Music, mining and colonisation: Sámi contestations of Sweden’s self-narrative
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v23i1.120310Nøgleord:
Self-narratives, Colonisation, Sápmi, Sweden, Self-identity, Sofia Jannok, Decolonisation, PoliticsResumé
Sweden’s dominant self-narrative has tended to marginalise its historical colonisation of Sápmi. This aspect of Swedish history sits uncomfortably with prevalent understandings of that self-identity. Indeed, there has been little emphasis on the historical subordination of Sámi people in political science scholarship on Swedish exceptionalism and internationalism. This article problematises this absence by centring the analysis on Sámi musician Sofia Jannok’s efforts to decolonise Sápmi through her music. The first part examines Sweden’s colonisation of Sápmi and the tensions between Sámi reindeer herding communities, mining interests and the Swedish state. This is followed by an exploration of the constitutive relationship between music, politics and celebrity, as sites of political communication. A two-step analysis follows, investigating the broad themes in Sofia Jannok’s personal narrative and the discursive markers defining her music and politics. The analysis shows how her narrative intersects with the discursive themes of her musical expression and other engagements.
Referencer
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Attwood, B. (2005). Unsettling pasts: reconciliation and history in settler Australia. Post-colonial Studies, vol. 8(3), pp. 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790500231012.
Bah Kuhnke, A. (2018). Speech by Minister of Culture and Democracy Alice Bah Kuhnke vid den officiella invigningen av jubileumsveckan Staare och firandet av Samernas nationaldag (6 February). Available at: https://www.regeringen.se/ tal/2018/02/tal-av-alice-bah-kuhnke-vid-den-officiella-invigningen-av-jubileumsveckan-staare-och-firandet-av-samernas-nationaldag/ [Accessed 19.05.18].
Bergman, A. (2002). Adjacent internationalism: The Concept of Solidarity and post-Cold War Nordic-Baltic relations. Doctoral Thesis. University of Sussex. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836706060936.
Bergman, A. (2007). The co-constitution of domestic and international welfare obligations: The case of Sweden’s social democratically inspired international-ism. Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 42(1), pp. 73-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836707073477.
Bergman Rosamond, A. (2015). Swedish Internationalism and development aid. In: J. Pierre, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 462-478. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.26.
Bergman Rosamond, A. & Gregoratti, C. (2019). All Under the Same Sky? Celebrity Philanthropy and the Transnational Market for Women’s Empowerment. In: N. Farrell, ed., The Political Economy of Celebrity Activism. Oxford: Routledge, pp. 100-114. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315560519-7.
Bleiker, R. (2018). Visual Global Politics. Oxford: Routledge.
Blomqvist, R. (2016). Decolonisation in Europe: Sami Musician Sofia Jannok Points to Life beyond Colonialism interview with Jannok by Rut Blomqvist. Resilience. Available at: https://www.resilience.org/stories/2016-12-02/decolonisation-in-europe-sami-musician-sofia-jannok-points-to-life-beyond-colonialism-2/ [Accessed 16.04.17]
Castro, D., Hossain, K. & Tytelman, C. (2016). Arctic ontologies: reframing the relationship between humans and rangifer. Polar Geography, vol. 36(3), pp. 98-112.
Chakrabarty, D. (1998). Minority histories, subaltern pasts. Postcolonial Studies, vol. 1(1), pp 15-29.
Cooper, A. F. (2008). Celebrity Diplomacy. London: Paradigm.
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Hague, S. Street, J. and Savigny, H. (2008). The Voice of the People? Musicians as Polit-ical Actors. Cultural Politics, vol. 4(1), pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174308X266370.
Hamilton, C. (2016). World Politics 2.0: an introduction. In: Hamilton, C. & Shepherd, L. eds., Understanding Popular Culture and World Politics in the Digital Age. Oxford: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315673394. pp. 3-13.
Hansen, L. (2006). Security as Practice. London: Routledge.
Hough, P. (2013). International Politics of the Arctic Coming in from the cold. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12100_41.
Jannok, S. (2013). ‘We are still here’ on Wide as Oceans (album).
Jannok, S. (2015). We are still here (single).
Jannok, S. (2016). ‘Snow Lioness’, ‘Griefing: Oappaide’ and ‘Noadi’ on Orda – this is my land (album).
