp-politikk 1945-2002. En studie av kjønnsspesi-fikke rekrutteringsmønstre i Storting og Regjering, Hovedfagsoppgave. Universi-tetet i Bergen.
Heath, R; Schwindt-Bayer A og Ltimo, A 2005, ‘Women on the Sidelines: Women’s Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 420-436.
Hernes, HM 1987, Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State Feminism, Norwegian University Press, Vojens.
Hirdman, Y 1990, ’Genussystemet’, i Demokrati och makt i Sverige. Maktutredning-enshuvudrapport (SOU 1990: 44), Allmänna Förlaget, Stockholm.
Holli, AM & Saari, M 2009, ‘The Representation of Women in the Parliamentary Standing Committe Hearings in Finland’, Paper for Panel 4: Gender, Ethnicity and Representation (Panel session 6) at the 1st European Conference on Politics and Gender (ECPG), Queen’s University, Belfast, January 21-23, 2009.
Højgaard, L 2002, ’Magtens køn – kvinder og mænd i toppositioner inden for erhvervs-liv, offentlig administration og politik’, i: A Borchorst, (red.), Kønsmagt under forandring, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.
Højgård, L 2008, ’Køn er ikke relevant her: Den vertikale kønssegregering på det danske arbejdsmarked’, i: R Emerek og H. Holt, (red.), Lige Muligheder - frie valg? Om det kønsopdelte arbejdsmarked gennem et årti, SFI 2008-24, København : pp. 141 -161.
Inglehart, R og Norris, P 2003, ‘Gender equality and democracy’, Comparative Sociology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 321-346.
Jacob, S; Scherpeel, JA og Adams, M 2013, ‘Gender Norms and Women's Political Representation: A Global Analysis of Cabinets 1979–2009’, Governance, vol. 27, no. 2, 321–345.
Krook, M og O’Brian, DZ 2012, ‘All the President’s Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 840-855.
Matsa, DA og Miller, AR 2013, ‘A Female Style in Corporate Leadership? Evidence from Quotas’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 5, no.3, pp. 136-69.
Nielsen, HS; Simonsen, M og Verner, M 2004, ‘Does the Gap in Family-Friendly Policies Drive the Family Gap?’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 106, no.4, pp. 721-744.
Nielsen, HS og Svarer, M 2009, ‘Educational Homogamy How Much is Opportunities?’, Journal of Human Resources, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1066-1086.
Niskanen, K (red.) 2011, Gender and Power in the Nordic Countries – with focus on politics and business, NIKK publications, Oslo.
Niskanen, K og Nyberg, A 2009, Kön och Makt i Norden, Del I Landsrapporter. Det Nordiske Ministerråd, København
Pansardi, P og Vercesi, M 2016, ‘Party-Gate-Keeping and Women’s Appointment to Parliamentary Committees: Evidence from the Italian case’, Parliamentary Affairs, pp.1-22.
Phelps, ES 1972, ‘The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism’, American Economic Review, vol. 62, pp. 659–661.
Raaum, NC 1995, ‘Women in Local Democracy’, i: L Karvonen og P Selle, (red.), Closing the Gap: Women in Nordic Politics, Aldershot, Dartmouth, pp. 25-58.
Rose, C (2007), ‘Does Female Board Representation Influence Firm Performance? : The Danish Evidence’, Corporate Governance, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 404-413
Rossin-Slater, M; Ruhm, CJ and Waldvogel, J 2013, ‘The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 224-245.
Skjeie, H, 1992, Den politiske betydningen av kjønn, ISF Report 92:11, IFS, Oslo.
Skjeie, H og Teigen, M 2003, Menn imellom. Mannsdominans og likestillingspolitikk. Makt og Demokratiutredningen, Gyldendal Akademisk, Oslo.
Smith, N; Smith, V og Verner, M 2006, ‘Do women in Top Management affect Firm Performance? A Panel Study of 2500 Danish Firms’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 569-593.
Smith, N,;Smith, V og Verner, M 2013, ‘Why are so few females promoted into CEO and Vice-President Positions? Danish empirical evidence 1997-2007’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 380-408.
Teigen, M 2012, ‘Gender Quotas in Corporate Boards – On the diffusion of a distinct national policy reform’, i: F Engelstad og M Teigen, (red.), Firms, Boards and Gender Quotas: Comparative Perspectives, Comparative Social Research, vol. 29, pp. 115-146.
Teigen, M 2015, Virkninger av kjønnskvotering i norsk næringsliv, Gyldendal Akad-emisk, Oslo.
Togeby, L 1995, ‘A Gender Gap that Vanished’, i: L Karvonen og P. Selle, (red.), Closing the Gap. Women in Nordic Politics, Aldershot Dartmouth.
Verner, M 2009, ’Køn og magt i dansk erhvervsliv’, i: K Niskanen og A Nyberg, (red.), Kön och makt i Norden: Del 1 landsrapporter, Nordisk Ministerråd, Nordic Council of Ministers, København, pp. 51-65.