Jannok, S. (2020). Sofia Jannok. Available at: http://sofiajannok.com) [Accessed 20.04.20].
Jones, A. (2017). Band Aid revisited: humanitarianism, consumption and philanthropy in the 1980s. Contemporary British History, vol. 31(2), pp. 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2017.1306193.
Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verson.
Langston, N. (2013) Mining in the Boreal North. American Scientist, vol. 101(2), pp. 98. https://doi.org/10.1511/2013.101.98.
Laponia (n.d., a). Laponia. A living world heritage site. Laponia [online]. Available at: https://laponia.nu/en/world-heritage-site/ [Accessed 14.05.19]
Laponia (n.d., b). Everyday life. Laponia [online]. Available at: https://laponia.nu/en/life-in-laponia/everyday-life/ [Accessed 14.05.19]
Lawler, P. (2013). The ‘Good State’ Debate in International Relations. International Politics, vol. 50(1), pp. 18-37. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2012.26
Lawrence, R. & U. Mörkenstam (2016). Indigenous Self-Determination through a Government Agency? The impossible task of the Swedish Sámediggi, International Journal of Minority and Group Rights, vol. 23(1), pp. 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02301004.
Lawrence, R. & Åhrén, M. (2016). Mining as Colonisation: The Need for Restorative Justice and Restitution of Traditional Sami Lands. In: Head, L., Saltzman, S., Setten, G. and Stenseke, M., eds. Nature, Temporality and Environmental Management: Scandinavian and Australian Perspectives on Landscapes and Peoples. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 149-166.
Lawrence, R. & Mortiz, S. (2018). Mining industry perspectives on indigenous rights: Corporate complacency and political uncertainty. The Extraction Industries and Society, vol. 6(1), pp. 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.05.008
Lovesey, O. (2017). Decolonising the Ear: Introduction to Popular Music and the Post-colonial. Popular Music and Society, vol. 40(1), pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2016.1230695.
Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B. & Roselle, L. (2013). Strategic Narratives - Communication Power and the New World Order. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2015.991222.
Mulinari, D., Keskinen, S., Irni, S., & Tuori, S. (2009). Introduction: Postcolonialism and the Nordic Models of Welfare and Gender. In Keskinen, S. Tuori, S. Irni, & Mul-inari, D., eds., Complying with Colonialism: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Nordic Region. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 15-46.
Mustonen, T. & Syrjämäki, E. (2013). Is it the Sami who Own this Land: Sacred Land-scapes and Oral Histories of the Jokkmokk Sami. Finland: Snowchange Cooperative.
Mörkenstam, U., E. Josefsen & R. Nilsson (2016). The Nordic Sámediggis and the Lim-its of Indigenous Self-Determination. Gáldu Cála – Journal of Indigenous Peoples Rights, No. 1, pp. 6-46.
Ojala, C.-G. & Nordin, J. M. (2015). Collecting Sapmi: Early modern collecting of Sami material culture. Nordisk Meseologi, no. 2, pp. 114-122. https://doi.org/10.5617/nm.3052.
Persson, S., Harnesk, D. & Islar, M. (2017). What local people? Examining the Gallok mining conflict and the rights of the Sami population in terms of justice and power. Geoforum, vol. 86, pp. 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.08.009.
Rehlin, G. (2017). A Voice for Justice – Meet Sofia Jannok. Scandinavian Traveller [online] Available at: https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/people/a-voice-for-justice-meet-sofia-jannok [Accessed 19.03.19].
Reynolds, S. & Press, J. (1995). The Sex Revolts: Gender, Rebellion and Rock’n’Roll. London: Serpent’s Tail.
Richey, L. A. (2015). Celebrity Humanitarianism and North-South Relations. Politics, Place and Power. Oxford: Routledge.
Runyan, A. (2018). Decolonizing knowledges in feminist world politics. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 20(1), pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2018.1414403
Salminen, S. (2018). (Un)narrating belonging - Colonial imaginaries and gender equal Nordic subjects – Sámi contestations. MA Thesis. Lund: Lund University
Sameblod (2016), film directed by Sofia Kernell.
Sametinget (2020). Background: The State and the Sami Parliament. Sametinget [online]. Available at: https://www.sametinget.se/9688 [Accessed 20.04.20].
Shepherd, L. (2008). Gender, Violence and Security. London: Zed Books.
Shepherd, L. (2013). Gender, Violence and Popular Culture Telling Stories. Oxford: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203105030.
Street, J. (2017). Music as Political Communications. In: Kenski, K. & Hall Jamieson, K., eds., The Oxford handbook of Political Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001.
Sveriges Geological Undersökning (2020). Historiska Gruvor. SGU [online]. Available at: https://www.sgu.se/mineralnaring/svensk-gruvnaring/historiska-gruvor/ [Ac-cessed 24.04.20].
SVT (2013). Samisk popmusik mot nya gruvor i Sverige. SVT Nyheter [online]. Available at: https://www.svt.se/kultur/musik/de-musicerar-for-samerna-mot-gruvorna. [Accessed 24.04.17].
SVT (2016a). Världens Sofia Jannok. [TV documentary].
SVT (2016b). Midnattssol [TV series]. Stockholm: Sveriges Television.
SVT (2016c). Det här är mitt land. SVT Nyheter [online]. Available at: https://www.svt.se/kultur/musik/det-har-ar-mitt-land [Accessed 24.04.17].
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (u.d.). Laponian Area. UNESCO [online]. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/774/ [Accessed 24.04.17].
Weber, C. (2005). International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2010.10707870
Weldes, J. & Rowley, C. (2015). So, How Does Popular Culture Relate to World Poli-tics? E-International Relations [online]. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2015/04/29/so-how-does-popular-culture-relate-to-world-politics/. [Accessed 17.03.20].
Wibben, A.T.R. (2011). Feminist Security Studies. A Narrative Approach. London and New York: Routledge
Össbo and Lantto (2011). Colonial Tutelage and Industrial Colonialism: reindeer husbandry and early 20th-century hydroelectric development in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 36(3), pp. 324-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2011.580077
Aftonbladet (2016). Sofia Jannok: Vill inte vara svensk. Aftonbladet [online]. Available at: https://musik.aftonbladet.se/2016/04/sofia-jannok-vill-inte-vara-svensk/ [Accessed 16.04.14].
Aggestam, K., Bergman Rosamond, A. & Kronsell, A. (2019). Theorising Feminist Foreign Policy. International Relations, vol. 33(1), pp. 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117818811892.
Arctic Portal (2017). Songs for decolonization: A Q&A with Saami singer Sofia Jannok. Arctic Portal [online]. Available at: https://arcticportal.org/ap-library/arctic-deeply/1969-songs-for-decolonization-a-q-a-with-saami-singer-sofia-jannok [Accessed 09.01.20].
Attwood, B. (2005). Unsettling pasts: reconciliation and history in settler Australia. Post-colonial Studies, vol. 8(3), pp. 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790500231012.
Bah Kuhnke, A. (2018). Speech by Minister of Culture and Democracy Alice Bah Kuhnke vid den officiella invigningen av jubileumsveckan Staare och firandet av Samernas nationaldag (6 February). Available at: https://www.regeringen.se/ tal/2018/02/tal-av-alice-bah-kuhnke-vid-den-officiella-invigningen-av-jubileumsveckan-staare-och-firandet-av-samernas-nationaldag/ [Accessed 19.05.18].
Bergman, A. (2002). Adjacent internationalism: The Concept of Solidarity and post-Cold War Nordic-Baltic relations. Doctoral Thesis. University of Sussex. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836706060936.
Bergman, A. (2007). The co-constitution of domestic and international welfare obligations: The case of Sweden’s social democratically inspired international-ism. Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 42(1), pp. 73-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836707073477.
Bergman Rosamond, A. (2015). Swedish Internationalism and development aid. In: J. Pierre, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 462-478. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.26.
Bergman Rosamond, A. & Gregoratti, C. (2019). All Under the Same Sky? Celebrity Philanthropy and the Transnational Market for Women’s Empowerment. In: N. Farrell, ed., The Political Economy of Celebrity Activism. Oxford: Routledge, pp. 100-114. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315560519-7.
Bleiker, R. (2018). Visual Global Politics. Oxford: Routledge.