Wängnerud, L 1998, ’Politikens Andre Sida. Om Kvinnorrepræsentation i Sveriges Riksdag’, Göteborg Studies in Politics, vol. 53.
Wängnerud, L 2009, ‘Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representa-tion’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 12, pp. 51-69.
Wikipedia 2016, Folketingets udvalg, Tilgængelig på: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketingets_udvalg Lokaliseret den 16. november 2016.
World Economic Forum 2014, The Global Gender Gap Report, Geneva.
Albrecht, J; Edin, PA; Sundström, M og Vroman, SB 1999, ‘Career interruptions and subsequent earnings: A reexamination using Swedish data’, Journal of human Re-sources, pp. 294-311.
Albrecht, J; Thoursie, PS og Vroman, S 2015, ‘Parental leave and the glass ceiling in Sweden’, Research in Labor Economics, vol. 41, pp. 89-114.
Baekgaard, M og Kjaer, U 2012, ‘The Gendered Division of Labor in Assignments to Political Committees: Discrimination or Self-selection in Danish Local Politics’, Politics & Gender, pp. 465-482.
Bergqvist, C (red.) 1999, Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Coun-tries, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.
Bolzendahl, C 2014, ’Opportunities and Expectations. The Gendered organization of Legislative Committees in Germany, Sweden, and the United States’, Gender & Society, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 847-876.
Christiansen, PM; Møller, B og Togeby, L 2001, Den danske elite, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.
Christiansen, PM, Møller, B og Togeby, L 2002, ’Køn og eliter’, i: A Borchorst (red.), Kønsmagt under forandring, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.
Dahlerup, D 1988, ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Poli-tics’, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 275-298.
Dahlerup, D 2011, ’Women in Nordic Politics – a Continuing Success Story?’, i: K Niskanen (red.), Gender and Power in the Nordic Countries – with focus on poli-tics and business, NIKK publications, vol. 1, pp. 59-86.
Dahlerup, D og Borchorst A (red.) 2015, Før og efter stemmeretten, Frydenlund Aca-demic, København.
Dale-Olsen, H; Schøne, P og Verner, M 2013, ‘Diversity among Directors – The Impact on Performance of a Quota for Women on Company Boards’, Feminist Economics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 110-135.
Dale-Olsen, H; Schøne, P og Verner, M 2012, ‘Women on Boards of Directors and Firm performance Evidence from Denmark and Norway’, Comparative Social Research, vol. 29, pp. 211-234.
Datta Gupta, N og Smith, N 2002,’ Children and Career Interruptions: The Family Gap in Denmark’, Economica, vol. 69, no. 276, pp. 609-629.
Datta Gupta, N; Smith, N og Verner, M 2008, ‘The impact of Nordic countries’ family friendly policies on employment, wages, and children’, Review of Economics of the Household, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65-89.
Dolado, JJ; Felgueroso, F og Jimeno, JF 2004, ‘Where Do Women Work?: Analysis Patterns of Occupational Segregation by Gender’, Annales d´Economie et de Statistique, vol. 71, pp. 293-315.
Elliott, JR og Smith, RA 2004, ‘Race, Gender, and Workplace Power’, American Socio-logical Review, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 365-386.
Fiig, C 2009a, ‘Women in Danish Politics: Challenges to the Notion of Gender Equali-ty’, i: J Gelb & ML Palley (red.), Women and Politics around the World: A Com-parative History and Survey, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.
Fiig, C 2009b, ’Køn og magt i dansk politik og centraladministration´, i K Niskanen og A Nyberg, (red.), Kön och makt i Norden: Del 1 landsrapporter, 2009-569 Nordisk Ministerråd, Nordic Council of Ministers, København.
Forstén, T (1999), ’Backgrounds of the Committee Chairpersons in the Finnish Eduskunta 1945-1994’, Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 417-435.
Göransson, A (red.) 2006, Maktens Kön. Kvinnor og män i den svenska makteliten på 2000-talet, Nya Doxa, Nora.
Göransson, A 2006, ’Makteliter och kön’, i: A Göransson, (red.), Maktens Kön. Kvinnor og män i den svenska makteliten på 2000-talet. Ny Doxa, Nora.
Gulbrandsen, T; Engelstad, F; Klausen, TB; Skjeie, H; Teigen, M og Østerud, Ø 2002, Norske makteliter. Makt og Demokratiutredningen. Gyldendal Akademisk, Oslo.
Hallberg, NC 2003, Kvinner i norsk topp-politikk 1945-2002. En studie av kjønnsspesi-fikke rekrutteringsmønstre i Storting og Regjering, Hovedfagsoppgave. Universi-tetet i Bergen.
Heath, R; Schwindt-Bayer A og Ltimo, A 2005, ‘Women on the Sidelines: Women’s Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 420-436.
Hernes, HM 1987, Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State Feminism, Norwegian University Press, Vojens.
Hirdman, Y 1990, ’Genussystemet’, i Demokrati och makt i Sverige. Maktutredning-enshuvudrapport (SOU 1990: 44), Allmänna Förlaget, Stockholm.
Holli, AM & Saari, M 2009, ‘The Representation of Women in the Parliamentary Standing Committe Hearings in Finland’, Paper for Panel 4: Gender, Ethnicity and Representation (Panel session 6) at the 1st European Conference on Politics and Gender (ECPG), Queen’s University, Belfast, January 21-23, 2009.
Højgaard, L 2002, ’Magtens køn – kvinder og mænd i toppositioner inden for erhvervs-liv, offentlig administration og politik’, i: A Borchorst, (red.), Kønsmagt under forandring, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.
Højgård, L 2008, ’Køn er ikke relevant her: Den vertikale kønssegregering på det danske arbejdsmarked’, i: R Emerek og H. Holt, (red.), Lige Muligheder - frie valg? Om det kønsopdelte arbejdsmarked gennem et årti, SFI 2008-24, København : pp. 141 -161.
Inglehart, R og Norris, P 2003, ‘Gender equality and democracy’, Comparative Sociology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 321-346.
Jacob, S; Scherpeel, JA og Adams, M 2013, ‘Gender Norms and Women's Political Representation: A Global Analysis of Cabinets 1979–2009’, Governance, vol. 27, no. 2, 321–345.
Krook, M og O’Brian, DZ 2012, ‘All the President’s Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 840-855.
Matsa, DA og Miller, AR 2013, ‘A Female Style in Corporate Leadership? Evidence from Quotas’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 5, no.3, pp. 136-69.
Nielsen, HS; Simonsen, M og Verner, M 2004, ‘Does the Gap in Family-Friendly Policies Drive the Family Gap?’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 106, no.4, pp. 721-744.
Nielsen, HS og Svarer, M 2009, ‘Educational Homogamy How Much is Opportunities?’, Journal of Human Resources, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1066-1086.
Niskanen, K (red.) 2011, Gender and Power in the Nordic Countries – with focus on politics and business, NIKK publications, Oslo.
Niskanen, K og Nyberg, A 2009, Kön och Makt i Norden, Del I Landsrapporter. Det Nordiske Ministerråd, København
Pansardi, P og Vercesi, M 2016, ‘Party-Gate-Keeping and Women’s Appointment to Parliamentary Committees: Evidence from the Italian case’, Parliamentary Affairs, pp.1-22.
Phelps, ES 1972, ‘The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism’, American Economic Review, vol. 62, pp. 659–661.
Raaum, NC 1995, ‘Women in Local Democracy’, i: L Karvonen og P Selle, (red.), Closing the Gap: Women in Nordic Politics, Aldershot, Dartmouth, pp. 25-58.
Rose, C (2007), ‘Does Female Board Representation Influence Firm Performance? : The Danish Evidence’, Corporate Governance, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 404-413
Rossin-Slater, M; Ruhm, CJ and Waldvogel, J 2013, ‘The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 224-245.
Skjeie, H, 1992, Den politiske betydningen av kjønn, ISF Report 92:11, IFS, Oslo.
Skjeie, H og Teigen, M 2003, Menn imellom. Mannsdominans og likestillingspolitikk. Makt og Demokratiutredningen, Gyldendal Akademisk, Oslo.
Smith, N; Smith, V og Verner, M 2006, ‘Do women in Top Management affect Firm Performance? A Panel Study of 2500 Danish Firms’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 569-593.
Smith, N,;Smith, V og Verner, M 2013, ‘Why are so few females promoted into CEO and Vice-President Positions? Danish empirical evidence 1997-2007’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 380-408.
Teigen, M 2012, ‘Gender Quotas in Corporate Boards – On the diffusion of a distinct national policy reform’, i: F Engelstad og M Teigen, (red.), Firms, Boards and Gender Quotas: Comparative Perspectives, Comparative Social Research, vol. 29, pp. 115-146.
Teigen, M 2015, Virkninger av kjønnskvotering i norsk næringsliv, Gyldendal Akad-emisk, Oslo.
Togeby, L 1995, ‘A Gender Gap that Vanished’, i: L Karvonen og P. Selle, (red.), Closing the Gap. Women in Nordic Politics, Aldershot Dartmouth.
Verner, M 2009, ’Køn og magt i dansk erhvervsliv’, i: K Niskanen og A Nyberg, (red.), Kön och makt i Norden: Del 1 landsrapporter, Nordisk Ministerråd, Nordic Council of Ministers, København, pp. 51-65.
Wängnerud, L 1998, ’Politikens Andre Sida. Om Kvinnorrepræsentation i Sveriges Riksdag’, Göteborg Studies in Politics, vol. 53.
Wängnerud, L 2009, ‘Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representa-tion’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 12, pp. 51-69.
Wikipedia 2016, Folketingets udvalg, Tilgængelig på: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketingets_udvalg Lokaliseret den 16. november 2016.
World Economic Forum 2014, The Global Gender Gap Report, Geneva.
Publiceret
2016-12-01
Citation/Eksport
Fiig, C., & Verner, M. (2016). Lige for lige? Kønssegregering i Folketingudvalg og i ledelsen af det private erhvervsliv. Politik, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i1.27425
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