Blomqvist, R. (2016). Decolonisation in Europe: Sami Musician Sofia Jannok Points to Life beyond Colonialism interview with Jannok by Rut Blomqvist. Resilience. Available at: https://www.resilience.org/stories/2016-12-02/decolonisation-in-europe-sami-musician-sofia-jannok-points-to-life-beyond-colonialism-2/ [Accessed 16.04.17]
Castro, D., Hossain, K. & Tytelman, C. (2016). Arctic ontologies: reframing the relationship between humans and rangifer. Polar Geography, vol. 36(3), pp. 98-112.
Chakrabarty, D. (1998). Minority histories, subaltern pasts. Postcolonial Studies, vol. 1(1), pp 15-29.
Cooper, A. F. (2008). Celebrity Diplomacy. London: Paradigm.
Dagens Nyheter (2020). Regeringen borde ta mer hänsyn till samerna. Dagens Nyheter [online]. Available at: https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/experten-regeringen-borde-ta-mer-hansyn-till-samerna/ [Accessed 14.04.20].
Epstein, C. (2008). The Power of Words in International Relations: Birth of an Anti-whaling Discourse. London: the MIT Press.
Feministiskt Perspektiv (2016). Sofia Jannok - konsert på Katalin i Uppsala. Feministiskt Perspektiv [online]. Available at: https://feministisktperspektiv.se/kalendarium/2016/10/17/sofia-jannok-konsert-pa-katalin-i-uppsala/ [Accessed 16.04.17]
Griffin, P. (2015). Popular Culture, Political Economy and the Death of Feminism: Why Women are in Refrigerators and Other Stories. Abingdon: Routledge.
Hague, S. Street, J. and Savigny, H. (2008). The Voice of the People? Musicians as Polit-ical Actors. Cultural Politics, vol. 4(1), pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174308X266370.
Hamilton, C. (2016). World Politics 2.0: an introduction. In: Hamilton, C. & Shepherd, L. eds., Understanding Popular Culture and World Politics in the Digital Age. Oxford: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315673394. pp. 3-13.
Hansen, L. (2006). Security as Practice. London: Routledge.
Hough, P. (2013). International Politics of the Arctic Coming in from the cold. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12100_41.
Jannok, S. (2013). ‘We are still here’ on Wide as Oceans (album).
Jannok, S. (2015). We are still here (single).
Jannok, S. (2016). ‘Snow Lioness’, ‘Griefing: Oappaide’ and ‘Noadi’ on Orda – this is my land (album).
Jannok, S. (2020). Sofia Jannok. Available at: http://sofiajannok.com) [Accessed 20.04.20].
Jones, A. (2017). Band Aid revisited: humanitarianism, consumption and philanthropy in the 1980s. Contemporary British History, vol. 31(2), pp. 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2017.1306193.
Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verson.
Langston, N. (2013) Mining in the Boreal North. American Scientist, vol. 101(2), pp. 98. https://doi.org/10.1511/2013.101.98.
Laponia (n.d., a). Laponia. A living world heritage site. Laponia [online]. Available at: https://laponia.nu/en/world-heritage-site/ [Accessed 14.05.19]
Laponia (n.d., b). Everyday life. Laponia [online]. Available at: https://laponia.nu/en/life-in-laponia/everyday-life/ [Accessed 14.05.19]
Lawler, P. (2013). The ‘Good State’ Debate in International Relations. International Politics, vol. 50(1), pp. 18-37. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2012.26
Lawrence, R. & U. Mörkenstam (2016). Indigenous Self-Determination through a Government Agency? The impossible task of the Swedish Sámediggi, International Journal of Minority and Group Rights, vol. 23(1), pp. 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02301004.
Lawrence, R. & Åhrén, M. (2016). Mining as Colonisation: The Need for Restorative Justice and Restitution of Traditional Sami Lands. In: Head, L., Saltzman, S., Setten, G. and Stenseke, M., eds. Nature, Temporality and Environmental Management: Scandinavian and Australian Perspectives on Landscapes and Peoples. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 149-166.
Lawrence, R. & Mortiz, S. (2018). Mining industry perspectives on indigenous rights: Corporate complacency and political uncertainty. The Extraction Industries and Society, vol. 6(1), pp. 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.05.008
Lovesey, O. (2017). Decolonising the Ear: Introduction to Popular Music and the Post-colonial. Popular Music and Society, vol. 40(1), pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2016.1230695.
Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B. & Roselle, L. (2013). Strategic Narratives - Communication Power and the New World Order. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2015.991222.
Mulinari, D., Keskinen, S., Irni, S., & Tuori, S. (2009). Introduction: Postcolonialism and the Nordic Models of Welfare and Gender. In Keskinen, S. Tuori, S. Irni, & Mul-inari, D., eds., Complying with Colonialism: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Nordic Region. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 15-46.
Mustonen, T. & Syrjämäki, E. (2013). Is it the Sami who Own this Land: Sacred Land-scapes and Oral Histories of the Jokkmokk Sami. Finland: Snowchange Cooperative.
Mörkenstam, U., E. Josefsen & R. Nilsson (2016). The Nordic Sámediggis and the Lim-its of Indigenous Self-Determination. Gáldu Cála – Journal of Indigenous Peoples Rights, No. 1, pp. 6-46.
Ojala, C.-G. & Nordin, J. M. (2015). Collecting Sapmi: Early modern collecting of Sami material culture. Nordisk Meseologi, no. 2, pp. 114-122. https://doi.org/10.5617/nm.3052.
Persson, S., Harnesk, D. & Islar, M. (2017). What local people? Examining the Gallok mining conflict and the rights of the Sami population in terms of justice and power. Geoforum, vol. 86, pp. 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.08.009.
Rehlin, G. (2017). A Voice for Justice – Meet Sofia Jannok. Scandinavian Traveller [online] Available at: https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/people/a-voice-for-justice-meet-sofia-jannok [Accessed 19.03.19].
Reynolds, S. & Press, J. (1995). The Sex Revolts: Gender, Rebellion and Rock’n’Roll. London: Serpent’s Tail.
Richey, L. A. (2015). Celebrity Humanitarianism and North-South Relations. Politics, Place and Power. Oxford: Routledge.
Runyan, A. (2018). Decolonizing knowledges in feminist world politics. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 20(1), pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2018.1414403
Salminen, S. (2018). (Un)narrating belonging - Colonial imaginaries and gender equal Nordic subjects – Sámi contestations. MA Thesis. Lund: Lund University
Sameblod (2016), film directed by Sofia Kernell.
Sametinget (2020). Background: The State and the Sami Parliament. Sametinget [online]. Available at: https://www.sametinget.se/9688 [Accessed 20.04.20].
Shepherd, L. (2008). Gender, Violence and Security. London: Zed Books.
Shepherd, L. (2013). Gender, Violence and Popular Culture Telling Stories. Oxford: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203105030.
Street, J. (2017). Music as Political Communications. In: Kenski, K. & Hall Jamieson, K., eds., The Oxford handbook of Political Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001.
Sveriges Geological Undersökning (2020). Historiska Gruvor. SGU [online]. Available at: https://www.sgu.se/mineralnaring/svensk-gruvnaring/historiska-gruvor/ [Ac-cessed 24.04.20].
SVT (2013). Samisk popmusik mot nya gruvor i Sverige. SVT Nyheter [online]. Available at: https://www.svt.se/kultur/musik/de-musicerar-for-samerna-mot-gruvorna. [Accessed 24.04.17].
SVT (2016a). Världens Sofia Jannok. [TV documentary].
SVT (2016b). Midnattssol [TV series]. Stockholm: Sveriges Television.
SVT (2016c). Det här är mitt land. SVT Nyheter [online]. Available at: https://www.svt.se/kultur/musik/det-har-ar-mitt-land [Accessed 24.04.17].
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (u.d.). Laponian Area. UNESCO [online]. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/774/ [Accessed 24.04.17].
Weber, C. (2005). International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2010.10707870
Weldes, J. & Rowley, C. (2015). So, How Does Popular Culture Relate to World Poli-tics? E-International Relations [online]. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2015/04/29/so-how-does-popular-culture-relate-to-world-politics/. [Accessed 17.03.20].
Wibben, A.T.R. (2011). Feminist Security Studies. A Narrative Approach. London and New York: Routledge
Össbo and Lantto (2011). Colonial Tutelage and Industrial Colonialism: reindeer husbandry and early 20th-century hydroelectric development in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 36(3), pp. 324-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2011.580077
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Rosamond, A. B. (2020). Music, mining and colonisation: Sámi contestations of Sweden’s self-narrative. Politik, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v23i1.120310
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